SEMESTER 1 EXAM
Topics Covered
1. Unit 1: General Conditions
1) FOT Review
2) Impacts of Technology
3) Problem Solving
4) Metrology
2. Unit 2: Communication Technology
1) History of Communication Technology
2) Types of Communication Technology
3) Drawing and drawing types
1) Orthographics and Isometrics
2) AutoCAD and Google Sketchup
3. Unit 3: Fuels and Engines
REMINDER Title Blocks
BPI-IOT
CLASSWORK
5 JAN 11
WETZEL, T.
3
IOT
I1-19
POLY ENGINEERING
FOT REVIEW
FOT Review – Engineering
What is ENGINEERING?
Systematic application of mathematic, scientific,
and technical principles to yield a tangible end
product that meets our needs or desires.
What are the key words?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Systematic application
Mathematic, Scientific, Technical
Principles
Tangible end product
Needs or Desires
IOT
I1-2
POLY ENGINEERING
FOT REVIEW
Engineering
What is Technology?
– The application of knowledge, tools, and skills
to solve problems and extend human
capabilities
– Performs tasks by using an artifact that is not
part of the human body
An object made by humans for a specific purpose
Engineering creates Technology
IOT
I1-2
POLY ENGINEERING
Core Technologies
SOFTBEEMM
Core Technologies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Structural
Optical
Fluid
Thermal
Biotechnology
Electrical
Electronic
Material
Mechanical
IOT
I1-6
Technology Systems
POLY ENGINEERING
FOT REVIEW
Technology as a System
Components:
– Goals
• Humans develop technology to meet needs
• Each artifact meets more than one goal
– Inputs
• Resources that go into a system and are used by it
– Processes
• Design Process, Production Process, Mgt. Process
– Outputs
• Technological systems are designed to produce specific outputs.
• Manufactured products, constructed structures, communicated
messages, transported people or goods.
– Feedback and Control
IOT
• Using information about the outputs to regulate the system.
I1-3
POLY ENGINEERING
FOT REVIEW
System Components
GOALS
Control
FEEDBACK
INPUTS
PROCESSES
OUTPUTS
GOALS
IOT
I1-3
POLY ENGINEERING
FOT REVIEW
INPUTS
PICTMEM
•
Resources that go into technology:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
People – planners, designers, builders, testers,
administration, investors, etc.
Information – math, science, and technical principles, etc.
Capital – $ for employees, materials, marketing, etc.
Time – to plan, design, make, market, ship, etc.
Machines and tools – manufacturing facilities, etc.
Energy – to design, construct, ship, etc.
IOT
Materials – natural, synthetic, composite
I1-3
POLY ENGINEERING
Make Model / Prototype
1. Model
Used to communicate design ideas and processes.
May be a small, large, or full scale model.
2. Prototype
A working model used to test a design concept by
making actual observations and necessary
adjustments.
IOT
Outcome: Tangible Object
I1-4
POLY ENGINEERING
Constraints on the
Engineering Design Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
(A constraint is a limit or restriction)
Safety – is the product safe to use/construct?
Cost – is it affordable?
Reliability – will it work consistently over time?
Environmental Concerns – does it harm the natural or
human environment negatively?
Ergonomics – how efficiently can the human body utilize
it?
Manufacturability – can it be made?
Quality Control – does it meet customer requirements?
Maintenance – how easily can it be maintained or
upheld?
I1-5
IOT
SCREEMQuM
POLY ENGINEERING
Assessing Technology
1. If Technology is…
The ability of humans to combine ingenuity and
resources to meet needs and wants of people
2. Then Technology Assessment is…
The conscience that polices the possible impacts of
applying technology
The analysis of technology should be based
on facts and research rather than media
hype or personal opinion.
I1-7
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
Design Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Define the Problem
Brainstorm, Research, Generate Ideas
Explore Possibilities
Develop a Design Proposal
Make Model/Prototype
Test and Evaluate
Refine the Design
Communicate the Solution
IOT
I1-5
POLY ENGINEERING
5 Impacts of Technology
SPEEC
5 Main Areas Impacted by Technology:
– Social: How does it affect interdependent human
relationships?
– Cultural: How does it affect the characteristic features of
everyday existence?
– Economic: How does it affect the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services?
