National Conference on Agriculture
for Rabi Campaign
September 17, 2010
Rabi Strategy – Increasing productivity of Wheat
Region wise Recommendations
SS Singh
Project Director
DWR, Karnal
Wheat in India
• Second most important winter cereal after rice.
• Bread wheat contributes approximately 95% to total production
• Remaining 4% from durum wheat and 1% from Dicoccum
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Global Wheat Scenario
Top 10 wheat producers (2009-10)
Country
2nd largest producer in the world next
to China from last 10 years
18.0
16.9%
16.0
14.0
11.9%
12.0
9.1%
10.0
8.9%
8.0
Quantity (m tons)
China
115.0
India
80.7
Russia
61.7
USA
60.3
France
39.4
Canada
26.5
Germany
25.1
Pakistan
24.0
Australia
22.5
Ukraine
20.0
Turkey
17.8
5.8%
6.0
3.9%
4.0
3.7%
3.5%
3.3%
2.9%
2.6%
2.0
0.0
China
India
Russia
USA
France Canada Germany Pakistan Australia Ukraine Turkey
© Directorate of Wheat Research
The Production Scenario
In last 25 yrs, moderate growth rate of 2.27 %.
Year
Wheat
Production Productivity
(m t)
(t/ha)
69.7
2.7
2000-01
Area
(m ha)
25.7
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
26.3
25.2
26.6
26.4
26.7
72.8
65.8
72.1
68.6
69.4
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2006-07
2007-08
28.5
28.1
74.9
78.6
2.6
2.8
2008-09
27.8
80.68
2.9
2009-10
28.5
80.71
2.8
* 4th estimates, DAC, MoA, GOI
Growth rate since 2000-01
is 1.77%.
Growth rate
(2006-07 to 2009-10)
Area – 1.57 %
Production – 3.67%
Productivity – 1.75%
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Wheat Growing Zones
Zone
Area covered
Area m ha
(%)
Northern Hills Zone
(NHZ)
Western Himalayan regions of J&K (except Jammu and Kathua distt.); H.P.
(except Una and Paonta Valley); Uttarakhand (except Tarai area); Sikkim and
hills of West Bengal and N.E. States
0.8 (2.9%)
North Western
Plains Zone (NWPZ)
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur divisions),
Western UP (except Jhansi division), parts of J&K (Jammu and Kathua
districts), HP (Una dist. and Paonta valley) and Uttarakhand (Tarai region)
11.3 (40.1%)
North Eastern Plains Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and plains of NE
States
Zone (NEPZ)
9.5 (33.2%)
Central Zone (CZ)
MP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan(Kota and Udaipur divisions) and UP (
Jhansi division)
5.2 (18.1%)
Peninsular Zone
(PZ)
Southern Hills Zone
(SHZ)
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, plains of Tamil Nadu
1.6 (5.4%)
Hilly areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala comprising the Nilgiri and Palni hills of
southern plateau
0.1 (0.4%)
TOTAL
28.5
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Productivity of wheat growing states
(q/ha)
50
45
42.1
43.1
40
35
28.5
30
25
20
15
10
21.2
29
28.8
28.3
26.5
20.8
16.1
18.4
17.9
15.5
16.3
14.6
11.6
10.9
9
8.8
5
0
© Directorate of Wheat Research
The yield gaps….
