Human Trafficking for the
Purpose of Sexual Exploitation
January 10th, 2015
Edina High School
Edina, Minnesota
Background Guide
Edina Model United Nations Conference 2015
General Assembly
Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee
_____________________________________________________________________
Description of Committee
Under the 1945 Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly “occupies a central
position as the chief deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the United Nations.”
All 193 members of the United Nations are comprised within this committee, as it serves as a
context in which nations have the opportunity to discuss, debate on, and make recommendations
about a broad extent of international issues.i
The General Assembly is composed of 6 main committees. The third of these committees is the
Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Affairs Committee (SOCHUM). Being a body of the General
Assembly, SOCHUM includes all member states and observers of the United Nations, all of
which have an equal vote. The current chair of the committee is H.E. Mr. Henry L. Mac-Donald
of Suriname.ii
SOCHUM considers issues dealing with social development, such as matters concerning youth,
family, crime prevention, criminal justice, and drug control, as well as issues regarding
humanitarian affairs and human rights, such as the advancement of women, the treatment of
refugees, the protection of children, and indigenous affairs. In addition, by utilizing Special
Rapporteurs, independent experts, and other UN working groups, SOCHUM studies human
rights questions involving the Human Rights Council. Because many of the issues discussed by
SOCHUM are overlapping, the resolutions created within this committee must be both extensive
and comprehensive.iii
Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation
Introduction
The United Nations defines human trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion,
of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of
the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person, for the purpose of exploitation”.iv Generating approximately 32 billion
dollars per year from 2.4 million victimsv, human trafficking is the fastest growing industry and
the third largest criminal enterprise in the worldvi.
All nations are affected by human trafficking, which occurs both domestically and across
international lines. Due to economic, social, and geographic circumstances, nations play diverse
roles. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime identifies 127 origin countries, where
human trafficking originates, typically through physical or psychological coercion. Trafficked
victims then pass through transit nations (98) until they reach their destination country (137),
where victims suffer from exploitation and traffickers collect their profits.vii Though this is a
common path for victims, human trafficking does not require movement, and many victims
never leave their home countries.viii
The United Nations addresses human trafficking as an issue of three elements: the act, the means,
and the purpose.ix Most commonly, the purpose of human trafficking is exploitation, whether
sexual exploitation,
forced labor, organ
removal, or any
other kind of forced
servitude. According
to the UNODC’s
Global Report on
Trafficking in
Persons, however,
79 percent of all
human trafficking is
for the purpose of
sexual exploitation.x
While the
overarching focus of
the committee is
human trafficking,
special attention
should be paid to sex
trafficking.
The three main components of sex trafficking are the act, means, and purpose.
The Act, Means, and Purpose of Human Trafficking. Digital image. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime. United Nations, n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2014.
<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trafficking_in_Persons.svg#mediaviewer/File:Traf
ficking_in_Persons.svg>.
Background
Origins and Demand
Sex trafficking is extremely profitable, as awareness, law enforcement training, and prosecution
rates remain low around the world.xi Human beings have no market price, and their values do not
depreciate, making it a lucrative crime. Referring to sex trafficking victims as “prostitutes” and
“hookers” reinforces the false idea that their profession was chosen and creates negative stigma.
