Referencing and Citations
www.profdamian.weebly.com
What are they?
Ref / Bibliography – List of sources at
the end of your paper.
Citations – In-Text.
Why use them?
-plagiarism
-validate research
-Help readers locate sources
Styles
• APA (American Psychological Association)
- Used for most Social Science papers.
- Harvard Style.
Example Essay:
http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/ge
neral/essay/analysing-citations/2.xml
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
- English Lit. papers.
• Chicago (Chicago Manual of Style)
Using Quotations: A Special Type of
Evidence
Ineffective Use of Quotation
Today, we are too self-centered. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very
notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children
alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (Gleick 148). Everything is about
what we want.
A More Effective Use of Quotation
Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as
much any more as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as
James Gleick says in his book, Faster. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very
notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children
alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (148). Sit-down meals are a time to
share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued,
as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting selfcenteredness over group identity.
Evidence appears in essays in the form
of quotations and paraphrasing
• Quoting: According to Source X, "[direct
quotation]" ([date or page #]).
• Paraphrasing: Although Source Z argues that
[his/her point in your own words], a better way
to view the issue is [your own point] ([citation]).
• Summarizing: In her book, Source P's main points
are Q, R, and S [citation].
• Your job during the course of your essay is to
persuade your readers that your claims are
feasible and are the most effective way of
interpreting the evidence.
APA Citation Basics
• When using APA format, follow the authordate method of in-text citation.
• (Jones, 1998) or (Jones, 1998) … (p. 199).
• A complete reference should appear at the
end of the paper.
• Jones,RI 1998, Find It fast: how to uncover
expert information on any subject,
HarperPerennial, New York.
Summary or Paraphrase
• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first-time learners.
• APA style is a difficult citation format for firsttime learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
More ... In-Text
• IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• Anonymous or unknown author: (Short Title,
year, pp.); (“Short Article,” year)
• Citation:
• It was found that dogs bark when they feel
threatened (“Characteristics of Dogs,” 1991).
Multiple authors
• A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal
phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work.
• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
• A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the
signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the
source.
• (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
• In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last
name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
• (Kernis et al., 1993)
Short Quotations
• Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last
name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
• According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
• Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199);
what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name,
the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the
quotation.
• She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p.
199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Electronic Resources (www or other)
Citation
• If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other
document by using the author-date style.
• Kenneth (2000) explained...
Reference
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of document / Title of
webpage. Retrieved from http://Web address
Referencing and Bibliography
More Web based …
• Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Celebrating
women's achievements: Women artists in Canada.
Retrieved from
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026500-e.html
•
If the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. wikis), include the retrieval
date.
• Geography of Canada. (2009, September 29). In
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September
30, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Canada
Referencing
• Basic Format for Books
• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
• Note: For "Location," you should always list the
city and the state using the two letter postal
abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).
• Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide
to preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Ref – no Author
• Reference:
• Characteristics of dogs in their natural habitats.
(2005, July 13). New York Times, p. B13.
Ref.
• Web Article
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of
article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry
handbook linked to drug industry. The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
• http://www.ahs.albany.k12.ny.us/library/citin
g/apacitations.pdf
Referencing / Bibliography
•
Basic Rules
•
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of
a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven
authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the
ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.
If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multipleauthor references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by
the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated
compound word.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.
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Links I used …
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http://www.indiana.edu/~citing/APA.pdf
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm#Sec61
http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/
http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/apa.php
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/
http://monash.edu/library/skills/resources/tutorials/cit
ing/index.html
• http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/quickrefs/22referencing-internet.xml
Ref’s
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http://www.carlosignacio.com/twd/index.php
http://www.garlikov.com/teaching/transitionwords.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/724/02/
http://www.uefap.com/writing/report/repfram.htm