Zonal (q/ha)
WFLD – Regional yield
16
14.34
14
13.86
12
10
8
6
5.42
5.51
4.64
4
2
0
NHZ
NWPZ
NEPZ
CZ
PZ
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Wheat Targets - 2030 AD
90.0 m tons of wheat to feed our population by
the year 2030 A.D.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
National Wheat Programme
DWR and AICW&BIP
DWR – nodal centre of wheat & barley
research
Regional Stations
Flowerdale, Shimla
Dalang Maidan (>10,000’)
46 Scientists (56– sanctioned strength)
presently at DWR
Breeding
- 11
Cytogenetics – 02
Economic Botany - 01
Biotechnology – 5
Crop Protection – 10
Quality – 04
Plant Physiology-01 (on deputation)
Resource Mgmt – 07
Social Sc. – 03
Statistics - 02
107 scientists from 31 funded centers
123 non-funded cooperating centers
National coordination: rice-wheat cropping
system
© Directorate of Wheat Research
AICW&BIP Network:
Funded centers
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9
6
4
3
NHZ
Zone
NHZ
NWPZ
9
NWPZ
NEPZ
CZ
PZ
Centers
CSK-HPKV-Palampur, Bajaura & Dhaulakuan
SKUAS&T-Jammu, PAU-Ludhiana, CCSHAU-Hisar, RAU-Durgapura, SVBPUA&T, Modipuram, GBPUA&TPantnagar
NEPZ
AAU-Shillongani, RAU-Sabour, BAU-Ranchi, CSAUA&T-Kanpur, BHU-Varanasi, NDUA&T-Faizabad, Directorate of
Agriculture, Mantripukhri, BCKV-Kalyani, UBKV-Pundibari
CZ
IGKVV-Bilaspur, SDAU-Vijapur, JAU-Junagarh, JNKVV- Sagar, Powarkheda & Rewa, RVRSUA&T-Gwalior,
MPUA&T- Udaipur and Kota
PZ
UAS-Dharwad, MPKV-Niphad & Mahabaleshwar, ARI-Pune
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Indian Wheat Programme: Significant Achievements
• 373 wheat varieties released in the country since 1965
• 122 genetic stocks for various traits
• Advanced production technologies with Conservation Agriculture
• No epidemic since last 4 decades due to advanced protection strategies
• Germplasm enrichment and sharing across the country
• Infrastructure created to produce breeder seed to the tune of 30,000q
• Quality parameters standardized for specific products
• Strengthened the wheat research with partner countries for global food
security
• Developed international linkages for wheat & barley research
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Constraints in wheat production
Yield plateau in north western parts
Biotic stresses
– Rusts
• Stripe, Leaf & Stem
–
–
–
–
–
Leaf Blight
Karnal bunt
Powdery mildew
Aphids and termites
Weeds
• Broad and narrow leaved
Abiotic stresses
–
–
Drought
Heat
•
–
Early as well as terminal
Suppressive soils/Soil
health
• Salinity, alkalinity
• Nutrient deficient soils
• Waterlogging
Other constraints
– Availability of essential inputs for
timely sowing
• Improved seed (More problem in J&K, HP,
Rajasthan)
• Fertilizer availability (its availability in required
quantity and at initial and growth stage, is
critical.
• Irrigation water (Timely availability of optimum
quantity)
• Use of Farm machinery
– Infrastructure
• Roads
• Storage
• Market
– Extension facilities
• Farmers need more awareness of new improved
varieties and production technologies
• Faster extension activities
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major Issues : Wheat Improvement
Breaking yield barriers
Broadening of genetic base of varieties - pre-breeding
o Through use of winter x spring hybridization
o Use of germplasm from the centre of origin (ICARDA),
Chinese germplasm
o New plant type approach
o Use of alien species for biotic and abiotic stresses
•
Exploitation of heterosis for developing hybrids
o Based on CMS system
•
Biotechnological interventions
o Gene pyramiding
o Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits
o Structural and functional genomics
•
Abiotic Stresses –climate change
o Heat and drought
o Salt stress
o Waterlogging
© Directorate of Wheat Research
New wheat varieties released (2009-10)
Wheat varieties
Name with parentage
VL 907
Developed by
(Name of the Institute)
VPKAS, Almora
Production
Condition
Area of
Adoption
NHZ
DYBR 1982-83/842 ABVD 50/
W9385 // PBW 343
PDW 314 (d)
Grain yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
Potential
TS-IR
44.3
56.9
TS-RF
27.9
43.5
PAU, Ludhiana
NWPZ
TS-IR
50.3
66.1
DWR, Karnal
NEPZ
TS-IR
44.0
55.2
JNKVV, Powarkheda
CZ
TS-IR
47.8
65.3
ARI, Pune
PZ
TS-IR
42.8
60.9
PDKV, Akola
PZ
LS-IR
42.8
60.9
CSSRI, Karnal
Salt affected
TS-IR
33.7
49.3
CSSRI, Karnal
Salt affected
TS-IR
33.6
43.9
AJAIA-12 /F3 LOCAL SEL. ETHIO
-135.85//PLATA 13/3/SOMA T-3/
4/SOOTY/ RASCON 37
DBW 39
ATTILA/ HUI
MPO 1215 (d)
GW 1113/ GW 1114// HI 8381
MACS 6222
HD 2189*2/ MACS 2496
AKAW 4627
Selection from VIMAL
KRL210
PBW 65/2*PASTOR
KRL 213
CNDO / R143// ENTE/ MEXI-11/3/Ae.squarrosa (TAUS)/4/
WEAVER/5 /2 /*KAUZ
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Wheat genetic stocks registered in 2009-10
Name
HS 491
Sonalika/HPW 89
UP 2698
UP 2382/DLRSN-5
AKAW 3717
HW 2035/NI 5439
Reg. No.
