HANDOUT 1
GEOGRAFI TANAH
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
KLASIFIKASI TANAH
(Horison Diagnostik)
Siti Azizah Susilawati, S.Si., MP.
Program Pendidikan Geografi, FKIP UMS
EPIPEDON
Horison Epipedon (bhs Yunani, Epi = atas,
Pedon = tanah)
Ialah horison permukaan (bag.atas) tetapi
tidak sinonim dg horizon A (bisa lebih tipis dr
A atau bahkan bisa meliputi B).
EPIPEDON
1. Molik (mollis = lunak) : b.o > 1%, wrn lembab (value
3,5), tebal 18 cm, KB > 50%.
2. Antropik (anthropik = manusia) : seperti molik,
kandg.phosphat tinggi (P2O5 > 250 pp) sebagai akibat
pemupukan yg lama.
3. Histik (histos = jaringan) : b.o tinggi, > 20 %
4. Melanik (melas/melan = hitam) : horiz. Berwrn hitam yg
tebal & mgd b.o tinggi berasosiaosi dg mineral amorf
(komplek alumunium humus).
5. Umbrik (umbra = bayangan/grey/ndekati hitam) : seperti
molik ttp KB < 50 %
6. Okrik (ochros = pucat) :Horis. wrn terang, b.o < 1
% atau keras-sgt keras dan pejal (masive).
7. Plagen (plaggen = sod/ tanaman sisa2 rumput) :
lap.permk.sedalam 50 cm atau lebih dihasilkan dr
pemupukan organik yg intensif.
EPIPEDON
Ialah : horis bwh permukaan
1.Agrik (ager=lapangan) : horis berada di bawh
lapisan olah,terdapat akumulasi humus, debu
& lempung.
2. Albik (albus=putih) : horis.bwrn pucat (horiz
A2), dlm keadaan lembab value >5.
3. Argilik (argilla=lempung) : horison illuviasi
dan akumulasi silikat.
4. Kalsik (calx, calc=kapur): horiz. Illuviasi yg
mgd.kalsium karbonat.
5. Kambik (cambiare=berubah) : suatu horis yg
berubah2/ganti2 krn gerakan partikel2 tnh frost, akar
& hewan yg luas.
6. Duripan (durus=keras, cadas keras) : horis dibwh
permurk. Yg tersementasi oleh illuviasi silikat (Sering
mengandung semen tambahan berupa oksida besi
dan CaCO3 sehingga warna
beraneka)
7. Fragipan (fragilis=rapuh;cadas yg rapuh):keras bial
kering tp rapuh bila lembab, kerapatan partikel
tinggi.
8. Natrik (natrium) : horis. Argilik yg byk mengandung
natrium.
9. Oksik (oksida) : akumulasi besi oksida dan Al oksida
terhidrat, mineral lempung kaolinit.
10. Petrogypsic (petro=batuan): horis.gypsic yg
memadas dan tdk terputus-putus.
11. Placic : padas tipis berwarna hitam sampai merah
tua (terikat besi).
Soil Taxonomy
Order
12 Soil forming processes / diagnostic horizons
Suborder
63
Great group
250
Sub group
1400
Family
8000
Series
19,000
Genetic similarity: Wetness, climate, vegetation
Nama Ordo
Akhiran Untuk
Kategori Lain
Arti Asal Kata
Alfisol
ALF
Dari Al-Fe
Andisol
AND
Ando, tanah hitam
Aridisol
ID
Aridus, sangat kering
Entisol
ENT
Dari Recent
Gelisol
EL
Gelare, membeku
Histosol
IST
Histos, jaringan
Inceptisol
EPT
Inceptum, permulaan
Mollisol
OLL
Mollis, lunak
Oxisol
OX
Oxide, oksida
Spodosol
OD
Spodos, abu
Ultisol
ULT
Ultimus, akhir
Vertisol
ERT
Verto, berubah
Ordo
Penciri Utama
Horison penciri
Sifat-sifat penciri lain
Alfisol
Horison argilik
Kejenuhan basa ( jumlah kation ) tinggi (
lebih dari 35% ), pada kedalaman 180
cm.
Andisol
-
Mempunyai sifat tanah andik
Aridisol
Horison oksik
Regim kelembaban tanah aridik (sangat
kering )
Entisol
Hanya ada epipedon ochrik, albik atau
histik
-
Gelisol
-
Mempunyai sifat gelik (membeku
sepanjang tahun)
Histosol
Epipedon histik tebalnya lebih dari 40 cm
-
Inceptisol
Horison kambik
-
Mollisol
Epipedoin mollik
Kejenuhan basah (NH4OAC PH 7) seluruh
solum lebih dari 50%
Oxisol
Horison oksik
-
Spodosol
Horison spodik
-
Ultisol
Horison argillik
Kejenuhan basa ( jumlah kation ) rendah
(kurang dari 35%), pada kedalaman
180 cm
-
Bersifat vertik ( musim kering mengerut,
tanah pecah-pecah; musim hujan
tanah mengembang sangat lekat) lebih
dari 30% liat.
Vertisol
Moisture Conditions
Suborder
Wet
Dry
Aquic – poor aeration, reduced iron
Udic- dry < 90 total days
Order
Ustic - limited but is present
Aridic- moist <90 total days
Xeric - dry
Suborder
Great group
Temperature Conditions
cold
Hot
Sub group
Family
Cryic – icy cold
Frigid – lower than 8oC
Mesic – between 8 and 15oC
Thermic – between 15 and 22oC
Hyperthermic - > 22oC
Family
Series
1. Entisols
-recent


