RELIGIOUS WARS
Late 16th to
early 17th
centuries
BIG IDEA
Religious pluralism challenged the
concept of a unified Europe
The struggle for sovereignty within the
among states resulted in varying
degrees of political centralization
THE MODERN STATE
Tax collection
Military force
Dispensing justice
Right to determine religion for subjects
FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
1562-1598
Growing monarchical power
 Taille  military
 Power of nobility diminishing  urbanization
Calvinism (Huguenots) (Bourbon) v. Catholics (Guise)
Henry IV (Bourbon)
 Politique – sacrifice religion for peace
 Converts to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes  religious rights to Huguenots
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Freedom of public worship
Right to assembly
Admission to public offices and universities
Permission to main fortified towns
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
Elizabeth I – kept peace between the Anglicans
and the Puritans (Calvinists)
English Parliament  challenged the authority of
the king
 Sympathetic to the Puritans
 James I – divine right of kings
 Charles I – Long Parliament cut off revenue for wars
English Civil War (1642-1649)
 Cavaliers v. Roundheads
 Cromwell  abolished the monarchy
HABSBURGS
Holy Roman Emperors  controlled Austria,
Spain, Italy, Netherland, Hungary
Treaty of Augsburg (1555)
 Fight between Catholic Charles V and Protestant German princes
 Recognized Lutheran Church
 Secularization of Church lands
 All princes could choose the religion of their lands and subjects
 Charles V abdicates
Phillip II of Spain  militant Catholicism
 Revolts in Netherlands  unsuccessful
 England defeated Spanish Armanda  decline in Spanish power
and rise of England
THIRTY YEARS WAR
Causes
 Growth of Calvinism
 Peace of Augsburg  only allowed Lutheran worship
 Resurgence of Catholicism
Four Phases
 Bohemian (1618-1625)  wiped out Protestantism
 Danish (1625-1629)  Edict of Restitution (forbade all Protestants
except Lutherans from worship
 Swedish (1630-1635)  turns tide towards Protestants, France
enters war on side of Protestants
 French (1635-1648)  complete destruction of German states
(international)
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)
Turning point (end of the first period of APEH 1450-1648)
1. Recognized the sovereignty of the German princes
 Declare war and make peace
 Destruction of the Holy Roman Empire  emperor left with no centralize
rule
2. Change in terriotory
 Netherlands and Swiss recognized as sovereign (Habsburg)
 France and Sweden take German lands
 France allowed to intervene in German affairs
3. Augsburg upheld
 Calvinism now included
 North German states – Protestant
 South German states – Catholic
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)
Long term impacts
Decrease in the Habsburg power
Germany remained fragmented  no real
role in European affairs
France, England and Netherland rise in
power
Fragmented Europe  constantly
rebalancing power