Emerging Educational
Practices for More
Original Writing
Robyne Lovelock, ALDIS Associates P\L
June 30 2008
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Turnitin was founded and is
run by educators committed to
academic ethics
ALDIS Associates represents iParadigms in the
Asia Pacific Region
Today’s session
• Introduction to Turnitin
• Current situation of cheating and plagiarism
around the world
• The growth of web usage and the Turnitin
service
• CURRENT Digital Assessment Suite modules
• NEW developments – beta release
• Support
• Additional examples of Originality Reports
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“How Education Works”
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How It All Started
“The World Wide Web as
an Instructional Tool”
By John M. Barrie and
David E. Presti
Science • Vol.274 • 18
OCTOBER 1996
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But a Big Question Remained
“For the future, we will
need to address questions
such as how issues
surrounding intellectual
property and academic
honesty are to be
resolved.”
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Corruption in Education Is Growing
Worldwide, Unesco Reports
http://www.unesco.org/iiep/PDF/pubs/synth_ethics.pdf?class=IIEP_PDF_pubs&page=Corrupt%20sch
ools,%20corrupt%20universities&estat_url=http://www.unesco.org/iiep/PDF/pubs/synth_ethics.pdf
• Corruption is endemic in many education systems around the world,
undermining them and costing governments billions of dollars, according to a
new report from Unesco, the United Nations' education-and-science agency.
• The report, "Corrupt Schools, Corrupt Universities: What Can Be Done?,"
presents the results of a research project on ethics and corruption in education
that the International Institute for Educational Planning, a Unesco body, has
conducted since 2001.
• National education systems in the developing world are especially vulnerable
to pervasive corruption, the report's authors, Jacques Hallak and Muriel
Poisson, say, but widespread ethics violations are by no means confined to
those regions. In parts of the world, the report said, such as in some
universities in the former Soviet Union, "admission to universities is entirely
corrupt.“
By AISHA LABI, Paris
Chronicle of Higher Education - USA
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“Academic High Treason”
The practice of plagiarism is a form of academic
high treason because it undermines the entire
scholarly enterprise. How else do professors
decide between a good and a bad student,
evaluate a candidate for an academic position,
or grant promotion to a fellow faculty member,
if not on the basis of the belief that their
written work is actually their own work?
ACADEMIC PLAGIARISM DEFINED
By
Professor Irving Hexham
Department of Religious Studies
University of Calgary
Published on Sunday, August 26, 2007
http://www.distance-educator.com/dnews/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=15562
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“ACADEMIC PLAGIARISM DEFINED”
Therefore, plagiarism must be prevented
at all levels of academic life from student
papers to academic books. Nevertheless,
care must be taken whenever one
suspects a writer of plagiarism. It cannot
be stressed enough that everyone makes a
few mistakes and that genuine cases of
similar use may occur.
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“ACADEMIC PLAGIARISM DEFINED”
Consequently, what must be identified
are patterns of behavior, repetitive
practices, and clear indications of an
attempt to deceive.
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Worldwide Usage
The largest online academic
community in the world
Turnitin has > 8,400 institutional clients, in over
106 countries.
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10,000x Web Growth Since
1996
• In 1996, the entire
Web was ~ 200 GB
• As of Jan. 2005, the
web was 11.5 billion
pages
Source: How Much Information Is There In the World?
By Michael Lesk, 1997
• Today, 2000
terabytes (2
petabytes) and
growing
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Turnitin Added >5 Billion More
Pages & Documents Over 2 Years
In January 2006,
Turnitin contained
…
• 6.3 billion web pages
(including archives)
• 20.9 million student
papers
• 2.6 million ProQuest
documents – many
were image-only and
and as of June 2008 …
• 11.4 billion pages
web content
• 60 million student
papers
• 55 million pages of
Gale Info Trac
• 3.62 million
documents from
CrossRef so far incl. 13
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Key Turnitin Metrics
• >60 million student papers expected to
grow to 170 million by 2009
• 130,000 new papers daily
• Twice the number of instructors since
2006
• 6 major CMS integrations
• 106 countries
• Full support for 30 languages coming
later this summer
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Beyond Just Checking
Originality
Paper Workload
100% Digital Workflow
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6 Pillars of ISTE’s NETS
International Society for Technology in Education
(http://www.iste.org)
• Digital Citizenship
• Creativity and Innovation
• Communication and Collaboration
• Research and Information Fluency
• Critical Thinking, Problem Solving and
Decision Making
• Technology Operations and Concepts
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Technology Reduces Plagiarism
82% reduction in similarity indexes (%) in
institutions with more than 5 years of use
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Source: iParadigms internal analysis 2006, 2008
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Ensuring a classroom free of
e-plagiarism
an overview of the Turnitin system and
its value as an assessment and
educative tool
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Turnitin helps to ◘
eliminate misuse of the Internet and online sources during research
◘
minimise its potentially negative impact on the development of quality
reading, writing and research skills
◘
encourage exploration possibilities which the Internet offers for
collaborative learning
◘
record the complete digital assessment of student work
◘
track students’ progress and assess their performance over time
◘
scrutinise the ever-expanding prime content sourced by students on the
World Wide Web and other online resources.
