Will Work for Candy
Motivational Techniques that Work
• Trudi E. Jacobson, Coordinator of User
Education Programs, University at Albany,
SUNY
• Stephan J. Macaluso, Distance Learning
Librarian, SUNY New Paltz
• Lijuan Xu
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
What problems have you faced in
regard to student motivation?
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
What motivated you to attend
this ACRL conference?
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Motivation Theories
•Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation
•Keller’s ARCS model
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic motivation
– External and tangible
• Intrinsic motivation
– Internal and intangible
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
ARCS Model
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Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
John Keller “Strategies for Stimulating”
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
ARCS—Attention
• Capture interest and stimulate curiosity to
learn
– New approaches
– Environmental change
– Varied activities
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
ARCS—Relevance
• Meet personal needs and goals
– Goals and objectives sharing
– Familiar examples
– Various strategies
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
ARCS—Confidence
• Help them believe/feel they will succeed
and control their success
– What is expected of them
– Mastery experiences
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
ARCS—Satisfaction
• Reinforce accomplishment with rewards
– Interaction
– Application opportunities
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Motivation—group differences
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Traditionalists
Baby Boomers
Generation Xers
Millennials
Lynne C. Lancaster and David Stillman When
Generations Collide?
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Practical Motivators
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Teaching behaviors
Course design elements
Active engagement
Autonomy
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Teaching Behaviors
• Enthusiasm
• Clarity
• Interaction
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Enthusiasm
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Voice
Gestures
Movement
Facial expressions
Eye contact
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Clarity
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Speech
Presentation
Outline
Major points
Examples
Review and Summary
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Interaction
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Address students by name
Praise
Deal with student errors
Use various methods and activities
– Small group discussion
– Hands on
– Writing to learn
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Course Design Elements
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Course topics
Course goals & objectives
Methods of instruction
Course assignments
Syllabus
First impressions: first day of class
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Active Engagement
Can you learn how to ride a bicycle or how to
kiss from a lecture?
(variation on a quote by Eric Sotto, When Teaching Becomes Learning
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Active Engagement
• Active Learning
– Cooperative Learning
– Writing to Learn
– Discovery Learning
• Active Engagement and the ARCS Model
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Autonomy
• What autonomy do students generally have
in a course?
• Autonomy and the ARCS model
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Autonomy
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Course activity
Course policy
Course content
Projects/assignments
Student assessment
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolios as Motivational Tool
• “Showcase” the student’s best work
• Open discussion about portfolio elements
and assessment
• Opportunities for Reflection and Selfexpression
• Individual exercises provide incentive and
motivation throughout the process
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolios Exist in Real Life
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Business
Art
Job-seeking
Promotion
• GEIII
• Repertoire
• Portfolios reveal:
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Thinking Process
wide range of aptitude
growth
in-process & future
projects
– Group and Individual
work
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolio-as-Repertoire
• Collection of one’s best work
• “Things I’m working on….things that I do
well…”
• Future initiatives
• Example: Conductors: use video/audio to
show process/progress...
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolios give students control
over their grades
• Required Elements
• A digital video
Optional Elements
• A webliography
• Two rubric checklists
• Abstract
•Personal reflections
• Concert notes w/ bibliography
•Drafts
•Relevant e-mail
• Critiques of fellow students'
writings
•Additional bibliographies, etc.
•Critiques by fellow students
Discuss assessment & grading Right from the start!
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Useful, Authentic Projects keep
Motivation High
What Musicians Write
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Mission Statements
Annotated Bibs
Webliography
Concert Notes
Abstracts
Obituaries
Proposals
FUN Worksheets
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Web Searching
DB Searching
Print Index Search
Concert Review
Summative Group
Project
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Multimedia Class
• Electronic Classroom
• CD and e-Music, Scores, Art, Books,
WWW
• Big Project: “Become the Teacher”
– Demonstrate Website eval. to an audience
– Comfortable with technology and surroundings
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Lots of “hands on”...
• Peer critique in class, via email
• Two (2) Instructors available by phone,
email, IM, in-person
• Course Documents available online=no
surprises
• Drafts and the 48-hour rule
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolio as Motivator
• Model Portfolios right from the start
• Alumni portfolios available upon request
– “No Secrets”
– “Never Throw Anything Away”
• Encourage notebooks, journaling
• Decorate your Own Portfolio
• “Organize However You Like”
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Student Involvement in
Portfolios
• Peer Critique forms
• Critique #1 three (3) weeks before finals
• Students actively participated in creating the
course calendar
– They know how it all ends
– Always time for one more draft
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Student Personalization
• Binder Choice
• Cover decorations, tabs, illustrations
• Order of contents
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Chronological by class or project
Chronological by Best work, then drafts
Show Portfolio, then all other matter
Personal work, then handouts, etc.
Required, then optional work
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Student Personalization
• Students required to create a reflective
essay (letter of welcome, Preface, etc.)
Organization, Order, Inquiry,
Personal Growth
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.
Portfolios were assessed with a
rubric
• Discussed throughout the semester
• Students had the same rubric we used
• Consensus: student input during critiques
and portfolio review
Will Work for Candy”:
Motivational Techniques That Work
ACRL 11th National Conference, April 2003.