– Political: How does it affect the government?
– Environmental: How does it affect both the human and
natural environments? (aesthetics included here)
IOT
I1-9
POLY ENGINEERING
Impacts of Technology
5 Main Areas Impacted by Technology:
Social, Cultural, Economic, Political, Environmental
Time Ranges:
–
–
–
–
–
Initial Effects
Intermediate Effects
Long-term Effects
Historical Technological Impact
Recommendation
IOT
I1-9
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
- DRAW A DIAGRAM
- SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
- MAKE A MODEL
- CREATE A FLOWCHART
- RUN A SIMULATION
- TRIAL AND ERROR
IOT
I1-23
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #1 DIAGRAM SOLUTION:
1. Chicken crosses the river.
2. Boat returns to the other side.
3. Chicken feed crosses the river.
4. Chicken and boat returns to the other side.
5. Fox crosses the river.
6. Boat returns to the other side.
7. Chicken crosses the river.
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #2 :
A man lived one-fourth of his life as a boy in
Baltimore, one-fifth of his life as a young man in
Youngstown, one-third of his life as a man in
Manitoba, and the last thirteen years of his life in
Thurmont. How old was the man when he died?
Write down your answer.
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #2 ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION:
Define the unknowns:
X = man’s total age.
X/4 = years as a boy
X/5 = years as a youth
X/3 = years as a man
Write an equation:
X = X/4 + X/5 + X/3 + 13
Solve the equation:
60X = 15X + 12X + 20X + 780
60X = 47X + 780
13X = 780
X = 60 years
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #3 :
Given a stack of individual blocks as shown. How
many more blocks are needed to fill the empty
spaces and form a large cube? Write down your
answer.
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #3 MODEL SOLUTION:
9 blocks on level four
8 blocks on level three
6 blocks on level two
23 blocks were missing
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #4 : HOMEWORK
Given a stack of individual blocks as shown. If all of
the visible blocks were to disappear suddenly, how
many blocks would remain? Write down your answer.
IOT
I1-10
POLY ENGINEERING
DRILL A: BOWLING PINS - SOLUTION
Ten bowling pins form a triangular arrangement.
Move 3 pins so that the resulting triangle points in
the opposite direction.
IOT
I1-11
POLY ENGINEERING
DRILL B: CROSSING CLOCK HANDS - SOLUTION
On a regular clock, how many times will the
minute hand and hour hand cross each other
between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.?
1. Between 10:54 and 10:55 a.m.
2. At 12:00 noon
3. Between 1:05 and 1:06 p.m.
IOT
I1-11
POLY ENGINEERING
PROBLEM #2 (AVERAGE SPEED): SOLUTION
The
traveled
25 mph
forisone
to reach the
The train
return
trip down
the hill
alsohour
25 miles.
top
of the hill.
Average
speed is
equal
to miles.
total For
Therefore,
the total
round-trip
will
be 50
distance
divided
byto
total
time.
miles
by 1
the average
speed
be 50
mph25for
the divided
round-trip,
hour
is 25must
mph.travel
Therefore,
theintrain
the train
50 miles
one traveled
hour, but25
the
miles
to reachused
the top
of the
hillon
in 1the
hour.
train already
up that
hour
trip up the
hill. Therefore, it is impossible for the train to
average 50 mph for the trip.
IOT
I1-11
POLY ENGINEERING
DRILL A: SHADOWS – SOLUTION
During the day, a 25 foot tall telephone pole casts a 10 foot
shadow on the ground. At that same time, a tree casts a 25
foot shadow. How tall is the tree?
This problem can be solved by setting up a ratio.
(POLE) Height / Shadow = (TREE) Height / Shadow
25 ft / 10 ft
= y / 25 ft
2.5
= yy / 25 ft
62.5 ft
=y
25’
IOT
10’
25’
I1-12
POLY ENGINEERING
HOMEWORK PROBLEM #1 : SPIDER & FLY
Given: A spider and a fly are in a room whose
dimensions are 25 feet wide by 15 feet deep by 8
feet high. The spider is on the CEILING and the fly is
on the FLOOR. If one corner of the room represents
the origin (0,0,0) of an x-y-z coordinate system, then
the spider is located at (20,8,-11 ) and the fly is
located at (5,0,-7 ). See the given diagram.