Turnitin modules –
Turnitin addresses every aspect
in the lifecycle of a student paper:
Turnitin is an online plagiarism prevention system
PLUS a complete web-based
class management solution
with its Digital Assessment Suite
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Turnitin’s
Digital Assessment
Suite
comprises –
Plagiarism
Prevention
GradeMark
GradeBook
Peer Review
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The Plagiarism Prevention
module enhances Teaching
• Deters plagiarism before it happens
• Saves time in the investigation of the originality of student
work
• Allows for efficient citation verification
• Provides documentation of any alleged plagiarism
• Provides resources to assist in teaching, research, and
writing skills including proper citation
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How detection software works
As a solution to the growing problem of
cut-and-paste plagiarism. ……….
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An original paper is as
unique as a fingerprint
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Take a paper and Turn it in !
Plagiarism is defined as "the taking and passing off the thoughts, writings, etc, of other people as your own" . In short, it is intellectual
theft.
In academe, the consequences of plagiarism are clear: Using someone else's words or ideas without attribution is grounds for failed
assignments, suspension, or expulsion. For some students, however, breaking the rules seems to be an irresistible challenge. And so the
game goes: Students continually look for (and find) ways to cheat, and teachers remain on the alert for purloined paragraphs, pages, and
even entire papers.
Plagiarised work used to be generated through frat house recycling efforts, purchased from local ghost writers, or simply copied from
campus library reference materials—all clumsy efforts readily detectable by educators familiar with their course material. But the World
Wide Web and other electronic resources have changed the game and left educators scrambling to keep abreast of plagiarists' new methods.
There are many reasons students plagiarise. Sometimes deadlines come around more quickly than expected, sometimes assignments are just
to overwhelming, and sometimes the boundaries of plagiarism and research are not known and can be confusing. Learning to identify the
factors that make plagiarism an attractive alternative is the best way to stop it before it starts. (www.turnitin.com)
It is an unfortunate fact of life for University lecturers that the pressures on students leads some of them to copy other students'
assignments or at least to obtain more assistance from their friends than is appropriate. Apart from discrediting the use of assignments for
assessment, the copying of assignments also vitiates the assignments' educational aims. The typical institutional response is to require that
assignments only form a small part of a student's assessment. However, such a response is inappropriate because it either results in trivial
assignments or in assignments which do not adequately repay students in marks for the effort that they have invested.
Even though plagiarism in a world wide problem, each institutions handles the seriousness in their own way. University of Virginia has a
No Tolerance’ policy. In other words if you are caught plagiarising or cheating you are expelled. In Australia, Universities are trailing and
purchasing software from a company called Turnitin.com (formerly know as Plagiarism.org). This software uses digital thumbprints to find
similar or exact text on the internet and in their database which consists of over 1,000,000 million essays.
In conclusion, Academic degrees represent a college's public certification that a former student possesses at least some minimum amount
of knowledge and intellectual skill. Such degrees are commonly used a minimum credential for being hired to fill a professional position,
not only physicians, attorneys, engineers, scientists, teachers, but also managers. If academic degrees are to have any meaningful significance,
then they must not be awarded to students who plagiarize material, cheat on examinations, commit fraud in reporting research results, and
other kinds of serious misconduct. Plagiarizing, cheating, or fraud must not be an alternate route to a diploma. When a diligent student who
writes an original paper gets a lower grade than a plagiarist, the instructor effectively punishes the honest student and rewards the
wrongdoer.
It is time that colleges took an active stand against plagiarism. Professors should actively check for plagiarism. When possible plagiarism
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detected, professors should report the case to the appropriate authorities on campus for investigation, hearing, and resolution.