I.D. No.
INGR08116
IC 566222
INGR09122
IC 573852
INGR09175
IC 582907
Developed
by
IARI-RS,
Tutikandi Shimla
GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar
PDKV, Akola
Trait(s)
High spread factor and
soft grain texture
High protein (>13%)
Drought and
tolerance
heat
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Breeder seed production 2009-10
Against an indent of 30968 q of breeder seed, the production was of 35049 q.
144 varieties in seed chain out of which Lok 1, PBW 343 and PBW 502 were the varieties with
highest seed production.
5000
4500
4325
DAC indent (q)
Production (q)
4000
1159.48
1093.6
1008.4
1000
948
944
882.2
961.5
1260.3
950
1500
1230
1936.8
2000
1164
2170.5
1349.6
2500
1283.35
2677.23
2030.5
3000
2283.46
3500
2209.4
•
•
500
0
Lok 1
PBW 502
PBW 343
GW 273
GW 322
Raj 3765
WH 711
DBW 17
PBW 550
PBW 373
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major Issues : Crop Protection
• Survey and surveillance for monitoring diseases
and insect-pest
• IPM in wheat specially to manage the diseases like
KB, PM, LS and insects like foliar & root aphids,
termites, root nematodes
• Managing new emerging threats
o stem rust (Ug99),
o leaf rust (77-5, 77-10, 104-2)
o stripe rust (78S84, 46S119)
o Foliar blight
o Fusarium head blight (FHB)
• Monitoring dynamics of diseases and insect pest
situation in new RCTs and in view of changing
climate
contd…
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Rust diseases in Wheat
Leaf /brown
All Zones
Stripe /yellow
NWPZ &NHZ
Stem /black
CZ, PZ & SHZ
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Puccinia Path in India
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Monitoring Yellow Rust
Area (Encircled) Intensively Surveyed Every Year
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Monitoring of Wheat Rusts in NWPZ during 2009-10
Date
Team composition
Areas covered
Dec. 15, 2009
Drs. Indu Sharma and Madhu Meeta
Ludhiana, Rajpura, Banur, Kalomajra,
Ramnagar (Punjab)
Dec. 16-18, 2009
Drs. MC Jat, KS Babu and Beant Singh
Parts of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan
along international border
8 January, 2010
Dr. V. L. Majumdar
Tonk (Rajasthan)
11-12 January,
2010
Drs. Indu Sharma , M Prashar and KS
Babu
Bathinda, Mukatsar, Abohar and Hoshiarpur
(Punjab)
18 January, 2010
Drs. A. K. Sharma, M. C Jat and K. S.
Babu
Kaithal and Karnal (Haryana)
27-29 January,
2010
Drs. S.S.Karwasra, M S Beniwal and
Rajender Singh
Hisar, Jind, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Karnal,
Yamuna Nagar and Ambala
(Haryana)
28 January, 2010
Drs. V. L. Majumdar, K. K. Bhargava
Dausa (Rajasthan)
10 February, 2010
Dr. M. Prashar
Ropar and Nawa Sahar (Punjab)
23 February, 2010
Drs. Indu Sharma and Daman Jeet
Kaur
Sangrur and Ludhiana (Punjab)
26 February, 2010
Dr. S. S. Singh, Project Director
Karnal, Panipat and Sonepat (Haryana)
© Directorate of Wheat Research
19-21 February,
2010
Drs. S. S. Karwasara,
Madhu Meeta and M S
Saharan
Punjab and Haryana
26-28 February,
2010
Dr. S. S. Singh
Haryana and Rajasthan
6 March, 2010
Drs. Indu Sharma and
Daman Jeet Kaur
Ropar and Ludhiana (Punjab)
6 March, 2010
Dr. V. L. Majumdar
Kotputli (Rajasthan)
11 March, 2010
Dr. S. S. Singh
Karnal, Jind, Hisar and Kaithal
(Haryana)
14-15 March,
2010
Drs. S. S. Singh and M. S.