Problem: What is the MINIMUM DISTANCE that the
spider must travel to reach the fly?
IOT
I1-12
POLY ENGINEERING
HOMEWORK PROBLEM #2 : SPIDER & FLY
Given: A spider and a fly are in a room whose
dimensions are 25 feet wide by 15 feet deep by 8
feet high. The spider is on the FLOOR and the fly is
on the CEILING. If one corner of the room
represents the origin (0,0,0) of an x-y-z coordinate
system, then the spider is located at (5,0,-7) and the
fly is located at (20,8,-11 ). See the given diagram.
Problem: What is the MINIMUM DISTANCE that the
spider must travel to reach the fly?
IOT
I1-12
POLY ENGINEERING
DRILL B: Orange & Blue – Diagram Solution
100 Poly students: 75 said they were wearing orange,
95 said they were wearing blue, and 50 said they
were wearing both blue and orange.
95
45
50
75
25
45 + 50 + 25 = 120 students, not 100, so there is
something wrong with the survey.
IOT
I1-13
POLY ENGINEERING
"METROLOGY is the science and art of measurement.
Measurement is extracting information from nature or
from devices people have engineered. It is also about
the uncertainty in the extracted data, communicating
it to other people in a standard way, and making them
confident in our measurements by establishing
traceable measurement systems.“
Copyright © 1998-2006 Newton Metrology Ltd.
You will now receive a 4-sided concise summary of
the International System of Units (SI).
Read and study this summary now, as it may help
you to find some answers to the homework.
IOT
I1-17
POLY ENGINEERING
STANDARD - An acknowledged measure of
comparison for quantitative or qualitative value
ACCURACY -the degree of closeness of a measured
or calculated quantity to its actual (true) value
PRECISION - the degree of mutual agreement among
a series of individual measurements or values
CALIBRATION - the process of establishing the
relationship between a measuring device and the
units of measure
TRACEABILITY - an unbroken chain of comparisons
relating an instrument's measurements to a known
standard
I1-20
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
BASE UNIT – A unit in a system of measurement that is
defined, independent of other units, by means of a physical
standard. Also known as fundamental unit.
DERIVED UNIT - A unit that is defined by simple combination
of base units.
ERROR - The difference between a computed or measured
value and a true or theoretically correct value.
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR - the percentage ratio of the error to
the correct value of the measured parameter.
UNCERTAINTY - The estimated amount or percentage by
which an observed or calculated value may differ from the
true value.
I1-20
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
meter, kilogram, second, Kelvin, etc.
THE INTERNATIONAL SI SYSTEM OF
MEASUREMENT IS COMPRISED OF 7
FUNDAMENTAL (OR BASE) QUANTITIES.
THE ENGLISH SYSTEM, USED IN THE
UNITED STATES, HAS SIMILARITIES AND
THERE ARE CONVERSION FACTORS
WHEN NECESSARY.
foot, pound, second, Fahrenheit, etc.
IOT
I1-20
POLY ENGINEERING
SUMMARY OF THE 7 FUNDAMENTAL SI UNITS:
1. LENGTH
- meter
2. MASS
- kilogram
3. TIME
- second
4. ELECTRIC CURRENT
- ampere
5. THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE - Kelvin
6. AMOUNT OF MATTER
- mole
7. LUMINOUS INTENSITY
- candela
IOT
I1-20
POLY ENGINEERING
Exponential Growth – LINEAR GRAPH
IOT
I1-8
POLY ENGINEERING
Exponential Growth Curve
IOT
I1-8
POLY ENGINEERING
First, you must locate the
center of the circle by
finding the midpoint of
the given vertical line.
Next, use your
PROTRACTOR to
divide the circle into
12 equal angles of
30 degrees each.
IOT
I1-19
POLY ENGINEERING
First, you must locate the
center of the circle by
finding the midpoint of
the given vertical line.
Next, use your
PROTRACTOR to
divide the circle into
15 equal angles of
24 degrees each.
This is similar to the
previous problem,
except for the size of
the angles.
IOT
I1-19
POLY ENGINEERING
First, use your ruler to measure the
dimensions of the rectangle.