Moreover, public awareness of human trafficking is low, and media glamorization creates false
impressions. Through movies and high profile stories, the media selectively portrays the sex
industry and leaves out many of its dangerous implications.xii
Though both sex traffickers and victims are neither gender nor age specific, at least 56 percent of
victims worldwide are women.xiii Target victims are typically illegal immigrants, teenage
runaways, refugees, fleeing convicts, victims of abuse, and oppressed groups.xiv Gay, lesbian,
transgender, and bisexual youth are particularly targeted due to their vulnerability in many
societiesxv. Traffickers, on the other hand, are often factory or corporation owners, pimps, small
business owners, and gang leaders.xvi The prevalence of the sexual exploitation of women
derives from the worldwide historical oppression. Women remain vulnerable today due to the
gender inequality found in political and social norms that often increase poverty, violence,
instability, and lack of educational and job opportunities. xvii
Traffickers utilize a variety of methods to ensnare victims. While lack of security results in
kidnappings, traffickers will also lure victims to foreign countries with false job offerings or
immigration papers. Upon reaching an unfamiliar country, traffickers often destroy legal
documents and issue threats to effectively prevent victims from reaching out to law
enforcement.xviii Law enforcement is thus unable to identify many victims, and only 1 victim out
of 100 is ever rescued.xix
Legal Issues
The legal issues faced by trafficked women can be a great hindrance in some countries. Though
trafficking may be de jure illegal in many countries, traffickers often go unpunished, with
trafficking victims themselves often being subjected to fines, jail time, and stigmatization due to
the illegality of prostitutionxx. In some countries, unless it can be proven that trafficking victims
were compelled to commit offences (namely prostitution), victims can be punished under the
assumption that they commit the crimes of their own free will. Victims can also be punished
under anti-smuggling laws, as the line between smuggled people and trafficked people can be
blurred in some legal jurisdictionsxxi. Some trafficked people can even be detained and deported
due to their status as "illegal immigrants"xxii. Even when trafficked women can escape from their
positions of slavery, in order to legally become citizens of the country they are trafficked into or
seek legal justice for the crimes that were committed against them they often need legal counsel,
something that is difficult to obtain if they do not have money or could be punished under antiprostitution lawsxxiii.
Social Stigma and Rehabilitation
Involvement in the sex trade can cause severe physical and psychological damage to its victims,
and lead to social stigmatization. Among women who have been trafficked for purposes of sexual
exploitation, some indicators have been established to verify their involvement in the sex trade:
if they sleep at their work premises; if they only speak "sexual" words in English; and if there are
signs of physical abusexxiv. Behavioral abnormalities, like distrusting the authorities or showing
fear or anxiety, can also indicate involvement in the sex trade. Even if women have the
opportunity to seek help, they often do not due to the social stigma associated with involvement
in the sex tradexxv. Victims often find difficulties returning to their homes after they are freed
from sex slavery, as the emotional scars that it leaves and the social stigma attached to
involvement in the sex trade are often perceived negatively in their culturesxxvi.
The legality and
prevalence of sex
trafficking varies in
each nation.
Prevalence of Trafficking
Women and Girls. Digital
image. A Daring. A Daring, 28
July 2014. Web. 4 Sept. 2014.
<http://adaring.com/trafficking
-women-india-rtr/>.
Among women who escape the sex trade, there are both government- and NGO-sponsored
rehabilitation programs. Both NGO and government organizations seek to provide medical,
psychological, and economic assistance to trafficking victimsxxvii. Some also provide things like
vocational training, which promotes economic self-sufficiency and ensures the long-term success
of rehabilitationxxviii. However, both NGOs and government programs face significant challenges
in establishing successful rehabilitation and reintegration programs. Government funded
rehabilitation programs often only serve women who agree to testify against the traffickers,
which some women may be unwilling to do. Government rehabilitation programs can also suffer
from a lack of funding due to the blurred distinction between sex workers and sex slaves; in
areas where prostitution is legal, centers for helping trafficked women may not be recognized as
helping victims, but as helping sex workers who made their own choice to work in the sex trade.
NGOs often suffer from a similar lack of funding due to their often voluntary nature. This lack of
funding, along with a lack of coordination among the many rehabilitation organizations and a
lack of understanding or sensitivity toward the sex trade among the general public, are the main
challenges facing rehabilitation organizations.
Of the issues facing trafficked women who escape from sex slavery, psychological issues can be
the most daunting. Prolonged involvement in the sex trade can lead women to suffer an identity
crisis; they often see themselves solely as sex objects and are unable to consider life outside of
the sex trade. Empowering women to improve their self perception is the most important step in
solving long term psychological problems related to forced labor in the sex trade. Psychological
counseling is one of the most effective ways to resolve these issues; however, lack of funds and
proper resources means that counseling is not always available at rehabilitation centers, and the
often temporary care that these centers provide does not effectively help to resolve psychological
issues, which can require long term and intensive helpxxix.