Saharan
Punjab and Haryana
15 March, 2010
Drs. A. K. Sharma and K.
S. Babu
Punjab and Haryana
29 March, 2010
Drs. A. K. Sharma and M. Punjab and Haryana
S. Saharan
20-22, March,
2009
Drs. MC Jat, KS Babu and Parts of Punjab and Haryana
Mangal Singh
along the international border
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Crop health scenario –
based on survey and surveillance
Disease free crop year.
Ug99 was not detected from any place in India.
Dominant Pathotypes of Rusts
•
•
Most frequent yellow rust pathotypes
• 78S84 & 46S119
Most prevalent pathotypes of leaf rust
• 121R63-1 (77-5), 21R55 (104-2), 21R63
(104-3) & 125R28-1 (77-11)
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Yellow Rust Epidemics in Neighboring Countries
1994 - 96
Serious epiphytotics in Pakistan due to new
pathotype 46S119 (Yr 9 Virulence)
Saari and Nayar (1998)
1993,1995
Iran, losses > 30%
Torabi et al. (1995)
1990
Baluchistan, Pakistan (local white wheat); Ahmed et al. (1991)
losses about USD 0.8m
1990’s
Several epidemics in Syria
Torabi and Nazari (1998)
1988
On variety Maxipak in Pakistan, losses 29 %
Mamluk et al. (1989)
1970’s
Serious disease in Afghanistan
Saari and Prescott( 1978)
Targeting Ug99, a new virulence of stem rust
 Ug99 or TTKSK virulent on Sr31 was first time
detected in February 1999 in Uganda, East
Africa
 Kenya in 2000
 Ethiopia in 2001
 Migrated to Sudan, Yemen in 2006 and Iran in
2007
Resistance genes effective against Ug99
 Sr28, 29 and Tmp from Triticum aestivum
 Sr2 and 13 from T. turgidum
 Sr3, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, R
and 1A/1R from related species
Two Ug99 variants carrying separate virulences for
Sr24 and 36 have also been identified in 2008.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Screening of Indian Wheat Material in Kenya
ICAR-BGRI Collaboration
Year
Entries
2005
22
2006
102
2008
318
2009*
420
2010**
241
Resistance to Ug99 (2009
results)
 40 released varieties
 22 in seed chain at present
 21 Genetic Stocks
*Kenya & Ethiopia
** Under screening
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major Issues : Resource Management
•
Resource Conservation Technologies
o
o
•
Diversification /intensification of RWCS
o
•
Water harvesting (storage of rain water)
Genotypes with less water requirement
Integrated Weed Management
o
o
•
Balanced use of fertilizers
Conjunctive use of inorganic & organic fertilizers
Correcting micro-nutrient deficiencies
improving C/N ratio
Integrated Water Management for increasing WUE
•
•
•
Farm profitability under rice-wheat system
Integrated Nutrient Management
o
o
o
o
•
Sustaining wheat production & soil health
Residue management
Herbicide resistance
Weed dynamics
Farm Machineries
• Fine tuning
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Frontline demonstrations
•805 WFLDs conducted through 103 coordinating centers, covering
819.87 ha area of 1753 farmers in 18 states.
•The maximum number of WFLDs were conducted in UP (115)
followed by Haryana (92), Bihar (79), Punjab (61), Rajasthan (54) and
Jharkhand (50)
% yield increase through WFLDs
70
60.46
57.75
60
50
40
37.93
30
22.15
20
11.09
10
0
NHZ
NEPZ
NWPZ
CZ
PZ
© Directorate of Wheat Research
New Initiative since 2009-10
Strategies for enhanced wheat production
© Directorate of Wheat Research
July 28, 2009 at DWR, Karnal
Chairman : Dr. SN Shukla, ADG (FFC), ICAR
October 8, 2009 at Kanpur
Chairman : Dr. SN Shukla, ADG (FFC), ICAR
August 14, 2010 at DWR, Karnal
Chairman : Sh. PK Basu, Secretary (A&C), MoA, GOI
Participants
•
•
•
•
Director Agriculture of the states / representatives
Representative from NSC
Scientific staff of the DWR
Farmers’ representatives
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Yellow rust in PBW 343 and strategies for faster replacement.