Digital Receipt of Paper submission
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Originality Report
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Overall Similarity Index
% Matched Text found
BLUE (1) indicates that there are <0% matches
GREEN (2) 1%-25%
YELLOW (3) 26%-50%
ORANGE (4) 51%-75%
RED (5) 76%-100%
Sample Originality Report
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Match to an ‘outside’ paper
Send request to other Instructor requesting to view the matching
paper
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e-mail request is sent to the
outside lecturer
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Outside lecturer’s response
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Another sample essay
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exclude a Source
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GradeMark
• Ability to edit and grade papers online
• Standardized “Quickmark” typographical marks
• Customizable rubrics
• Targeted rubric tracking
• Integrates with the other Turnitin products
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Peer Review
• Collaborative learning environment
• Unlimited assignment customization
• Pre-written review assignments
• Flexible distribution options
• Integrates with the other Turnitin products
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GradeBook
• Customisable grading system
• Scaling tools
• Advanced preferences
• Attendance tracking
• Exports to Excel
• Integrated with Turnitin’s other products
• Digital Graphs
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Class - GradeBook
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Turnitin Revision Assignments
– an educational tool
Provides a teaching\educational
moment
Have the students submit their own essays to
the Revision Assignment\s and have the
document come back to the student with
notations of anything problematic."
"Problematic" can mean anything from citing
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a quote to needing a footnote.
Use of Originality Reports
Active Instructors
in 2008
Active Instructors
in 2006
3X
increase
Allow Student
Use of O.R.
Allow Student Use of O.R.
About 25% of all instructors leverage the
originality reports as an instructional tool
Source: iParadigms internal analysis 2008
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Revision assignments
• Allows an enrolled student to submit papers
multiple times to the assignment, up until the Due
Date
• Each time they submit a paper the previous
submission is overwritten and not stored in the
database
• Each submission made by the student has the
same Paper Id and only the last submission is
stored in the database
• Various functionality options (submissions not
stored in the database; only search the internet;
students review Originality Reports etc.)
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Use of Peer Reviews
Active Instructors
in 2008
Active Instructors
in 2006
Engaging in Peer Reviews
Engaging in Peer
Reviews
1.5 X
increase
Instructor use of Peer Reviews has grown 1.5 X52
Source: iParadigms internal analysis 2008
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Use of Digital Grading
Active Instructors
in 2008
Active Instructors
in 2006
>3x
increase
Use of Digital
Grading
Use of Digital Grading
Instructor use of digital grading has grown >3x
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Source: iParadigms internal analysis 2008
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Manuscript or
article submitted to
iParadigms
Computer
transforms
manuscript into a
digital fingerprint
Searching the
Entire Document
Copy of Internet
Extract matching
documents
Books, Journals,
Newspapers (e.g.
Gale, Emerald)
Student Papers or
Client Node
(next slide)
TODAY - submissions are compared
to:
•
•
•
A current and archived copy of the publicly
accessible Internet (more than 8 billion pages
indexed)
Millions of published works from Gale InfoTrac
OneFile and the Emerald database, newspapers,
full text academic journals and e-books
Millions (approx. 50m) of student papers that have
been submitted to Turnitin since 1996
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Tomorrow - New Content
(CrossRef’s CrossCheck)
• 20 million journal articles already!
Association for Computing Machinery, American
Society of Neuroradiology, BMJ Publishing
Group, Elsevier, Institute of Electrical &
Electronics Engineers, International Union of
Crystallography, Nature Publishing Group,
Oxford University Press, Sage, Informa UK
(Taylor & Francis),Wiley Blackwell.
• Publisher participation will grow quickly.