International Action
UN Action
The United Nations as a whole, as well as several more specific UN agencies, have issued
reports and recommendations related to international sex trafficking. In 2000, the General
Assembly adopted the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons,
Especially Women and Children; although its adoption marked an important recognition of the
issue and the protocol was signed by many countries, it was not altogether effective in
controlling sex trafficking, and few criminal have been punished or victims helped under its
terms. In response to this, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime issued new strategies to
complement the protocol, called the UNODC's strategic approach to combating trafficking in
persons and the smuggling of migrants, which support research and awareness, promoting the
protocols, and improving collaboration on solving issues related to sex traffickingxxx. In 2010,
the General Assembly passed the United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in
Persons, which urges governments to work together and find consistent solutions to human
trafficking in general. The Plan's main goals are preventing trafficking, prosecuting offenders,
and providing support for victimsxxxi. The UNODC also published the Global Report on
Trafficking in Persons in 2012, which provides helpful research and statistics to member states in
order to assist them in combating human trafficking in generalxxxii.
Other International Action
Several international NGOs, such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the
Salvation Army have worked to combat trafficking and, in some cases, provide relief and
assistance to victimsxxxiii. Some regional and national organizations, such as the United States
government and the Council of Europe, have passed laws and regulations, which aim to control
trafficking and punish offendersxxxiv. The International Labor Organization, for example, has
called on its member states to create legislation, which would suppress traffickingxxxv. Another
example, the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking, formed by China,
Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam in 2006, established anti-trafficking policies
which allowed each country to pass legislation to combat regional problems as outlined by the
groupxxxvi. The Interagency Project on Human Trafficking also worked to link national
governments, the UN, bilateral and NGO partners with a joint plan of action. They worked to
create standardized protocols to be used on a regional basisxxxvii.
Continuing Actions
Though progress is being made in ending sex trafficking and helping survivors, there is still
much to be done. Improving government training, creating special police tasks forces to deal
with trafficking, and increasing public awareness are important steps for governments to take in
combating trafficking. Reducing poverty and societal gender bias, as well as fighting social
stigma and the negative implications of cultural gender norms will help to empower women and
reduce their chances of being targeted for trafficking. Providing assistance to survivors in the
areas of skill training, education, and assistance in achieving economic independence will ensure
a better life for survivors and prevent possible reentry into the sex tradexxxviii. In addition, some
campaigns have been created by national and international agencies in order to raise awareness
and support prevention of trafficking, such as the "Be Smart, Be Safe" campaign in the US,
which aims to teach young women about the techniques used by traffickers to lure in victims,
and the Global TV Campaign on Human Trafficking, created by the UN Office for Drug Control
and Crime Prevention, which seeks to raise global awareness about issues surrounding human
trafficking in generalxxxix.
Case Studies
Asia
According to the UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, around 150,000 people are
trafficked into the region annually and the number continues to increase.xl Research from
National Geographic shows that one half of sex slaves are in Asia currentlyxli. Due to the
inability to convict offenders, weak police cooperation and frequent corruption,xlii South Asia
holds the highest amount of activity on the continent, with origin, transport, and destination
countries. xliiiASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) has suffered with insufficient
funds, cooperation, and communication with local and national authorities. MoUs
(memorandums of understanding) and initiatives between ten countries of ASEAN have been
agreed upon, but countries struggle with actual implementation, in part due to lack of trust
among countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand.
Sex trafficking is difficult to address because it can be a local issue with monetary reliability to
the trafficking industry and the lack of funding and/or incentives for local authorities to help
victims. In Indonesia, brothels can support the surrounding community; give bribes to police
officers and business to nearby residents. Out of the 497 Indonesian districts, only 88 have antitrafficking forces, demonstrating that countries often do not have the resources for regional or
local task forces, so they are left ill equipped to manage internal trafficking.xliv
In many cases, women and girls are especially prone to becoming a victim based on
multidimensional poverty (lack of resources, education, money, threat of violence) and
governmental problems (corruption, lack of infrastructure, rule of law) and traditional cultural
norms.xlv Many countries are working toward enacting more legislation on the matter. As seen in
countries such as Vietnam, the absence of a single human trafficking law (presently there are
only laws protecting certain and specific offenses and cases) creates difficulty to protect victims
and diminish these activities.xlvi
Europe
According to a European Union report done between 2008 and 2010, sex trafficking in Europe
has increased by 18% xlvii with 61% of them being from European Union states, the majority
being from Eastern Europe, particularly the Balkans.xlviii The remaining were largely from the
origin countries of China and Nigeria.