Sowing time of wheat
Need of short duration varieties for restricted irrigation
Varieties for rainfed areas of Uttaranchal and J&K
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Unavailability of quality seeds
Water scarcity due to drought conditions.
Problem of salinity and
Shift in land use from agriculture to constructions.
The state-wise strategy plan was discussed and recommendations were made.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major Follow Up in 2009-10
• Varietal replacement of PBW 343 with DBW 17 & PBW 550
• Use of tilt for control of diseases specially rust
Impact
• Disease free crop year
• Enhanced production
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Region wise Recommendations
for
Increased wheat productivity
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal Preference
Wheat
type
Normal sown
Production conditions
Late sown
Rainfed
Sodic soils
/ Others
Northern Hills Zone (NHZ)
Western Himalayan regions of J&K (except Jammu and Kathua distt.); H.P. (except Una and
Paonta Valley); Uttarakhand (except Tarai area); Sikkim and hills of West Bengal and N.E.
States
Bread
wheat
VL, 907, VL 738, VL
VL 907, VL
HS 375
HS 295, HS 420
804, HS 240, HW 5207
Triticale
-
-
738, HPW 42, HS (For
365, VL829, VL832 summer
SKW 196
sowing)
DT 46
-
Southern Hills Zone (SHZ)
Hilly areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala comprising the Nilgiri and Palni hills of southern
plateau
Bread
HUW 318, HW 1085, HW
wheat
2044
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal Preference
Wheat
type
Normal sown
Production conditions
Late sown
Rainfed
Sodic soils / Others
North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ)
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur divisions), Western UP (except Jhansi
division), parts of J&K (Jammu and Kathua districts), HP (Una dist. and Paonta valley) and Uttarakhand
(Tarai region)
Bread wheat
DBW 17, PBW 550, PBW
502, PBW 343, WH 542,
UP 2338, HD 2687,
HD2967
WH1021, PBW PBW299, PBW RAJ3077, KRL-19, KRL
373, UP 2425, 175, WH 533, 210, KRL 213
RAJ3077,
PBW 396
DBW16,
RAJ
3765,PBW 590
Durum
PBW 34, PDW 215, PDW
233, WH 896, PDW 291,
PDW 314
North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ)
-
Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and plains of NE States
HP HDR77,K8962,
RAJ3077, KRL-19 KRL
Bread wheat CBW 38, Raj 4120, K HD2643,
0307, NW 1012, HUW 1633,HP1744,
210, KRL 213
K 9465,K8027,
468,PBW443,HD2733,H NW1014, HW HD 2888, MACS
D2824, K 9107, HD 2045, DBW 14, 6145
NW2036,HD
2967, DBW 39
2985
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal Preference
Wheat
type
Production conditions
Normal sown
Late sown
Rainfed
Sodic soils / Others
Central Zone (CZ)
MP, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Rajasthan(Kota and Udaipur divisions) and UP( Jhansi division)
RAJ 3077, KRLBread wheat GW 190, GW 273, GW 173, DL 788-2, MP HW 2004, JWS
DL803-3, GW 322, 4010, HD 2932, MP 17, HI 1500, HI 19,KRL 210, KRL
GW 366, HI 1544
1203, HD 2864
1531, Sujata
213
HI 8381, HI 8498,
HD 4672, HI 8627
Durum
MPO 1215
Bread wheat
Durum
Dicoccum
Peninsular Zone (PZ)
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, plains of Tamil Nadu
DWR162, MACS
DWR 195, HD 2501, K9644,HD2781,
_
2496, GW 322, Raj NIAW 34, HUW 510, HD PBW596,HD
4037, NIAW 917,
2932, HI 977, HD 2833, 2987
UAS 304, MACS
PBW 533, Raj 4083,
6222, MACS 6273
AKAW 4627
MACS 2846, HI
AKDW 2997-16
8663, UAS 415
DDK 1025, DDK
1029, DDK 1066
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal replacement
• Replacement of yellow rust susceptible varieties PBW 343, PBW 502
and HD 2687 with DBW 17, PBW 550 & WH 542.
