Bahan Kuliah Minggu I
ELEKTRONIKA DASAR
Jurusan Teknik Elektro
Fakultas Teknik UGM
2007
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C1. Basic Equations
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of the currents
entering any node is zero
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all voltages
taken around a closed loop in a circuit
is zero
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Resistive Circuits & Symbols
Voltage
source
Current
source
Ohm’s law:
Resistor
v  Ri
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Resistor Combination
• Resistors are in
series if they are
connected in
tandem and carry
exactly the same
current.
Req  R1  R2
• Resistors are in parallel if
they are connected in
the same nodes and
have exactly the same
voltage across their
terminals
1
1 1
 
Req R1 R2
R1 R2
Req 
=> R1  R2
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5
4 band
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5 band
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Kapasitor Elektrolit
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tantalum
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LED
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DIODA
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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956
• First Generation Electronic
Computers used Vacuum
Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes
with circuits inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air
inside of them, which protects
the circuitry.
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First Transistor
•
•
•
•
Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
• Second Generation
Computers used
Transistors, starting in
1956
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The First Microprocessor –
1971
• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
• 108Khz
• Called “Microchip”
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Electronic Components
Batteries
Resistor
Microphone
Coil
+
Power Supply
120V
AC In
DC
volts
Out
Potentiometer
Variable
Resistor
Capacitors
+
1m
1m
Transformer
Speaker
Isolated
Step
Down
Stereo Volume
Control
Step
Up
Stereo Headset
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Electronic Components
Diode
Switch
Normally Open n.o.
Normally Closed n.c.
n.o.
Transistor
Electronic
Switch
n.c.
NPN
Slide Switch
LED
Light
Emitting
Diode
Meters
Current Meter
Voltage Meter
Resistance Meter
1m
2m
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Electronic Circuit
Ohms Law
Water Flow
Current Flow
Bucket Stores Water
Bucket
1 Gallon
Flow Meter
Gallons/hour
Battery Stores
Energy
Voltage
1.5 Volts
Switch
Current
Flow
= 1 amp
Resistor
restricts current flow
light dimmer
Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)
Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )
Formula
Valve restricts water flow
Resistance = Voltage
Current
Voltage = Resistance X Current
Current = Voltage
Resistance
5m
7m
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Electronic Components
Resistors
Pipe
Resistor
1” Pipe
Resistor restricts
flow of current.
Resistors are made of
carbon or wire.
Smaller pipe
1/2” Pipe restricts
flow of fluids
Valve
Variable
Resistor is a
Potentiometer
Valve restricts
flow of fluids
This could be used to control volume in a radio
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)
2 inch pipe The smaller the
1 inch pipe pipe the more
3/4 inch pipe restriction of flow
1/2 inch pipe
1/4 inch pipe
1m
8m
The larger the
resistor value
the more
restriction
to current flow
1 ohm
10 ohm
100 ohm
1,000 ohm =
1K ohm
10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm
100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm
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1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm
Resistor Color Rings
Electronic Components
Resistors
A Resistor Value is determined
by its color band and is measured in ohms
First Ring is units
Second Ring is Ten
Third Ring is number of zero’s
Fourth Ring is tolerance
First Ring
Black = 0
Brown = 1
Red
=2
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
Green = 5
Blue
=6
Violet = 7
Gray = 8
White = 9
1m
9m
Second Ring
Black = 0
Brown = 1
Red
=2
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
Green = 5
Blue
=6
Violet = 7
Gray
=8
White = 9
Resistor Color Code Values
Third Ring Multiplier
Silver =
X
.01
Gold =
X
.1
Black =
X
1
Brown =
X
10
Red
=2= X
100
Orange = 3 = X
1000
Yellow = 4 = X
10,000
Green = 5 = X 100,000
Blue
= 6 = X 1000,000
Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000
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Electronic Components
Resistors
First Ring is units
Second Ring is Ten
Third Ring is number of zero’s
Example of Color Rings
First Ring
Red
=2
Black
=0
Second Ring
Red = 2
Red = 2
Third Ring
Red
= X 100
Brown = X 10
= 2200 ohms
= 020 ohms
Test of Color Rings
5m
14m
First Ring
Brown = _1__
Second Ring
Green = _5__
Third Ring
Brown = __0__
Green
Red
Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms
= _5__
= _2__
= _150 ohms
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Electronic Components
Voltage Storage Devices
Bucket
Batteries
Sold already
charged. Some may
be recharged
Different size buckets of
water with the same
height and with a 1/4 inch
hole will take different
amounts of time to empty
1 gallon = 1 hours
2 gallon = 2 hours
5 gallon = 5 hour
10 gallon = 10 hour
2m
17m
Most batteries are
1.5 Volts per cell.
AAA
AA
C
D
= .2 amp hours
= .5 amp hours
= 1 amp hour
= 4 amp hour
Capacitors
Stores small amounts
of Voltage charge
Measured in farads
Un-Polorized
Polorized
1 f = 1.0 farad
10 mf = .01 Farad
1,000uf = .001 Farad
100uf = .0001 Farad
10uf = .00001Farad
1 uf = .000001Farad
.1 uf = .0000001
.01 uf = .00000001
.001 uf = .000000001
100 pf = .0000000001
10 pf = .00000000001
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1 pf = .000000000001
Transistors
A Transistor is an Electronic Switch
NPN
Transistor Switch Circuit
Mechanical Switch Circuit
Light
12 Volt
Battery
Switch open
Light off = 0
12 Volt
Battery
NPN
Transistor
Switch close
Light on = 1
1m
38m
Computer can
send a signal to turn
on the transistor which
then turns on the light
Input = 0
Light off
Input = 1
Light on
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Electronic Components
IC Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistors
can vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a
(Pentium microprocessor).
6 Transistors in one IC
1m
39m
This IC has 6 inverters
An inverter contains
6 Transistors = 36 total
Functions
Inverters
Gates
Flip flops
Counters
Memory
MPU
Watch IC’s
Calculators IC’s
Microwave Timer IC’s
Radio IC’s
Dialer IC’s
Car Controller IC’s
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Microprocessor Road Map
Transistors
Capacity
PowerPC/Pentium
20M
PowerPC/Pentium
10M
PowerPC/Pentium
68040/80486
1M
68030/80386
Every 18 months cpu’s
double in density and
performance, while still
holding prices the same
68020/80286
100K
68000/80186
10K
6800/8080
Apple 2E
Power
Mac
Mac
1K
IBM
8080
1970
1m
40m
1975
1980
IBM
386
1985
Year of Introduction
IBM
486
1990
iMac
IBM
Pentium
1995
2000
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