After earlier efforts where only six out of the twenty-seven member states implemented tougher
standardized anti-trafficking legislation, xlix the European Commission began a new approach
based on gender and human rights with a focus on prevention, prosecution, and protection. The
EU Directive establishes robust provisions on victims' protection and supports the principle of
non-punishment for petty crimes and unconditional assistance. It allows cooperation between
nations to allow sharing of successful practices and the use of joint investigation teams to
prosecute cross-border trafficking cases. l Despite these adequately successful actions, sexual
exploitation still remains a pressing issue particularly for women and children who make up 96%
of European victims li due to the large majority of countries who have yet to enact these
particular initiatives in conjunction with their own successful legislation to eradicate these
trafficking of human beings.lii
North America
While some North American countries have taken steps to combat human trafficking, the issue
persists in the region. For example, in 2000 the United States passed the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act (TVPA) which expanded protection and services for victims and survivors. The
TVPA has been reauthorized several times, most recently in 2013 liii. Many other countries have
utilized the TVPA as a model for their own anti-human trafficking laws. Canada officially
criminalized trafficking in persons in 2002liv. Despite comprehensive sex trafficking legislation,
enforcement and resources are often lacking and the crime persists in North America.
Sex trafficking takes many different forms throughout the United States and Canada. The
internet has allowed traffickers to sell victims to buyers, or “johns”, easily and risk free. Even
legitimate websites such as backpage.com advertise escort services and allow buyers to purchase
sex online anonymouslylv. Some reports estimate that 70% of child sex trafficking victims in the
United States are now sold onlinelvi.
Sex trafficking in North America disproportionately affects certain social and economic groups.
Traffickers target the most vulnerable populations, including undocumented migrants, runaways,
immigrants and marginalized groups. Poverty, abuse and lack of opportunity are risk factors for
being trafficked and exploited lvii . Victims of color are overrepresented in at-risk and victim
populations while prejudice and racism often play a role in the response of law enforcement and
social services lviii. In Canada, aboriginal communities and minors in the child welfare system are
especially vulnerablelix.
Sex trafficking in the United States often involves youth and more than 293,000 children are
currently at risk to traffickinglx. In the United States, the average age of entry into prostitution is
12 to 14 years old lxi . Situations of sex trafficking are often complex because of emotional
relationships between a victim and his/her “pimp,” or trafficker. Many victims come from
troubled homes and pimps exploit the victims’ desire for affection and support lxii . This
relationship between the pimp and victim can make identification, rescue, and rehabilitation
more difficult. In Canada and the United States, dance clubs and massage parlors are places of
recruitment or exploitation lxiii . Drug dependency, threats and violence are all tactics used by
traffickers to prevent victims from fleeinglxiv.
While governmental task forces have had some success in combating sex trafficking, challenges
persist. Lack of awareness and preexisting social stigma has impeded prevention, prosecution,
rehabilitation and reintegration effortslxv. Education and training within police forces and judicial
systems are necessary steps to increase prosecution of traffickers and to provide assistance to
victims. Countries in North America should also consider the importance of internet use in
regards to sex trafficking, as well as the high frequency of minors and minority groups involved.
The United States State department
created Tier placements to analyze
the severity of human trafficking and
the effect of government response in
all nations. Tier 1signifies that the
nation has complied with the
“Trafficking Victims Protection Act”
(TVPA). Countries of Tier 2 are
making progress but do not fully
comply with the TVPA. Those on the
Tier 2 Watch List are making
progress but are so far unsuccessful
or have a significant amount of
human trafficking. Lastly, Tier 3
countries do not comply with the
TVPA and are not making efforts to
do so.
