XI) CHAPTER 11: Social Behaviors: Altruism to Spite
A) Overview: Four Social Behaviors
B) Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness
1) W.D. Hamilton’s contribution
2) Kin Selection
a) = helping relatives is selfish!
b) Calculating r (example: you and your Grandfather)
c) Example 2: You and your brother:
d) Example 3: You and your cousin:
e) Sum: Kin selection and Inclusive fitness
Kin selection =
Inclusive fitness =
C) Hamilton’s Rule
1) The Goal:
2) How to Use the Equation:
3) Putting the Equation into English
a) Dissect the equation
b) A form of the equation that emphasizes offspring lost or gained:
c) Example: when should you give up an opportunity to have kids, in order to help your
Mom raise more kids?
d) Example: when should you give up an opportunity to have kids, in order to help your
sister raise more kids?
D) Examples of Altruism Between Relatives
1) Squirrels
2) Turkeys
3) Marine Examples
a) Traits of species expected to demonstrate inclusive fitness
b) Best-studied marine example: social shrimps (Alpheus) of Caribbean reefs
XII) CHAPTER 12: Cooperation
A) Overview: What is Cooperation?
1) It’s Cooperation If:
2) Marine Examples?
B) Free Riding and the Problem of Cooperation
1) The Prisoner’s Dilemma
2) The Problem of the Prisoner’s Dilemma
C) Solving the Problem of Cooperation: Four Hypotheses
1) Kin Selection
2) By-Product Benefits
3) Reciprocity
4) Enforcement
D) Hypothesis 1: Kin Selection
1) Case study: Helpers-at-the-Nest (steenking drylander boid)
2) Marine analogs?
E) Hypothesis 2: By-Product Benefits
1) Explanation
2) Theoretical example: Cooperative Hunting (the “Prisoner’s Delight”)
3) Cooperative Hunting Under the Sea
a) Lionfish (Lonnstedt et al, 2014, Lionfish predators use flared fin displays to initiate
cooperative hunting. Biol. Lett. 10:20140281)
b) Cetaceans
c) Nuclear Hunting
d) Pelagic Hunters?
F) Hypothesis 3: Reciprocity
1) Overview
2) Case study: Humans
3) Case study: vampire bats
4) Case study: cleaner fish
G) Hypothesis 4: Enforcement
1) Overview
2) Punish! The Cleaner Fish example