Greenhouse Gases &
Carbon Footprinting
Jerry Hancock
Vice President of Environmental and
Regulatory Affairs, Flowers Foods
AIB Sustainability Essentials
December 1, 2009
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 What is a greenhouse gas?
 What is carbon footprinting?
 How are they calculated?
 What are the standards?
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 What is a greenhouse gas (GHG)?
A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 What greenhouse gases do humans generate?
Carbon dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
Nitrous oxide N2O
Hydrofluorocarbons HFC
Perfluorocarbons PFC
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3
Hydrofluorinated ethers HFE
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 What is carbon footprinting?
The amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the
atmosphere annually by a person, household,
building, organization, or company. (Source: EPA)
CO2
A carbon footprint is measured in
units of carbon dioxide equivalents
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Types of greenhouse gas emissions
SCOPE 1
Direct emissions
SCOPE 2
Indirect emissions
SCOPE 3
Indirect upstream/downstream emissions
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 SCOPE 1—Direct emissions
Stationary combustion
Boilers, furnaces, burners, turbines, heaters, incinerators,
engines, flares
Mobile combustion
Cars, trucks, buses, trains, planes, boats, ships, barges
Process emissions
CO2 from calcination step in cement manufacturing and catalytic
cracking in petrochemical processing; PFC emissions from aluminum
smelting
Fugitive emissions
Equipment leaks from joints, seals, packing, gaskets, coal piles,
wastewater treatment, pits, cooling towers, gas processing facilities
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 SCOPE 2—Indirect emissions
Sourced from the consumption of purchased electricity, heat, steam
 SCOPE 3—Indirect upstream/downstream emissions
Optional step
Other indirect emissions from company activities and outsourced/
contract manufacturing, leases, franchises
Expands inventory boundary to identify all relevant GHG emissions
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 How are they calculated?
1. Define methodology
2. Specify boundaries, scope
3. Collect emissions data, calculate footprint
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
1. Define methodology
Consistent approach
--Develop own methodology
--Use recognized standard
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
2. Specify boundaries, scopes
Organizational boundaries
--Wholly, partially owned subsidiaries
Operational boundaries
--Direct GHG emissions—Scope 1
--Electricity indirect GHG emissions—Scope 2
--Other indirect GHG emissions—Scope 3
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
3. Collect emission data and calculate footprint
--Identify GHG emission sources
--Select calculation approach
--Collect data; choose emission factors
--Apply calculation tools
--Roll up data to corporate level
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
Carbon Footprint
CO2
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
 1 bakery
 4 distribution centers
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Define methodology
Consistent approach
Use recognized standard—GHG Protocol
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Specify boundaries, scopes
Organizational boundaries
--Kansas Baking Co.
--1 bakery
--4 distribution centers
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Specify boundaries, scopes
Operational boundaries
--Direct GHG emissions—Scope 1
--Electricity indirect GHG emissions—Scope 2
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Identify GHG emission sources
Bakery
--Combustion of fuels (natural gas, propane, fuel oil)
--Fleet and employee travel
--Refrigerant emissions
--Purchase of electricity
Distribution Centers
--Combustion of fuels (space heat)
--Delivery fleet and company vehicles
--Purchase of electricity
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Select calculation approach
--Documented emission factors
--Mass balance for refrigerants
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Collect data; choose emission factors
--Utility bills for electricity and natural gas
--Invoices for propane/fuel oil for plant combustion
--Refrigerant released records
--Fleet fuel purchased, miles driven
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Collect data; choose emission factors
Utility bills for electricity used and natural gas purchased
--Bakery: 12,562,156 kWh, 465,890 therms natural gas
--Distribution centers: 56,251 kWh, 34,870 therms natural gas
Invoices for propane and fuel oil for plant combustion
--Bakery: 3,500 gal propane
Refrigerant released records
--Bakery: 153 lbs R-404A
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Collect data; choose emission factors
Fleet fuel purchased or miles driven
--Distribution fleet
1,500,000 miles, 215,000 gallons diesel
--Route fleet
3,500,000 miles, 500,000 gallons diesel
--Company cars
250,000 miles, 12,500 gallons
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Collect data; choose emission factors
Emission factors
--GHG Protocol worksheets
 Purchased electricity
 Stationary combustion of fossil fuels
 Mobile sources
--CO2 equivalent factor for refrigerants
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Apply calculation tools
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Apply calculation tools
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Apply calculation tools
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Apply calculation tools
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Apply calculation tools
Refrigerants
--Releases of 153 lbs R 404a
--Global warming potential of 404a is 3,922 lbs CO2e
--CO2e = (153 lb 404a) x (3,922 lbs CO2e/lb 404a)
= 600,006 lb CO2e
= 272.757 tonnes CO2e
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 Roll-up data to corporate level
Scope 1
Fuel Combustion
Fleet Operations
Refrigerant Releases
2,988.409 tonnes CO2e
7,371.931 tonnes CO2e
272.757 tonnes CO2e
Scope 2
Purchased Electricity
11,281.815 tonnes CO2e
Carbon Footprint
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
CO2
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
Carbon Footprint
CO2
Kansas Baking Co., Inc.
21,914.912 tonnes CO2e
Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Footprinting
 What are the standards?
GHG Protocol
www.ghgprotocol.org
Climate Savers
www.epa.gov/climatesavers
Regional GHG Initiative
www.rggi.org
ISO 14064
www.iso.org
Questions