Human Trafficking Tiers. Digital image. The
Atlantic. The Atlantic, 10 June 2013. Web. 4
Sept. 2014.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archi
ve/2013/06/a-fascinating-map-of-the-worstcountries-for-modern-slavery/277037/>.
Central and South America
Sex trafficking in Latin America occurs domestically and across borders. According to a 2005
International Organization for Migration report, sex trafficking and exploitation generated $16
billion annually in Latin America, which was almost half of all profits produced in sex
trafficking globallylxvi.
In Latin America, human trafficking is often interconnected with migrant smuggling lxvii .
Migrants illegally crossing borders are especially vulnerable to traffickers because of language
barriers, their dependence on the smuggler and fear of law enforcement. Migrant trafficking is
prevalent along the US-Mexico border, making this a regional issue that requires cooperation and
partnership between the nations of North and Latin America.
In many Latin American countries, sex trafficking is interconnected with the drug trade. Many
drug cartels that also traffic humans have enough power within the country or region to prevent
any kind of governmental regulation or intervention. Mexico especially struggles with the power
of drug cartels and in 2005 was ranked 5th in the estimated number of trafficked persons in Latin
America after other nations such as the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Argentina and Brazil in a
report by The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women and Girlslxviii.
The problem is not confined to Mexico, however. In Honduras, fake modeling agencies have set
up networks of sex trafficking and exploitation. Many women contact the sham agencies in hope
of employment and become victims of sexual exploitationlxix. In Costa Rica, sex tourism is a
major concern as the country receives a high volume of tourists from North America and
Europe. In 2004 the situation prompted the Costa Rican government to enact a law outlining a
“new code of conduct” for the tourist industrylxx. Despite this development, sex tourism remains
lucrative in Costa Rica and other Latin American countries.
In the past decade, many Latin American countries have enacted legislation criminalizing human
trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation lxxi . However, many nations do not have
adequate resources to address sex trafficking within and across their borders. The issue of human
trafficking is often overshadowed by more publicized issues such as crime and political
instability. The prevalence of sex trafficking in Latin America also stems from a lack of
economic opportunity, natural disasters, displacement and migration, governmental corruption
and gender inequalitylxxii.
Africa
While labor trafficking and exploitation plague many African countries, sex trafficking also
occurslxxiii. The scope of the problem is difficult to measure because cases are rarely reported to
governmental officials and there are few non-governmental entities that report on the issue.
Sex trafficking in Africa defies one generalization as the causes and outcomes of trafficking
differ across the continent. For instance, in Botswana, many children are forced into prostitution
and are often found in bars or along major highways lxxiv. Rural communities are particularly
targeted by traffickers. In Cameroon, families send one or two children with traffickers who
promise education and opportunity for the children. Recently, more public awareness about the
danger of trafficking has led many families to refuse. Traffickers will then resort to kidnapping
victims lxxv . In some conflict or unstable regions, sex trafficking takes the form of forced
marriages. Nigerian militant groups such as Boko Haram have abducted Nigerian women and
girls and forced some into marriages and sex slaverylxxvi. However in other regions of Nigeria,
major cities are hubs for trafficking internationally. Nigeria is a source country for many victims
that are transported to Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia lxxvii . In Algeria, English
speaking illegal immigrants from sub-Saharan countries are most vulnerable to sex trafficking
because of language barrierslxxviii.
Some African countries have passed legislation in regards to human trafficking, though often the
definition is limited to child trafficking or for the purpose of sexual exploitationlxxix. Of note is
Mozambique’s Anti-Human Trafficking Act of 2008, which was one of the first and most
comprehensive pieces of legislation in the region. African countries that do not possess specific
anti-trafficking legislation often utilize other laws to prosecute the case of traffickers. This could
include laws against child kidnapping or sexual offenses, which can be related but limited in
regards to the scope of sex traffickinglxxx.
In many cases, human trafficking is not an immediate priority for African countries.