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“Scholarly Publishers Sign On to
Plagiarism-Detection Service”
http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/3124/scholarly-publishers-sign-on-to-plagiarism-detection-service
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Every essay must be judged
on its merits
There are:
• the plagiarists who want to succeed at any cost
• the students who have never been shown how to
correctly reference material – need guidance
• there are the students whose essays need to be
determined on a case by case basis
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New
Developments
Beta release
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iParadigms 2008 Roadmap of Services – Public Dates
Timing
1. Service Improvements for Speed, Reliability & Scalability
• High availability initiative for improved uptime
Completed Apr 2008
• Content DB and server rebuilt for speed
Completed Apr 2008
• Replaced domain ID DB with in-house solution
Completed Apr 2008
• Triple redundancy for data center
Completed Aug 2008
• ASN for rapid internat’l service implementations
Oct 2008
2. WriteCycle™ Services for Managing Writing Workflows
• Improved interface and usability of work environment
Beta now; US launch Aug
• Turnitin Originality Checking
-- More flexible storage options
-- Exclusion of quoted and bibliographic material for entire assignment rather than paper-by-paper
• GradeMark update
-- Anonymous Marking
• Peer Review upgrade and enhancement
In testing – Available July
TBD
Aug.1
Fall 2008
Fall 2008
3. Turnitin Global
• Support for Originality Reports and Content Searches in 30 languages (incl Chinese (trad & simplified), Arabic,
Japanese)
• User interface ready for full translation via partners in 30 languages
Aug. 1
TBD
4. Content
• CrossRef publishers’ content including Elsevier, BMJ, IEEE – as they decide to participate
• Crawling of international content in 30 languages
• Major content clean up via mirror detection
Now – more coming
Starts Jun 30
Now thru end of 2008
5. CMS Integrations
• Blackboard 8 and WebCT (in testing)
• ANGEL, moodle, Capetown version of Sakai (version 2.5 coming), eCollege
Done – awaiting Svc Pack 5
Now
•D2L
On hold
• Integration Support Space to simplify and streamline integrations (online SDKs)
Fall 2008
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New Interface
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New Interface
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New Grade Mark
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New Grade Mark
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New Integrations
1st BECTA Plagiarism Integration
1st E-Portfolio & web 2.0 Integrtaion
StudyWiz
PebblePAD
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New iThenticate
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Notifications
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New Peer Review - Planned
•
•
•
•
User Interface Upgrade
Assignment Creation Process Simplified
Simplification of Paper Allocation
September 2008
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New Language Support
•
•
•
•
This summer
Search and store 30 languages
Search and store in theses languages
Language based interfaces will follow
– Chinese, Japanese, Korean
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Originality Report in Chinese
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New Anonymous Marking
• A set of requirements was received from
the UK users group
• This on track for an Autumn release
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New iPhone Interface
• The new version of Turnitin will be
available via iPhone
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Turnitin for Admissions
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Turnitin Global Provides
Support for 30 Languages
Arabic, Catalan, Chinese (simplified and
traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish,
Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek,
Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese,
Korean, Norwegian (Bokmal, Nynorsk),
Farsi, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian,
Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian,
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Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish
Faculty – the Instructors
Teaching Benefits
• informs students and deters plagiarism before it occurs
• saves time in investigation of originality of students’
work
• allows for efficient citation verification
• provides documentation of alleged plagiarism
• provides resources to assist in teaching research and
writing skills, including proper citation
• promotes a culture of academic honesty
• provides a set of learning tools beyond checking for
plagiarism
• monitors the integrity of assessment submission.
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Students – the
Learners
Instructors report these benefits
from using Turnitin:
• greater student attentiveness in classes
• increased rate of draft submission (Revision
Assignments) by students
• students gain from revision or correction of their
paper after viewing the Turnitin Originality Report
• reduced discrepancies in assignment work versus
examination situations
• increased student confidence in their ability to do
their own work.
• an improvement in creativity and academic standards
• protection of students’ intellectual property.
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On-line Help
The Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base
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Statistics
Account Administrator
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Turnitin User Survey
August 2007
• 64% of respondents allow students
to view Originality Reports
• 88% of respondents have students
submit papers themselves
• 4% only submit papers they are
suspicious about.
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Undergraduate student at a
Malaysian university
• ….., I believe much needs to be done if we want
our universities to be globally competitive.
• Curb plagiarism, employ lecturers who are
really qualified, give grants only to those capable
of coming up with good research findings,
practise meritocracy, do away with the
Universities and University Colleges Act, which
limits students’ freedom of expression – these are
some of the measures we can look into.
Malaysia Star – Sunday September 2, 2007
http://thestar.com.my/education/story.asp?file=/2007/9/2/education/18708114
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The result of using
detection tools………
Students will realise that they can no longer
“borrow” intellectual materials without being
at risk of being caught. They will submit
their own work, and as a result, educational
quality, student morale, and ethics will
improve
Turnitin – “The Prime Goal…
Prevention, not Punishment”
Student Privacy
iParadigms has built its customer base on trust and a commitment
to protecting student work
• All papers submitted to Turnitin remain the property
of their owners and the institution that submitted those
papers.
• iParadigms does not claim any rights on the papers
• Documents submitted to Turnitin can be removed from
our servers at the request of your company's
administrator.
• Turnitin stores papers in a secure database or even in a
separate database at the request of the institution.
• Only users with corresponding access permissions can
see the papers and reports matched to the student
profiles.
Familiarisation & Training
Go to the links on the Turnitin site at :
http://www.turnitin.com/static/training.html
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www.plagiarism.org - iParadigms
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Technology – word substitution
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Plagiarism Detection Software Report
JISC Plagiarism Advisory Service
September 2007
Categories surveyed: Installation, configuration, stability of the product, databases searched, usability, upload options, output options, support,
company background, company associations, accessibility, authentication, legal implications and privacy. Turnitin comes top in all.