No diagnostic subsurface
horizons.
Very recent or young soil
•

Little if any profile
development
Form on
•
•
•
•
resistant P.M.,
mine spoils,
steep slopes,
floodplains
2. Inceptisols
inception (Latin, beginning)


Slightly more development
than Entisols
Young soils but beginning of
profile development is
evident.
•

Well-defined profile
characteristics of mature soils
are yet to be developed.
May have a cambic/umbric
horizon
3. Mollisols
mollis (Latin, soft)

Typically form under
grasslands.
•

E.g., Central US
Soils with a mollic epipedon:
•



Thick humus-rich surface horizon
High % base saturation
throughout profile
Slightly leached
Very fertile soils
4. Alfisols
pedalfer






Do have an argillic horizon
About 35% base saturation
Develop in humid, temperate
regions
Vegetation is usually
deciduous (forests, savanna)
Gray to brown surface horizon
Good for grain production
5. Spodosols
-spodos (Greek, wood ashes)

Have a spodic horizon

Form in humid, cool climates
and occur most often in
conifer forests (New England,
Mich., Canada)

Form in acid, coarse, quartz
(sandy) bearing P.M.

Low fertility
6. Ultisols
-ultimate (Latin, last)

Have Argillic or Kandic with
<35% Base saturation.
Common in S.E. US, humid
tropical, and subtropical
regions

Warm and humid environs.

Old, highly weathered, high
degree of development (ult)
Low fertility


7. Oxisols

-oxide (French, oxide)
Have an oxic horizon.
•



Most extensively weathered
soils (occur in tropical
regions).
Intense red or yellow (high in
oxidized iron).
Low % Base Saturation.
•

Dominated by residual
accumulations of Fe and Al
oxides and kaolinite
extensively leached
Low fertility.
8. Histosols
-histos (Greek, tissue)





Organic soils (peats and
mucks)
Mainly found in cold
climates (Alaska, Canada,
Finland, Russia)
Low-lying swampy areas
Virtually all Histosols occur
in wetland environments
Have very low bulk densities
and very high water holding
capacity
9. Vertisols
-invert (Latin, turn)



High clay soils (>30% sticky
shrink-swell clays).
Deep cracks upon drying
Materials from soil surface fill
cracks and become part of
the subsurface when the
cracks close (inverted soil)
10. Aridisols
-arid (Latin, dry)
 Form in aridic moisture
regimes (dry)
 Dry at least 6 months
 Low OM
 Little leaching
•
•
High base sat.
Can be very productive if
irrigated
11. Andisols
-ando (Jap., black soil)

Form from P.M. of volcanic origin
•



Soil forms by rapid weathering of
volcanic ash to produce poorly
crystallized aluminosilicates
(allophane & imogolite)
Andisols are young soils ( and
they have high OM)
In dry climates, can be
susceptible to wind erosion
Can have unusually low bulk
densities
12. Gelisols
-gelid (Greek, cold)


Presence of permafrost layer within
100 cm of soil surface defines this
soil class
Young soils with little profile
development
•

Cold temperatures and frozen
conditions for much of the year slow
the process of soil formation.
May show evidence of
cryoturbation
•
physical disturbance of soil material
caused by freezing and thawing