Governments face many pressing problems but many of these issues are interconnected with sex
trafficking. For instance, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has destroyed many communities and left
them vulnerable to traffickinglxxxi. At the same time, the prevalence of sex trafficking in these
areas has contributed to the spread of the disease. Corruption, gender inequality, prejudice and
cultural norms all contribute to sexual exploitation in Africa. In addition, poverty, lack of
educational and vocational opportunities and humanitarian conflicts often expose vulnerable
populationslxxxii. Because many trafficking networks extend beyond state lines, regional
cooperation is necessary to combat human trafficking in Africa.
Guiding Questions
1. To what extent has your nation been affected by human trafficking for the purpose of
sexual exploitation?
2. Is your nation most concerned with preventing sex trafficking or with rehabilitating those
who have been trafficked?
3. What, if any legislation has your nation adopted with regard to sex trafficking? Has the
legislation been successful in combating sex trafficking?
4. Would your nation be more in favor of domestic, regional, or international action
regarding sex trafficking? Or would your nation prefer a combination of action plans?
Terms and Concepts
de jure - based on law and legal principle
Stigma - a mark of disgrace
Vocational - pertaining to work or a job
Rehabilitation - bring back to a good condition
Reintegration - in this case, bringing someone back into normal society after a long time away
Protocol - an international agreement
Additional Resources
Trafficking in Persons Report: Though a report created by the United States government, it is
extremely comprehensive and contains statistics, facts, and studies of all countries affected by
human trafficking.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: As the main overseer of human trafficking in the
United Nations, the UNODC website contains current and past UN policies concerning human
trafficking. It is an official resource with detailed background information and ideas for potential
and current solutions.
Polaris: Polaris is a successful American NGO that provides examples of solutions to human
trafficking. It also contains resources on various topics, countries, and referrals to other NGOs.
References
i
"General Assembly." General Assembly of the United Nations. United Nations. Web. 28 Aug 2013. <http://www.un.org/en/ga/>.
"Social, Humanitarian & Cultural." General Assembly of the United Nations. United Nations. Web. 28 Aug 2013.
<http://www.un.org/en/ga/third/>.
iii
"UN General Assembly 3rd Committee: SOCHUM." European Model United Nations. Karpinski & Ehnert Design. Web. 28 Aug 2013.
<http://www.euromun.org/content/committees/sochum>.
iv
"What is Human Trafficking?." United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. <
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>.
v
"U.N.: 2.4 Million Human Trafficking Victims." Usatoday.com. Ed. Brent Jones. USA Today, 04 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-04-03/human-trafficking-sex-UN/53982026/1>.
vi
Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda, and Rodney Hill. "Human Sex Trafficking." FBI. FBI, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking>.
vii
United Nations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime, Apr. 2006. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>.
viii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Introductory Material." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf>.
ix
"What is Human Trafficking?." United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. <
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>.
x
United Nations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Trafficking in Persons: Global Patterns. United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime, Apr. 2006. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. <http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>.
xi
"Why Trafficking Exists." Polaris Freedom Happens Now. Polaris Project, n.d. Web. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polarisproject.org%2Fhumantrafficking%2Foverview%2Fwhy-trafficking-exists>.
xii
"About Human Trafficking." Somaly Mam Foundation. Somaly Mam Foundation, n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.somaly.org/issues/abouthumantrafficking>.
xiii
"Human Trafficking Statistics." Human Trafficking Statistics. Human Trafficking Worldwide (2010): n. pag. Hands Across the World MN.
