Change in
populations
over time
108. Genetics Notebook Check
109. Genetics Unit Test
110. Evolution Coach Notes (Lessons 20 and 21)
111.Types of Evolution
112. Evidence Evolution Occurred
113. Cladogram Lab
114.Biochemical Evolutionary Evidence
115. Natural Selection Notes
116. Standardized Test Prep: Evolution
117. Peppered Moths
118. Lamarck vs. Darwin
119. Evolution Practice Test
120. Evolution Quiz
121. Evolution Notebook Check
• Complete Lessons 20 and 21 in Coach
according to the assignment guidelines
below.
• Take notes on each main idea in outline.
• Define listed vocabulary words.
• Write q&a for four questions at the end
of each less.
•Divergent evolution : one species splits into two or
more that become less alike as they evolve.
•Convergent evolution: two dissimilar species come to
look like each other.
•Co-evolution: Two species evolve together, so that they
eventually come to benefit each other (also called
parallel evolution)
1. Fossils: traces of past life found in sedimentary rock
– Relative dating: lowest layer of rock = oldest fossils
– Absolute dating: uses radioactive isotopes,
determine half-life
C-14’s half life = 5730 years
If 25% of C-14 is left in rock…
½ 100% = 50%
 ½ 50% = 25%
2 half-lives gone by (5730 X 2 = 11,460 years)
2. Comparing Anatomy of different organisms
– Homologous structures: similar (= related)
All similar in
structure!!
NOT similar!
– Analogous structures: different (= NOT related)
bird vs. insect wings
– Vestigial structures: no current purpose anymore
Examples: appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth, muscles
that move ear bones
3. Embryology: compare stages of
development
4. Comparing biochemicals (DNA, proteins) of
different organisms
–APE:
TTA CCG GGA GTT AAA
–SNAKE: CTA GCA GGA CCC GTC
–HUMAN: TTA CCG GGA GCC AAA
What type of evolutionary evidence are these showing?
What type of evolutionary evidence are these showing?
Evolution Online Class
Evolution Practice Questions
•___________________________: the study of how groups of
organisms are related to each other
•Compare the ________________________________ of many
different organisms
•When different organisms share a large # of
_________________________________ it is considered strong
evidence that they are related to each other.
•When organisms are related to each other, it means they must
have had a common _____________________at some time in the
past.
•CLADOGRAM:
The more shared-derived structures two organisms
share, the closer their evolutionary relationship is!!
•PHYLOGENY: the study of how groups of organisms are
related to each other
•Compare the ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES of many different
organisms
•When different organisms share a large # of HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURES it is considered strong evidence that they are
related to each other.
•When organisms are related to each other, it means they must
have had a common ANCESTOR at some time in the past.
•CLADOGRAM: a diagram of branching lines which connect
different groups, showing their different degrees of
relationship.
•Also called "phylogenetic trees“
The more shared-derived structures two organisms
share, the closer their evolutionary relationship is!!
Crushing
mouthparts
6 legs
Legs
Segmented
body
Jumping
legs
Has
wings
Double
set of
wings
Curly
antennae
SHARK
VERTEBRAE
2 PAIRS OF
LIMBS
MAMMARY
GLANDS
PLACENTA
BULL
FROG
KANGA HUMAN
ROO
HUMAN
KANGAROO
SHARK
FROG
Placenta
Mammary
Glands
Vertebrae
2 Pairs
Of Limbs
Traits
1
Dorsal nerve cord
+ Notochord
2
Paired Appendages
+ Backbone
3
4
5
6
7
Paired Legs
Amnion/Amniotic Sac
Mammary Glands
Placenta
Canine Teeth Short
+ Foramen Magnum Forward
TOTAL # OF Xs
Kangaroo
Lamprey
Rhesus
Monkey
Bullfrog
Human
Snap
Turtle
Tuna
Fish
Traits
1
Dorsal nerve cord
+ Notochord
2
Paired Appendages
+ Backbone
3
4
5
6
7
Paired Legs
Amnion/Amniotic Sac
Mammary Glands
Placenta
Canine Teeth Short
+ Foramen Magnum Forward
TOTAL # OF Xs
Kangaroo
Lamprey
Rhesus
Monkey
Bullfrog
Human
Snap
Turtle
Tuna
Fish
•
•
•
•
•
Vocabulary quiz next class
Notebook checks - get signed
Castle Learning – Evolution
Finish #110 – it will be GRADED next class
Honors Assignment due May 13
1. Cladograms show relationships, common
ancestors/origins, homologous structures
LAMPREY
BULLFROG KANGAROO
HUMAN
RAT
2. Human &
Monkey
3. Human &
Lamprey
IGU
ANA
GOLD
FISH
Canine
Teeth Short
Placenta
Mammary
Glands
Amnion
Paired
Legs
Paired
Appendages
Dorsal
Nerve Cord
4. Tuna Fish
Lesson 20
• Darwin’s Theory of survival of the fittest!
• How Evolution Occurs
1) Mutations
2) Gene flow (bringing new traits into gene pool;
animals are more mobile than plants)
3) Genetic drift (differences in reproduction)
4) Bottleneck effect (natural disaster, etc
decreases population sizes.
5) Nonrandom mating (courtship rituals,
breeding territorities, etc.)
• Results of Evolution
– extinction, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
Lesson 21
• Speciation = formation
of new species through
evolution
–occurs because of
Geographic, Parapatric
and Behavioral
(Reproductive)
isolations.
–Know the difference!
1. D, a long, cumulative
process of adaptive
mutations
2. B, organisms best
suited to their
environment will
survive & reproduce
3. B, all mutations occur
randomly
4. A, gene pool
1. A, oxygen
2. D, Organic compounds
could form from
simpler compounds
3. B, they
photosynthesized
4. C, can breed to produce
viable offspring
•How evolution occurs
•Charles Darwin traveled to
Galapagos Island and noted…
Finches on different
islands differed (beaks)
LARGE fossils of many
small animals today
Isolated species became
different
• Why does it occur?
1) More offspring
reproduce than can survive
2) There is competition for resources present
3) Organisms show variation in DNA
4) Certain variations (traits) are more favorable and
more often inherited and passed on to the next
generation
 = SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!
• Types of Natural Selection:
– Stabilizing: allows for the average individuals to
flourish in an environment
– Directional: allows one EXTREME to flourish over
the others in an environment (short, medium, tall)
– Disruptive: occurs when two or more conditions
are favored in an environment (usually opposite
extremes)
• Pesticide Resistance:
– Some insects have slight mutations that make
them immune to pesticides
– Others die from pesticides, while the immune
ones survive, flourish and reproduce.
– Creates a major pesticide problem
• Antibiotic Resistance:
– Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections
– Some bacteria are resistant to them and produce
others that are also immune.
– Antibiotics can become ineffective
– Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics.