ORGANIC COMPOUND

Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN

Ex. C
6
H
12
O
6 is GLUCOSE

INORGANIC COMPOUND

Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together.

Examples


H
2
O = water
CO
2
= carbon dioxide

ATOMS


One of the simplest units of matter
Made of:



Protons -have a positive charge (+)
Electrons -have a negative charge (-)
Neutrons -have NO charge (0)

ELEMENT

Made of one kind of atom

Examples:

C = Carbon



H = Hydrogen
O = Oxygen
N = Nitrogen

COMPOUND

Two or more atoms are chemically combined and held together by bonds .





Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N


Examples






Bread
Candy
Brownies
Pasta
Rice
Beans
CARBOHYDRATES

All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)

CARBOHYDRATES

3 different types of carbohydrates



Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides


Made of one sugar
End in –ose



Source of energy
Has chemical formula C
6
Ratio of H to O is 2:1
H
12
O
6

Examples:




Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose

CARBOHYDRATES

Disaccharide



End in –ose
Ratio of H to O is 2:1
Consist of 2 sugar molecules

Example:
 sucrose


Polysaccharides


3 or more sugars combined
Complex structure

Examples


Cellulose
Starches


Dehydration Synthesis

The process by which molecules are joined together by removing water.

HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN?

Hydrolysis

The process by which compounds are separated from each other by adding water.

PROTEINS




Made of Amino Acids
Always contain C,H,O,
N
All structures in an organism are made of proteins.
Proteins make up:




Enzymes
Muscle Tissue
Blood Cells
Cell Growth and Repair

Hormones

PROTEINS
•
•
Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds.
3 Different types



Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid)
Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids)
Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE

Amino Acids are made of 3 parts:



An amino group
A carboxyl group
An R side chain

Amino Acids


There are 20 types of amino acids
8 of them are essential

Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline,
Serine

HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN

LIPIDS





Also called fats, oils and waxes
Organic (made of C, H, O)
No ratio of H to O
Found in all living things
Used for

 energy storage source of energy


 insulation
Protection sub-structure of cell membrane

LIPIDS

Lipids are made of two parts:


Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids

LIPIDS

Two types of fatty acids


Saturated

Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperature

Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese
Unsaturated

Fats that are double bonded.

Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil

LIPIDS

In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups

NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)




Contains genetic information (heredity)
Controls cellular activities
Found in all living things
It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)

NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA is made of units called nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of:

A phosphate group


A monosaccharide (ribose)
A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

A NUCLEOTIDE

DNA



Double helix
Bases:




Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bonds

RNA



Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesis
Single stranded (NOT double helix)
Smaller than DNA

RNA


Made of nucleotides

Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base
Bases in RNA:




Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

ENZYMES



Made of proteins

Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____
Enzymes are organic catalysts

Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions occur

Enzymes remain the same during a chemical reaction
Always end in –ase

Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase

ENZYMES

Lock-and-Key Model

ENZYMES

In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must fit their substrate (enzymes are “ specific ” )

ENZYMES


Each enzyme can work on only one specific substrate
Ex.




Lipase works only on __________
Sucrase works only on ____________
Protease works only on ____________
__________ works only on fructose

ENZYMES

Enzymes help perform dehydration synthesis

ENZYMES

Enzymes help perform hydrolysis

ENZYMES

Re-draw and label each part of the picture

ENZYMES

Enzymes are effected by the following factors:




Temperature pH
Concentration of enzyme
Concentration of substrate

ENZYMES

Temperature


Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature

Optimum temperature for human enzymes is
______, C or _________, F
Enzyme activity is slower as temperature gets too cold or too hot


Temperature
ENZYMES

ENZYMES

Temperature

At high temperatures, enzymes will lose their shape

They denature

Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock and
Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take place

ENZYMES
 pH

Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by the amount of acid or base in an environment

 pH
ENZYMES

ENZYMES

Optimum pH for two different enzymes

ENZYMES

Concentration

Increasing the concentration (amount) of an enzyme or substrate, will only increase the rate of reaction, to a point

ENZYMES

Co-enzymes

Enzymes work with co-enzymes to speed up the rate of reactions.

Ex. vitamins