Polaris Project. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.<http://www.handsacrosstheworldmn.org/resources/Human+Trafficking+Statistics.pdf>.
xiv
"The Victims." Polaris Freedom Happens Now. Polaris Project, n.d. Web. <http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview/thevictims>.
xv
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/ TIP Report
xvi
"The Traffickers." Polaris Freedom Happens Now. Polaris Project, n.d. Web. <http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview/thetraffickers>.
xvii
European Union. European Commission. Eurostat. The Victims | Polaris | Combating Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery. European
Commission, 2013. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview/the-victims>.
xviii
"Combat Trafficking: Protection." HumanTrafficking.org. Academy for Educational Development, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.humantrafficking.org/combat_trafficking/protection>.
xix
United Nations. "U.N.: 2.4 Million Human Trafficking Victims." HumanTrafficking.org. UNDOC, 4 Apr. 2012. Web.
xx
"About Human Trafficking." Somaly.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
xxi
"Human Trafficking, Smuggling and Slavery." : Legal Guidance: Crown Prosecution Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
xxii
"Combat Trafficking: Protection." HumanTrafficking.org. Academy for Educational Development, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2014.
xxiii
"Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans." (2007): n. pag. Rightsofwomen.org.uk. Web.
xxiv
"Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans." (2007): n. pag. Rightsofwomen.org.uk. Web.
xxv
"Street Prostitution | Polaris | Combating Human Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery." Polarisproject.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
xxvi
"Combat Trafficking: Protection." HumanTrafficking.org. Academy for Educational Development, n.d. Web. 05 Aug. 2014.
xxvii
Wickham, Leah. "The Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process for Women and Children Recovering from the Sex Trade." (n.d.): n. pag.
Igp.vt.edu. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Web.
<http://www.ipg.vt.edu/papers/Wickham_Sex%20Trafficking%20Victims.pdf>.
xxviii
"Rehabilitation Support to Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation." Keringfoundation.org. Kering Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Aug.
ii
2014.
Wickham, Leah. "The Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process for Women and Children Recovering from the Sex Trade." (n.d.): n. pag.
Igp.vt.edu. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Web.
<http://www.ipg.vt.edu/papers/Wickham_Sex%20Trafficking%20Victims.pdf>.
xxx
"UNODC's Response to Human Trafficking." UNODC.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
xxxi
"United Nations Launches Global Plan of Action against Human Traffickingrime." UNODC.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
xxxii
Trafficking. "Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012." (n.d.): n. pag. UNODC.org. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Web. 24
Aug. 2014. <http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf>
xxxiii
"HumanTrafficking.org | United States of America: International Organizations." HumanTrafficking.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
xxxiv
King, Lindsey. "International Law and Human Traffickin." (n.d.): n. pag. DU.edu. University of Denver. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/InternationalLaw.pdf>.
xxxv
ILO Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Ilo.org. International Labour Organization. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@declaration/documents/publication/wcms_090356.pdf>.
xxxvi
King, Lindsey. "International Law and Human Traffickin." (n.d.): n. pag. DU.edu. University of Denver. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/InternationalLaw.pdf>.
xxxvii
Very Young Girls. Dir. David Schisgall. Perf. Rachel Lloyd and Mia Guzman. Showtime Independent, 2007. Very Young Girls. Documentary
Heaven. Web.
xxxviii
"About Human Trafficking." Somaly.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
xxxix
"HumanTrafficking.org | Combat Trafficking: Prevention." HumanTrafficking.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
xlxl
UNGIFT. "Asia." Asia. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014. <http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/asia.html>.
xli
Friedman, Matthew. "National Geographic Explorer." 21st Century Sex Slaves. National Geographic. June 2012. Television.
xlii
"Analysis: Southeast Asia's Human Trafficking Conundrum." IRINnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.irinnews.org/report/97979/southeast-asia-s-human-trafficking-conundrum>.
xliii
"Asia." Asia. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014. <http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/asia.html>.
xliv
"Analysis: Southeast Asia's Human Trafficking Conundrum." IRINnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.irinnews.org/report/97979/southeast-asia-s-human-trafficking-conundrum>.
xlv
"About Human Trafficking." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug. 2014. <http://www.somaly.org/issues/abouthumantrafficking>.
xlvi
(1N) CATW. "Factbook." Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2014. <http://www.catwinternational.org/>.
xlvii
Chappell, Bill. "European Union Report Details Growth Of Human Trafficking." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/04/15/177326963/european-union-report-details-growth-of-human-trafficking>.
xlviii
http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf
xlix
Chappell, Bill. "European Union Report Details Growth Of Human Trafficking." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/04/15/177326963/european-union-report-details-growth-of-human-trafficking>.
