WELCOME BACK!!!
In Activity:
Based on this cladogram:
1. Which organism is
most related to the
Chimp?
2. Which organism is
least related to the
Chimp?
3. What characteristic
do all organisms
except the Hagfish
share?
4. What characteristics
do Pigeons have
different form other
organisms?
Copy & Complete in ISN
Classification/Taxonomy
8A define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a
standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community.
8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification
system based on similarities and differences shared among
groups.
Cladograms
Clade – group of related organisms
Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary
descent
C
B
A
Properties of cladogram
• Each split represents appearance
of new trait(s)
• Related organisms are closer together
new trait(s)
new trait(s)
Evolutionary Classification
(Phylogeny)
• Grouping organisms
based on evolutionary
history
PHYLOGENY
• Very useful because organisms are placed in groups that
show how things may have evolved.
Cladistic Analysis…
• Traces evolution in a
group by focusing on
derived characteristics
that appear in some
organisms but not in
others.
• Derived Character
appears in recent parts of
a lineage, but not in its
older members
• Ex: jaws, lungs, hair
Possible Cladograms
How should we classify
these organisms?
BARNACLE
CRAB
LIMPET
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLASSIFICATIN BASED ON GENETIC
SIMILARITIES
Cladagram – diagram that shows
evolutionary relationships
Cladograms
Cladogram – branching diagram showing evolutionary
descent
What can be determined from this cladogram?
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers New world Old world Apes
• Primates share
Monkeys Monkeys
common ancestor
• Humans more closely
related to apes than to
monkeys
• Lemurs lack traits
common to monkeys
Humans
Cladograms
Cladogram of a group of animals
Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
What can be determined from this cladogram?
• Tuataras are not lizards
• Birds share common ancestor with reptiles
• Snakes are more closely related to lizards than crocodiles
Image modified from Benchill [GNU]
VENN DIAGRAMS
1. Venn Diagrams can be used to make
models of hierarchical classification
schemes. A Venn diagram is shown
below:
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
• Four groups are represented by circular regions
• Each region represents different taxonomic
levels.
• Regions that overlap, share common members.
• Regions that do not overlap do not have common
members.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Matching:
Mammals C
Animals with backbones B
Insects D
All animals A
LAB:
SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to
complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, &
Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY
BEFORE leaving that one)
How can you identify
an organism you find?
Taxonomic (Dichotomous) Key = series of
paired statements describing characteristics of
organisms
Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous key – tool used to identify organisms
• Also called classification key
• Helps user observe similarities and differences among
organisms
• Each step presents a level of identification
– Only one of the statements in a step can be true about a single
organism
Dichotomous Key Example
• 1A Object has curved lines……go to 2
• 1B Object has straight lines……go to 3
• 2A Object is one continuous curved line…go to 4
• 2B Object has parallel curved lines….Shape A
• 3A Object has 3 straight lines….Shape B
• 3B Object has 4 straight lines….go to 4
• 4A Object is colored green……Shape C
• 4B Object is colored red……Shape D
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
Image by Shellnut
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
LAB:
SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to
complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, &
Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY
BEFORE leaving that one)
WELCOME BACK!
• Part 1:
In Activity:
• Part 2:
WELCOME BACK!
• Part 1:
In Activity:
WELCOME BACK!
• Part 2:
In Activity:
Taxonomic Groups
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Major Characteristics
Examples
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme
environments, unicellular, autotrophs or
heterotrophs
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Methane-producing archaea,
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular,
Algae, paramecia, euglena,
autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, diatoms
many are microscopic
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls,
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls
composed of cellulose, photosynthetic,
autotrophs
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most
are motile
Ferns, mosses, conifers,
flowering plants
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Classification Mnemonic
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Donkey
Kong
Puts
Coconuts
On
Funky
Gorilla
Salads!
15 min. to Finish…
LAB:
SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to
complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, &
Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY
BEFORE leaving that one)
Classifying Organisms
Learning Objectives
• Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification
system based on similarities and differences shared among
groups
– Using characteristics of major groups
– Using dichotomous keys
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
Image by Hans Hillewaert
(Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0]
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
Dichotomous Key
What is the scientific name of this seashell?
Seashell Dichotomous Key
1a Cone-shaped
1b Not cone-shaped
Go to 2
Go to 5
2a Outside surface smooth
2b Outside surface rigid
Go to 3
Go to 4
3a Surface solid color
3b Surface spotted
Conus californicus
Conus spurius
4a Surface one color
4b Surface has contrasting stripe
Calliostoma supragranulosa
Calliostoma annulatum
5a Holes along shell margin
5b No holes along shell margin
Haliotis refuscens
Go to 6
6a Purple in color
6b Not purple in color
Janthina janthina
Littorina obtusata
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
Image by Dario Sanches
(Own Work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0]
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
Dichotomous Key
Is this animal a vertebrate or invertebrate? If it is a
vertebrate, what class does it belong in?
Vertebrate Animal Dichotomous Key
1a Spinal column present
1b Spinal column absent
Go to 2
Invertebrate
2a Fins and gills present
2b Fins and gills absent
Fish
Go to 3
3a Scales present
3b Scales absent
Reptile
Go to 4
4a Feathers present
4b Feathers absent
Bird
Go to 5
5a Hair or fur present
5b Hair or fur absent
Mammal
Amphibian
15 min. to Finish…
LAB:
SURVEY OF LIFE
Follow directions on the handout to
complete Pre-Lab, All Charts, &
Questions at the end.
(Return station materials NEATLY
BEFORE leaving that one)
Taxonomic Groups
Group
(Kingdom)
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Major Characteristics
Examples
Prokaryotes, cell wall, may live in extreme
environments, unicellular, autotrophs or
heterotrophs
Prokaryotes, cell wall made of peptidoglycan,
unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs
Methane-producing archaea,
thermophiles
E. coli, salmonella
Eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular,
Algae, paramecia, euglena,
autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell wall, diatoms
many are microscopic
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls,
Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
absorbs nutrients through cell wall, sessile
Eukaryotes, most are multicellular, cell walls
composed of cellulose, photosynthetic,
autotrophs
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, most
are motile
Ferns, mosses, conifers,
flowering plants
Mammals, birds, insects, worms,
sponges
Activity:
Wild Cats Dichotomous
Key
Follow directions on the handout to
complete Part 1 & 2.
Turn-in for grade &
Study for your QUIZ: TAXONOMY
Exit Ticket (CLOZE)
Exit Ticket (CLOZE)