Napoleon & Nationalism
Napoleon’s Reforms / Empire
Congress of Vienna
Revolutions in Latin America
Nationalist Revolutions in Europe
Rise of Napoleon
1. Saves Government from uprising
2. Seen as a National Hero with victories in Europe
3. Coup de Tat in 1799 over Directory
4. Plebiscite (vote of people) for a New Constitution
5. Napoleon had all real power
Napoleon’s Actions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fairer Taxes
Stopped corruption in government with Lycees
Concordat with Pope / Clergy gained more power
Napoleonic Code (code of laws)
1804 becomes Emperor
Not content as Emperor of France, wants to control
Europe
Napoleon Creates an Empire
1807-1812
After becoming emperor of France, Napoleon
looks to expand France’s empire in Europe
Napoleon had unpredictable strategies that
crushed opposition
Lost only one major battle to British, Battle of
Trafalgar (Horatio Nelson)
1812- greatest extent of Napoleon’s empire (only
lasted 5 years)
Napoleon Empire Collapses
3 Costly Mistakes
The Continental System (blockade)
Peninsular War (Guerillas)
Invasion of Russia (Scorched Earth Policy)
Napoleon Empire Collapses
1815
Napoleon is defeated at battle of Liepzig (sent to
Elba)
The Hundred Days and the Battle of Waterloo
Sent to St. Helena (died in 1821)
Legacy of Napoleon ???
Congress of Vienna
European Leaders meet to bring peace and
stability to Europe
Klemens von Metternich of Austria, most
influential leader
Has 3 Goals
Containment of France
Balance of Power
Legitimacy
Congress of Vienna Legacy
Victory for Monarchies / (France and Great
Britain only Constitutional Monarchies)
Nations afraid of Revolutions
Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia)
Concert of Europe (not a success)
Values of French Revolution eventually spread
throughout Europe
Latin American Independence
Haiti, first territory to free itself from
European rule
Toussaint L’Ouverture begins movement
for indepencence
Independence achieved under Jean-Jacques
Dessalines
Latin American Society
Peninsulares- men born in Spain
Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America
Mestizo’s- persons of European/Indian
ancestry
Mulattos- persons of European/African
society
Africans
Indians
Causes of Latin American
uprisings
Unfair Latin American hierarchy
Creoles / Enlightenment ideas
Creoles / New King of Spain
South American Independence
Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)
San Martin (Argentina)
December 9th 1824, battle of Ayachucho
Dom Pedro (Brazil)
Mexican Independence
September 16th 1810, Padres Miguel Hidalgo
and the Grito de Dolores
1811 Jose Maria Morelos leads rebels (defeated
in 1815)
1821 Austin de Iturbide declares independence
in 1821
United Provinces of Central America declared
independence in 1823
Nationalism Changes Europe
Loyalty not to King/Empire but to a nation
of people with common culture/history
1830 Greece wins independence from
Ottoman Empire
Failed Revolutions of 1848
Nationalism Changes Europe
France
1848 Paris mob overturns monarchy and
establishes a republic
 Election of Louis Napoleon
 Took on title of emperor

Russia
Russia behind Europe
 Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861
 Alexander III tightens Czar control but helps to
modernize Russia

Bonds of a Nation-State
Bond
Nationality
Language
Culture
History
Religion
Territory
Definition
US example
Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires
Austria-Hungarian Empire

Composed of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,
Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians
Russian Empire


Composed of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians,
Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians,
Armenians, and Turks
Russification
Ottoman Empire


Composed of Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and
Armenians
1856 Equal citizenship was granted
Italy creates a nation state
1848, Giuseppe Mazzini tries to create a
republican government
Camillo di Cavour
Alliance with France to unite Northern Italy
 General Garibaldi unites Southern Italy

Challenges after Unification
Rome becomes seat of government
 Tensions among provinces
 Language
 Economics
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Germany creates a nation state
Otto Van Bismark
Master of Realpolitik
War to mold a state
War with Dutch for Schleswig and Holstein
 7 weeks war with Austria
 Franco-Prussian War

Second Reich is born

Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser Wilhelm