l
European Commission. "Trafficking in Human Beings." DGs. EC, n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking/trafficking-in-human-beings/index_en.htm>.
li
Chappell, Bill. "European Union Report Details Growth Of Human Trafficking." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/04/15/177326963/european-union-report-details-growth-of-human-trafficking>.
lii
European Commission. "Trafficking in Human Beings." DGs. EC, n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2014. <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking/trafficking-in-human-beings/index_en.htm>.
liii
"State and Federal Laws." Polaris. The Polaris Prokect, 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/state-and-federallaws>.
liv
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Canada." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226695.htm>.
lv
Sweeney, Annie, and Stacy St. Clair. "Sex Trade Ad Legislation Faces Uphill Battle." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 16 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Aug.
2014. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-03-16/news/ct-backpage-law-met-20140316_1_backpage-com-prostitution-ads-village-voicemedia>.
lvi
Couch, Robbie. "70 Percent Of Child Sex Trafficking Victims Are Sold Online: Study." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 25 July
2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/25/sex-trafficking-in-the-us_n_5621481.html>.
lvii
Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda, and Rodney Hill. "Human Sex Trafficking." FBI. FBI, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking>.
lviii
Bell, Jamaal. "Race and Human Trafficking in the U.S.: Unclear but Undeniable."The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 10 May 2010.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamaal-bell/race-and-human-traffickin_b_569795.html>.
lix
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Canada." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226695.htm>.
lx
Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda, and Rodney Hill. "Human Sex Trafficking." FBI. FBI, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking>.
lxi
Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda, and Rodney Hill. "Human Sex Trafficking." FBI. FBI, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking>.
lxii
Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda, and Rodney Hill. "Human Sex Trafficking." FBI. FBI, 22 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking>.
lxiii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Canada." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226695.htm>.
lxiv
"How Is Pimping a Form of Sex Trafficking?" Polaris. Polaris Project, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.polarisproject.org/humantrafficking/human-trafficking-faqs>.
lxv
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: United States." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226844.htm>.
xxix
lxvi
"Latin America and the Caribbean." UN Gift Hub. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/latin-america.html>.
lxvii
Ramsey, Geoffrey. "The Many Forms of Sex Trafficking in Central America."Organized Crime in the Americas. InSight Crime, 20 Sept.
2011. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/the-many-forms-of-sex-trafficking-in-central-america>.
lxviii
Ramsey, Geoffrey. "The Many Forms of Sex Trafficking in Central America."Organized Crime in the Americas. InSight Crime, 20 Sept.
2011. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/the-many-forms-of-sex-trafficking-in-central-america>.
lxix
Ramsey, Geoffrey. "The Many Forms of Sex Trafficking in Central America."Organized Crime in the Americas. InSight Crime, 20 Sept. 2011.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/the-many-forms-of-sex-trafficking-in-central-america>.
lxx
Ramsey, Geoffrey. "The Many Forms of Sex Trafficking in Central America."Organized Crime in the Americas. InSight Crime, 20 Sept. 2011.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/the-many-forms-of-sex-trafficking-in-central-america>.
lxxi
"South America." UN Gift Hub. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/about/south-america.html>.
lxxii
Seelke, Clare R. "Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean."Congressional Research Service (2013): n. pag. 15 July 2013.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33200.pdf>.
lxxiii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Introductory Material." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf>.
lxxiv
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Botswana." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226686.htm>.
lxxv
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Cameroon." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226694.htm>.
lxxvi
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Nigeria." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226790.htm>.
lxxvii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Nigeria." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226790.htm>.
lxxviii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Algeria." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014. Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226666.htm>.
lxxix
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Introductory Material." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf>.
lxxx
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Introductory Material." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf>.
lxxxi
"Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS." UN Gift Hub. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d. Web. 24 Aug. 2014.
<http://www.ungift.org/knowledgehub/en/about/human-trafficking-and-hiv-aids.html>.
lxxxii
"Trafficking in Persons Report 2014: Introductory Material." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, June 2014.
Web. 24 Aug. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf>.