• Under late sown conditions (late basmati-wheat, potato-wheat and
sugarcane-wheat)
– PBW 373 should be replaced with DBW 16, WH 1021, PBW 590,
Raj 3765 as PBW 373 has become susceptible to brown rust
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal replacement
Eastern UP, Bihar
• Under TSI conditions, varieties like HD 2733, HD 2824, PBW 443, HUW 468 needs to be
promoted and breeder seed production of varieties like UP 262 and HUW 234 should
be curtailed.
• Under LSI conditions, varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045, NW 1014, K 8962 and
HD 2643 should be promoted.
Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Gujarat and Kota region
• Lok 1 is still a reigning variety which needs replacement.
• Under TSI, GW 322, GW 273 while under LSI cnditions HD 2864, MP 4010, DL 788-2
requires promotion.
• For durums HI 8498 and HI 8381 are the best varieties for the area.
• As these states have a sizeable area under rainfed or limited irrigation
– HI 1531, HI 1500 of bread wheat and HD 4672 and HD 8627 for durum should be
promoted while WH 147 should be phased out.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Varietal replacement
Maharashtra, Karnataka
• For TSI conditions GW 322, RAJ 4037, NIAW 917, DWR 162 and MACS 2496 for bread
wheat and MACS 2846 for durum
• LSI sown conditions: PBW 533, HD 2833 and NIAW 34
• Rainfed conditions: HD 2781, K 9644 for bread wheat and AKDW 2997-16 for durum.
Non-traditional wheat growing area - Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and plains of N.E.
States; some parts of the plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh
• Due to early onset of rains and to avoid pre-harvest sprouting, these areas require
short duration wheat varieties like DBW 14, NW 2036, HW 2045. variety DBW 14 has
shown promise in Jharkhand and Assam
• For plains of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh – a state release variety, CoW(W)-1 has
been showing promise.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Plant Protection Measures
• Replace with new resistant varieties for rust resistance
• Spray the crop (susceptible varieties only) with propiconazole 25 EC
(Tilt 25 EC) @ 0.1% at yellow rust initiation. This spray will also help in
control of powdery mildew and Karnal bunt diseases.
• Seed treatment with T. viride @ 4 g / Kg seed in combination with
carboxin 75 WP (Vitavax 75 WP) @ 1.25 g / Kg seed or tebuconazole
2 DS (Raxil 2 DS) @ 1.0 g / Kg seed.
For managing cereal cyst nematode (CCN) in dry belt of northern Rajasthan
CCN resistant wheat variety - Raj MR-1
Barley varieties - RD 2035 and RD 2052.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Resource Management
Sowing time
The average temperature at sowing : around 23±10C
Timely sown : 5th to11th Nov. ; Late sown : 10th to 16th Dec.
Seed Rate:
timely sown conditions : 100 kg/ha
late and rainfed conditions : 125 Kg/ha (increased by 25%)
Sowing methods:
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In lines using fertilizers-cum-seed drills and discourage broadcast sowing
Row to row spacing : 23cm (timely sown) and 18 cm (late sown)
Seeding depth : around 4-5 cm.
Zero till and rotary till drill can be used for economising cost of cultivation.
Use of rotary tiller followed by broadcasting of seed and fertilizer causes the
lodging problem leading to reduced yields. Thus, Rotary tiller having drilling
mechanism for seed and fertilizer should only be used.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Nutrient management
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Use of recommended doses of the fertilizers (NPK)
Nitrogen use efficiency is more when fertilizer is placed by drill
1/3rd N application at sowing and 2/3rd at first node stage.
Supplementing inorganic fertilization (NPK) with Zn and FYM increases
the wheat yield.
• Application of K is necessary.
• Micronutrient deficiency appears under light soils under intensive
cropping especially in rice-wheat cropping system.
• In sulfur deficient soils, SSP, Cosavet -90 WDG (10 kg/ha) or
gypsum (250 kg/ha) can be applied. : increasing yield and protein
content.