Next, use your ruler to divide the rectangle into thirdsI1-19
from top to bottom, and fourths from side to side.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION DERIVATION
This is the normal boiling temperature of water at sea level.
212
212 - 32
F
100
100 - 0
C
This line represents any temperature on the thermometer.
F - 32
C-0
32
0
We can
set
a proportion:
This is
the up
normal
freezing temperature of water at sea level.
F - 32
C-0
=
212 - 32
100 - 0
IOT
I1-22
We can now solve for either F or C. Let’s do both!
POLY ENGINEERING
F - 32
212 - 32
F - 32
Cross Multiply
C-0
100 - 0
=
C
=
180
100(F – 32)
100
=
180C
5(F – 32) = 9C
5(F – 32) = 9C
5(F – 32) = C
9
This equation is used to solve
for C when F is known.
Divide by GCF
(greatest common
factor)
5(F – 32) = 9C
F – 32 = 9C
5
F = 9C + 32
5
This equation is used toIOTsolve
I1-22
for F when C is known.
POLY ENGINEERING
When answering this type of question…
SOURCE of communication
to
DESTINATION of communication
The large orange # refers to
the test review sheet
Alarm Clock
Telephone
IOT
Thermostat
T.V. Remote
2-1
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
Inform
Persuade
Entertain
Control Manage Educate
GOALS
SOURCE
Control
Input
Transmitted
INPUTS
Communication
TECHNOLOGY
FEEDBACK
Process
Encoder
Transmitter
Receiver
Decoder
GOALS
Storage
Retrieval
PROCESSES
DESTINATION
Output
Received
Communication
OUTPUTS
IOT
2-1
POLY ENGINEERING
Telephone Communication
One of the simplest devices in your house
What part of this
technology system is an
example of Human to
Machine communication?
Input
You speak into
the microphone
Processes
Encoder
Transmitter
Receiver
Decoder
Storage
Retrieval
Output
Friend hears
voice
IOT
2-1
Answering
Wires
Play
Receiver
Microphone
Button
– theMachine
–electrical
–friend’s
friend
– converts
–earpiece
gets
friend
energy
home,
sound
isn’t
travels
speaker
energy
presses
home,
from
converts
and
of
play,
your
voice
this
hears
phone,
the
machine
intoelectrical
your
electrical
viarecorded
stores
exchanges,
energy
energy
your
voice
back
communication
to
(encodes)
your
to sound
friend’s
POLY ENGINEERING
Telecommunications
Communication Technology
• Television (1925)
– Greek: tele – far, Latin: visio – seeing
– 4 main parts (cathode ray tube)
– Electron gun fires 3 beams
– Steering coils move electron beam across screen
– Phosphorus screen has over 200,000 pixels
– Glass tube holds it all together
– Signals are broadcasted like radio signals
IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
September 30, 2008
Match the statements with the correct term below:
1. A device that changes a message into a form that can
be transmitted
2. A device that sends a signal (i.e., encoded message)
3. A device that acquires a signal (i.e., encoded message)
4. A device that changes a coded message into an
understandable form
Decoder
Receiver
Encoder
Data
Transmitter
IOT
2-2
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
Match the statements with the correct term below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unorganized facts
Organized data
Information applied to a task
The sending and receiving of information
Communication
Information
Knowledge
Storage
Data
IOT
2-2
POLY ENGINEERING
Last Night’s Homework - REVIEW
Radio:
Encoder: Devices that convert sound and information into a
modulated sine wave
Pulse Modulation: turn the voltage (sine wave) on/off (Morse Code)
PM
Amplitude Modulation: vary the amplitude (peak-to-peak) voltage
AM
Frequency Modulation: vary the frequency (speed)
FM
IOT
2-2
POLY ENGINEERING
Classes of Communication Technology
– Print Graphic Communication
Visual, lingual messages that include printed media
– Photographic Communication
Using photographs, slides, or motion pictures to
communicate a message
– Telecommunications
Communicating over a distance
– Technical Graphic Communication
Specific information about a product or its parts
Size and shape, how to install, adjust, operate, maintain,
or assemble a device
IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
Print Graphic Communication
Communication Technology
– Major Processes:
• Relief
2. The plate is covered in ink
Intaglio
– A modeled work that is raised (or lowered) from a flat
background.
