Autonomic Nervous System Visceral control! - 34

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Diencephalon

& Autonomic

Nervous System

Objectives

Identify all of the subcortical fasciculi and tracts

Define projection, commissural, and association fibers

For each fasciculus or tract, identify the type of fibers it consists of and the regions it connects.

Compare and contrast the changes that occur to the different regions of the cortex throughout a lifespan.

Describe the Anatomy, Blood supply and Functions of Diencephalon structures:

Thalamus

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

Epithalamus & Pineal Gland

Subthalamus

Thalamus

Thalamus

3 types of nuclei (by function)

Relay nuclei – relays information not involved in a loop

Example: sensory information from face  VPM  somatosensory cortex

Association nuclei – nuclei involved in executive functioning loops

Example: mediodorsal nucleus is involved in the limbic loop (pg

421 LE)

Nonspecific nuclei – receive info from several regions, send info to entire cortex, involved with alertness and arousal

Example: intralaminar nuclei

Thalamus Blood Supply

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

3 zones:

Periventricular zone

 oxytocin - intimacy vasopressin - water retention

Medial zone (3 regions):

Supraoptic region

 satiety center – body composition

Suprachiasmatic n. - circadian rhythm

Tuberal region

 satiety center – body composition behavioral center – aggression, rage

Mammillary region

 converts short term memory to long term memory (by connections with hippocampus through fornix)

Lateral zone

 involved with satiety

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

It’s Complicated!!

Do NOT need to know

Full list of functions of hypothalamus and pituitary

Growth

Blood pressure

Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth

Breast milk production

Sex organ functions in both males and females

Thyroid gland function

The conversion of food into energy ( metabolism )

Water and osmolarity regulation in the body

Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the kidneys

Temperature regulation

Pain relief

Source: Wikipedia

Hypothalamus Blood Supply

Same as Thalamus!

Epithalamus

Pineal Gland

Releases melatonin

Collects mineral deposits

Calcium, flouride, phosphorous

Blood supply – no BBB!

Posterior Choroidal A.

Subthalamus

Involved in motor control

Associated with the Basal Ganglia (striatum, lentiform, PPN, substantia nigra)

Objectives

Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

(neurotransmitters, receptors and effects)

Describe how afferent information enters the CNS

Describe the difference between pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

Describe or draw the structure of the sympathetic trunk

Identify and locate the centers that control respiration, cardiac regulation, and vasomotor regulation

Organization

Efferents

Neurotransmitters

Symp.

Para.

Receptors

Symp.

Para.

Afferents

Anatomy

Symp.

Para.

Control Centers

Effects

Symp.

Para.

Neurotransmitters

Cholinergic – all preganglionic, & postganglionic parasympathetic

Adrenergic – postganglionic sympathetic only

Adrenal glands have no postganglionic neuron – they receive acetylcholine and release adrenaline to bloodstream to stimulate sympathetic activity of all organs

Receptor types vary

SC Ganglia

Target

Organ

Discuss

With a partner, 2 minutes

What is the significance of pre-ganglionic vs. post-ganglionic? How is this different from the somatic NS?

What systems are adrenaline and noradrenaline used in?

What systems are acetylcholine used in?

Answers

Pre-ganglionic is the neuron from the CNS that ends in a peripheral ganglia

Post-ganglionic is the neuron from the peripheral ganglia that ends in a target organ

The somatic NS has no synapses outside the CNS

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline are only in the

Sympathetic NS

Acetylcholine is used in parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic systems

Receptors (sympathetic)

Adrenergic receptors

(sympathetic on target organs)

α1, a2, b1, b2, b3 a1 & a2 receptors constrict blood vessels to skin, viscera, brain, reproductive system, constrict bronchioles

B1 controls pacemaker potential

B2 dilates coronary arteries, arteries to skeletal muscles, dilates bronchioles

Functions (sympathetic)

Receptors (parasympathetic)

Muscarinic & Nicotinic receptors

(parasympathetic)

No parasympathetic receptors in uterus

 a1 cause contraction & b2 cause relaxation

No parasympathetic receptors in sweat glands, liver, most blood vessels, ventricular muscle

Functions (parasympathetic)

Dilate blood vessels to reproductive system & salivary glands

Decreases cardiac output

Contracts bronchioles

Constricts pupils

Organization

Efferents

Neurotransmitters

Symp.

Para.

Receptors

Symp.

Para.

Afferents

Anatomy

Symp.

Para.

Control Centers

Effects

Symp.

Para.

Visceral Afferents

Organ  splanchnic nerves

 dorsal root ganglion  spinal cord  solitary nucleus

Collaterals synapse in laminae 5-6 of the spinal cord

Autonomic reflexes

Parasympathetic Anatomy

“Craniosacral outflow”

Preganglionic somas located in solitary n., ambiguus, dorsal motor n. of X (medulla), and sacral spinal cord

Vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons

Ganglia are located near target organs

Sympathetic Anatomy

“Thoracolumbar outflow”

Preganglionic somas located in the lateral horn

Postganglionic somas located in either the sympathetic trunk/chain or near the target organs

Cervical cardiac and thoracic visceral nerves contain postganglionic axons

Thoracic, lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons

Sympathetic trunk

Venn Diagram

Conclusion

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

ANS – parasympathetic vs sympathetic

Sensory info from special regulatory centers directly to Solitary nuc.

Receptor types and neurotransmitter types

Presentations

If time – meet with groups

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