Prepared by:
Bryan Scaife,
IT Consultancy
NCC Group plc, Manchester Technology Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EF
http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/documents/resources/PDReview-Reportv1_5.pdf
Commercial in Confidence
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http://www.plagiarismconference.co.uk/index.php
3rd International Plagiarism Conference
"Transforming practice for an
authentic future“
23 - 25 June 2008. City Campus East,
Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-tyne, UK
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After 1998 students didn't need to
begin essays with a blank screen
Plagiarism is endemic and fighting it is an industry. The plagiarist
psychiatrist Raj Persaud, last week suspended from practising for three
months by the General Medical Council, is nothing more than its most
visible pimple. A few days after the GMC announced its sentence I went to
a conference in Newcastle, the third International Plagiarism
Conference, and heard Persaud's name mentioned only when I raised it.
The conference lasted two days; 200 delegates, mainly academics,
attended; we heard about the Plagiarism Advisory Service, the scholarly
journal Plagiary, the online magazine Plagiarism Today, the utility and
otherwise of the software programs used to detect plagiarism. In
universities across the world there is a war going on and all kinds of
people are making money from it. One delegate referred to it as an "arms
race" that the students would win because they would always come up
with superior tactics.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/28/highereducation
Ian Jack, The Guardian
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Turnitin has > 8,400 institutional
clients, in over 106 countries.
Asia Pacific: During the 2007-2008 academic year, the following institutions have subscribed to at
least one of the available Turnitin licences
in Hong Kong – HIGHER EDUCATION The Hong Kong Baptist University, The University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, The City University of Hong Kong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
SECONDARY Australian International School, Canadian International School, Chinese International School, Delia Group of Schools,
German Swiss International School, Hong Kong International School, King George V, Renaissance College HK, South Island School, Li
Po Chun UWC, Sha Tin College, West Island School, Yew Chung International School of Hong Kong.
in China - American International School, Concordia International School Shanghai, International School of Beijing, International School
Tianjin, Nanjing International School, Qingdao MTI International School, Shanghai Community International Schools,Shanghai Singapore
International School, Shanghai American School, Suzhou Singapore International School, Tianjin International School, Tsinghua
University, Utahloy International School Guangzhou, Western Academy of Beijing, Yew Chung International School of Shanghai
In Singapore: there are 36 customers; 30 schools and 6 Higher Education institutions
in Australia HE - the Australian National University, Bond University, Charles Sturt University, Curtin University, Deakin University, Edith
Cowan University, Griffith University, La Trobe University, Macquarie University, Monash University, Murdoch University, Queensland
Southern Cross University, University of Technology, RMIT University, University of Adelaide, University of Ballarat, University of
Canberra, University of Melbourne, University of Newcastle, University of New England, University of New South Wales, University of
Queensland, University of South Australia, University of Sydney, University of Tasmania, University of Technology Sydney, University of
Western Australia, University of Western Sydney, University of Wollongong, and Victoria University – plus 15 post secondary institutions
– plus 90+ secondary schools.
in New Zealand HE: University of Auckland, Auckland University of Technology, Lincoln University, Manukau Institute of Technology, Massey
University, AIS – St Helens, Christchurch Polytechnic, University of Canterbury, University of Waikato, University of Otago, UNITEC, The
Victoria University of Wellington, and Whitireia Polytechnic – plus other post secondary institutions – total in NZ is 26.
In Australia and New Zealand there are 100+ secondary schools who have taken out licences, from Turnitin, some from as early as 1999
plus institutions in Indonesia and the Philippines and Papua New Guinea and Fiji and Guam and Macau,,,,,,, from the ALDIS sales region
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Support
• Personal contacts in Asia Pacific
• Turnitin User Group – meets 6 monthly
• Fast Track to Turnitin for enhancements suggestions (a
number have been implemented)
• Turnitin presence at Asia Pacific conferences
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HANDOUT
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Digital Assessment Solution
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Handout – Digital Assessment Suite
Questions ?
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Thank you !
ALDIS Associates P\L
Represents iParadigms, LLC (developers of Turnitin and iThenticate) in the
Pacific and East Asia regions
Robyne Lovelock
Managing Director
ALDIS Associates Pty. Ltd.
PO Box 125, HAMPTON, Victoria, 3188 , Australia
ABN 55 085 807 816
e-mail: robyne@aldis.com.au
robynelovelock@optusnet.com.au
Phone +613 9502 0347
Fax +613 9502 0833
web: http://www.aldis.com.au
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