By
593 A.D., the first printing press was invented in
(in-tal-yo)
– Cuneiform by the Sumerians ~6000 years ago.
China, and the first printed
newspaper
was available
3. Excess
ink is removed
from surface
– Wood block printing ~200 C.E.
in Beijing in 700 A.D. It was a woodblock printing. And
– Movable type printing ~1040 C.E. (Gutenberg ~1450)
the Diamond Sutra, the earliest known complete
– Intaglio (in-tal-yo) ~1430
woodblock
printed book with illustrations
was printed
4. Paper placed
on plate and
–
Rotary
printing
press
~1843
in China in 868 A.D. And Chinese printer
Bi Sheng
compressed
• Lithography
printing)
~1796
invented
movable(offset
type in
1041 A.D.
in China.
– The source and destination are not on raised surfaces
5. Paper
is removed
and ink has been transferred
– Grease
and water
do not
readily mix
1. Depressions
cut into
Low
Relief
Cuneiform
IOT
printing
– plate
A chemical process High Relief
POLY ENGINEERING
– Most modern books and newspapers
2-4
Communication Technology
Print Graphic Communication
• Screen Printing (~1000 C.E., China; 1907 England)
– Mainly billboards, package labels, fabric designs
– Uses a woven mesh (a screen) to support an ink
blocking stencil.
– The stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink
as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate.
– A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen
stencil forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the
woven mesh in the open areas.
• Electrostatic (1938 / 1960s)
– Photocopier, Laser Printer
– Opposite charges attract
• Ink Jet (1980s)
IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
– Use a series of nozzles to spray ink directly on paper
Communication Technology
• Telecommunication
Telecommunications
– Communicating over a distance
Tele – Greek, “far off”
Communicare – Latin, “to share”
– Rely on the principles of electricity and magnetism
– 2 types:
• Hardwired systems (telephone, cable, fiber-optic)
• Broadcast systems (radio and t.v., mobile phones)
– Point-to-point:
• One transmitter and one receiver
– Broadcast:
• One powerful transmitter to numerous receivers IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
Telecommunications
– Smoke signals and drums
– Chains of beacons (Middle Ages)
• Navigation signals
• Enemy troops approaching
– Homing pigeons
• Carrier pigeons used as early as 1150 in Baghdad
• Olympic victors, Greece; Stock options, Europe
– Optical telegraph (semaphore, 1792, France)
• Towers with pivoting shutters
• Information encoded by the position of the
mechanical elements
IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
Telecommunications
– Telegraph (mid 1830s)
• First instrument used to send messages by means of wires
and electric current
• A device interrupts the flow of a current through a wire
• Uses shorter and longer bursts of current to represent
letters
• Device at receiving end converted electrical signal into
clicks
• Operator/mechanical printer converted clicks into words
• Telegram – wires over land
• Cable – wires under water
– Telephone (1876 – Bell and Gray)
• Greek: tele – far, phone – sound
IOT
2-4
POLY ENGINEERING
MULTI-VIEW
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
• Orthographic Projections:
– Ortho: straight or at right angles
– Graphic: written down
– Pro: forward
– Jacere: to throw
“To throw straight forward and write down”
• The method of representing the exact form of an
object in 2 or more views on planes (usually at
right angles to each other)
IOT
2-9
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
MULTI-VIEW
IOT
How are orthographic projections drawn?
2-9
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
MULTI-VIEW
• Reference Planes:
– Frontal Reference Plane
» Front View
– Horizontal Reference Plane
» Top View
– Profile Reference Plane
» Side View
IOT
2-9
POLY ENGINEERING
SECTIONAL VIEWS
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
• Sectional Views
– How an object looks if a cut were made through it
perpendicular to the direction of sight.
– For example, if we cut the shape below at PRP 2 and
drew the shape (including its “insides”) we would have
a sectional view:
IOT
2-9
POLY ENGINEERING
SECTIONAL VIEWS
• Sectional Views
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
– Different materials have different sectional views
IOT
2-9
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
October 10, 2008
DRILL
If point A is 2’-3” away from the FRP in the
right view, point A will ALWAYS be 2’-3” away
from the FRP.