• Zinc sulphate should be applied @ 25kg/ha once in rice-wheat
system or 2-3 foliar spray of 0.5% zinc sulphate (21% zinc) at 15DI
• In Mn deficient soil, spray 0.5% managanese sulphate solution 2-4
days before first irrigation and two to three sprays afterwards at
weekly intervals on clear sunny day.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Nutrient management
Sowing conditions
Irrigated timely sown
NWPZ
&
NEPZ
Time of sowing
150:60:40 kg NPK /ha
1/3 N +P + K at sowing and
2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS
Irrigated late sown
120:60:40 kg NPK /ha
1/3 N +P + K at sowing and
2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS
Rainfed
60:30:20 kg NPK/ha
at the time of sowing
Sowing conditions
Irrigated timely sown
NHZ,
CZ, PZ
& SHZ
Time of sowing
120:60:40 kg NPK /ha
1/3 N +P + K at sowing and
2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS
Irrigated late sown
90:60:40 kg NPK /ha
1/3 N +P + K at sowing and
2/3 at first node stage i.e. 35-40 DAS
Rainfed
60:30:20 kg NPK/ha
at the time of sowing
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Weed management
Sulfosulfuron / pendimethalin
both grassy and non-grassy weeds
Clodinafop / fenoxaprop / pinoxaden
specific to grasses.
Sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron or isoproturon +2,4-D / metsulfuron
 Complex weed flora
Grass herbicides (clodinafop, fenoxaprop, pinoxaden) should not
be tank mixed with either 2,4-D or metsulfuron and to avoid
antagonism the grass and broad-leaved herbicides should be
applied sequentially.
Pinoxaden can also be used in barley for grassy weed control.
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Short term strategies for states of Punjab and Haryana
Improving soil health –
RWCS: high pressure on land resulting in decline in total factor productivity.
– Addition of organic matter to soil through
green manuring, crop residue recycling, balanced fertilisation and
integrated nutrient management.
– Diversification/intensification of RWCS by including pulse crops
– Minimum soil disturbance with residue retention at the soil surface
help in water conservation as well as slow decomposition and thus
building up the organic carbon status of the soil – solution to crop residue
burning
– Correction of micro-nutrient deficiency –Zn, S, Mn
– Integrated management for weed control especially Phalaris minor
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Short term strategies for other states
•Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing – the most important factor
– Improved seed (More problem in Eastern UP, Bihar –problem in 60% wheat growing
area as seed replacement is very low) –
• a bouquet of latest and improved varieties for different production conditions are
available – need more breeder seed of recent released varieties
– Fertilizer - availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth
stage, is critical) and its balanced use
– Irrigation water (Timely availability is important)
– Farm machinery (Mechanization is on a lower scale in northeastern, central and
peninsular parts)
•Infrastructure development – roads, storage and market
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
• Breaking yield barriers
– Developing wheat hybrids through CMS approach
– Broadening of genetic base of varieties
• Through use of winter x spring hybridization
• Use of Chinese germplasm
• Use of wild species for biotic and abiotic stresses
– Biotechnological interventions
• Gene pyramiding
• Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic and quality traits
• Structural and functions genomics
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
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•
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Sustainability of rice-wheat system through
– Resource conservation technologies
– Refinement of machines
– Developing tillage specific varieties
– Diversification/intensification
– Water and nutrient use efficiency
– Tackling weeds and pests under new tillage
– Residue management
– Land leveling through laser leveler
Improving soil health
– Increasing carbon content
– Correction of micro-nutrient deficiencies/toxicity
– Balance use of fertlizers
Organic farming
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Long-term strategies for increasing wheat production
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Use of agriculturally important micro-organisms
– Bio-agents
– Biological control of pests and diseases
Integrated pest management
Survey and surveillance for new races
Combating rusts through durable resistance
– New race of yellow rust – 78S84
– New race of black rust – Ug99
Creating effective resistance against leaf blight and Karnal bunt
Newly emerging problems of termites and aphids
Wheat quality improvement
– Developing product specific varieties
– Increasing protein content, sedimentation value and grain hardness to match
international standards
– Improving beta carotene and protein content and semolina recovery in durums
– Biofortification
– Collaboration between research institutions and wheat based industry
•
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Special Recommendations
• Phase out of old susceptible cultivars
• Checking introduction of varieties in nonrecommended areas
• Improving storage facility
• Incentives for profitable crop production
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Thanks
© Directorate of Wheat Research