A
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
AUXILIARY VIEWS
The ARP shows
trueReference
form (shapePlane?
and size) for inclines
Which
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
HRP
Auxiliary Reference Plane
ARP
PRP
FRP
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 2: MULTI-VIEW
SURFACE DEVELOPMENTS
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 3: PICTORIAL
ISOMETRIC
• From Greek: Equal Measure
– Isos: Equal
– Metron: Measure
• The scale along each axis of the projection is the same
• True form parallel lines are shown as parallel (note colors
below)
• All isometrics: simple construction
Isometric Cube:
1) all lines equal length;
2) all faces equal area;
3) perimeter is a hexagon
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 3: PICTORIAL
PERSPECTIVE
• Latin: perspicere – to see through
• An approximate representation of an image as it is
perceived by the eye.
• The most characteristic feature of perspectives is that
objects are drawn:
Smaller as their distance from the observer increases
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
OBLIQUE
TYPE 3: PICTORIAL
• A way of showing depth, like isometric
• Part orthographic / part isometric:
– One face is true form
– Parallel lines behind; either:
» Full scale
» Half scale
» Three-quarter scale
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 3: PICTORIAL
EXPLODED ASSEMBLY
• Take an object and separate into individual parts
• Usually employed in instruction manuals
• Typically drawn in parallel projection (notice there
is no perspective in the examples below)
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
TYPE 3: PICTORIAL
CUT-AWAY PICTORIAL
• Show the interior details of a product
• Often employed in instruction manuals
• Assists in understanding operation of product
IOT
2-10
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
October 13, 2008
DRILL
• Turn in your 3-view assignment (include NAME)
• Match the type of Technical Graphics below with
its type:
B
C
A
E Isometric
B Section
C Standard View
D
E
F
F Development
G Perspective
D Oblique
A Cut-away Pictorial
G
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
TECHNICAL GRAPHICS
Which of the following images are parallel
projections?
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
CLASS STANDARDS
1. Line Weights
2. Line Types
3. Dimensioning
4. Scales
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
LINE WEIGHTS
Four Weights in this class:
Light: not noticeable from 2’ (nearly invisible)
Medium: just noticeable from 2’
Heavy: obvious from 2’ (final weight for most
objects)
Very Heavy: only used for borders
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
LINE TYPES
CLASS STANDARDS
1. Construction/Layout Lines
– LIGHT WEIGHT
– ALL lines begin as these
– DO NOT ERASE (unless there is a measuring error)
2. Guidelines
– LIGHT WEIGHT
– Used for LETTERING
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
LINE TYPES
CLASS STANDARDS
3. Object Lines:
– HEAVY WEIGHT
– The final line type for most
objects
4. Hidden Lines:
– HEAVY WEIGHT
– Everything must be represented in each view, whether
or not it can be seen
– Interior and exterior features are projected from view
to view in the same way
– Parts not seen on the exterior of a view are drawn
2-11
with hidden lines – short DASHES
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
LINE TYPES
CLASS STANDARDS
5. Centerlines:
– MEDIUM WEIGHT
– Centers of symmetrical objects, including circles
– Used to locate views and dimensions
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
LINE TYPES
CLASS STANDARDS
6. Extension Lines:
– MEDIUM WEIGHT
– Extend from objects
– Used for dimensioning
7. Dimension Lines:
– MEDIUM WEIGHT
– Used for dimensioning
– Go between extension lines
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
DIMENSIONING
CLASS STANDARDS
• 2 things are needed to describe an object
completely:
– Shape
– Size
• Dimensioning: Size description
– Units are required
– Decimal or Fraction
–PREFERRED
Dimensions read from bottom or right side
• Include:
– Extension line: begin 1/16” away from object and extend
1/16” beyond Dimension Line
– Dimension line: use arrowheads, guidelines, and LETTER
IOT
2-11
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
QUIZ – Slide 1
1. Write the correct name for each drawing type next to
the correct letter on your paper.
A
B
E
F
D
C
G
IOT
2-17
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
QUIZ – Slide 4
4. Give an example of something a designer would
scale up for drawing.
5. Give an example of something a designer would
scale down for drawing.
6. If a point on an object is 14’-3” away from the
frontal reference plane in the front view and 7’-6”
away from the horizontal reference plane in the
front view, how far away is the point from the
frontal reference plane in the right side view?
7. To draw what type of drawing would designers use
more than one position for any reference plane?
HORIZONTAL STARTING POINT
1. Add width of front view to width of right view (depth).
4.5” + 2” = 6.5”
2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”
6.5” + 1.5” = 8”
3. Subtract from the total width.
10” – 8” = 2”
4. Divide by 2.
Horizontal Starting Point = 1”
VERTICAL STARTING POINT
1. Add height of front view to height of top view (depth).
3” + 2” = 5”
2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”
5” + 1.5” = 6.5”
3. Subtract from the total height.
7.25” – 6.5” = .75” = 3/4”
4. Divide by 2.
Vertical Starting Point = .375” = 3/8”
Horizontal Starting Point = 1”
Vertical Starting Point is 7/8”
Thursday’s Test
You will be given the sheet below, including the
border and title block.
1.
2.
3.
Draw lettering guidelines 1/16”
Complete title block
Calculate starting point (vertical and horizontal) – NO
CALCULATOR ALLOWED
IOT
review
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAWING ISOMETRICS
• Isometrics are drawn with:
– All object vertical lines are vertical
– All object horizontal lines are drawn 30 degrees
from the horizontal
– All lines are drawn true size
IOT
2-18
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAWING ISOMETRICS
• One of the most effective ways to sketch an
object pictorially is to sketch it in isometric.
1. Start by sketching an enclosing box (absolute
height, width, depth) – Construction Lines
2. Add in features
3. Darken all final lines
IOT
2-18
POLY ENGINEERING
ISOMETRICS from ORTHOGRAPHICS
Technical Graphic Communication
Let each grid space = ½”
• Front view is typically drawn first
• You must look at all views
IOT
2-18
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe an isometric view
Prepare drawing paper
Locate center of drawing space
Plot starting point of drawing
Complete isometric drawing
IOT
2-21
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
1. Describe an isometric view
1. Height
2. Width
3. Depth
(of the front view)
IOT
2-21
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
2. Prepare drawing paper
Construction Lines
3. Locate center of drawing space
45 degree
triangle
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
4. Plot starting point of drawing
1) ½ W
2) ½ D
3) ½ H
30-60-90
triangle
Starting Point
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
5. Complete isometric drawing
Starting Point
IOT
2-21
POLY ENGINEERING
Technical Graphic Communication
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
IOT
2-21
POLY ENGINEERING
Thursday’s Test
You will be given the sheet below, including the
border, title block, and isometric guidelines.
1.
2.
3.
Draw lettering guidelines 1/16”
Complete title block
Calculate starting point
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.
Draw “X” across drawing space
Pick the nearest intersection
Measure down to right ½ width
Measure down to left ½ depth
Measure straight down ½ height
Each grid space = ¼”
IOT
review
POLY ENGINEERING
Absolute Coordinates
Absolute coordinates are based on the origin (0,0),
expressed as an ordered pair x,y. All other points
are also expressed in the form x,y and the values of
x and y are based on the distance from the origin.
If we desire to draw a line, we must give the
location of both endpoints, expressed as an
ordered pair x,y where the origin is used as a
reference point.
IOT
2-3
POLY ENGINEERING
Communication Technology
Introduction to AutoCAD
Relative coordinates are not based on the origin
(0,0). Instead, we use the @ symbol followed by an
ordered pair x,y. This means “starting where we
are AT, go over (or back) x and up (or down) y.
If we desire to draw a line using relative coordinates,
we must give the location of the first endpoint
(usually using Absolute coordinates), followed by
@x,y for the second endpoint.
IOT
2-24
POLY ENGINEERING
Polar Coordinates
Polar coordinates are used to draw lines at specific angles.
When using Polar coordinates, angles are measured
according to the following tradition:
ISOMETRIC ANGLES
90
90
180
150
30
210
330 = -30
0
IOT
270
270 = -90
2-3
POLY ENGINEERING
Polar Coordinates
Polar coordinates are used to draw lines at specific angles.
When using Polar coordinates, angles are measured
according to the following tradition:
90
45 degrees
135 degrees
225 degrees = -135 degrees
180
0
315 degrees = -45 degrees
360 degrees = 0 degrees
IOT
270
2-26
POLY ENGINEERING