Supporting Information Figs S1–S4, Tables S1–S6, Methods S1
Fig. S1 Analysis of traits of first order roots in the phylogenetic framework. All 12
elected traits were passed the Abouheif’s test. All variables are centerd and scaled.
Positive and negative values are represented using black and white symbols,
respectively, with a size proportional to the absolute value. The first principal
component (PC1) of the phylogenetic principal component analysis (pPCA) of the
data is based on Abouheif’s metric.
Fig. S2 The relationships between root diameter and cortex (filled circles) thickness
and stele (filled triangles) diameter with different mycorrhizal types. AM species
indicated in blue color, EM species indicated in red color and other types indicated in
gray color. NS, nonsignificant. All data are for first branch order only.
Fig. S3 Piecewise regression of mycorrhizal colonization rate predicted by root
diameter of first order roots across 96 tree species of different families (breakpoint =
470.4 µm, P < 0.001).
Fig. S4 Pictures showing absorptive roots and endophytic fungal hyphae, (a) C.
camphora; (b) M. chapensis.
Table S1 Characteristics of the six sampling sites
Site
Wutongshan
Dinghushan
Jianfengling
Heshan
Xishuangbanna
Ailaoshan
a
Location
114°10.359´E,
22°34.791´ N
112°35´E,
23°08´ N
108°49´E,
18°40´ N
112°54´E,
22°41´ N
101°25´E,
21°41´ N
101°01´E,
24°32´ N
Altitude (m)
MATa
(ºC)
MAPb
(mm)
Soil type
70-100
22.4
1948
Ultisols
200-300
21.4
1900
Ultisols
600-700
19.7
2651
Oxisols
60-80
21.7
1801
Ultisols
500-600
21.5
1539
Oxisols
2450-2500
10.7
1841
Alfisols
MAT, mean annual temperature.
b
MAP, mean annual precipitation.
Forest type
Subtropical evergreen
broadleaved forest
Subtropical evergreen
broadleaved forest
Tropical seasonal rain
forest
Subtropical evergreen
broadleaved forest
Tropical seasonal rain
forest
Subtropical evergreen
broadleaved forest
Table S2 Characteristics of the 96 woody species in this study and their sampling sites (mean ± SE)
Mycorrhizal
Species
Family
Life form
a
Sites
type
Diam
Cortex
Stele
Stele/Diam
Length
RTD
(μm, n=20)
(μm, n=20)
(μm, n=20)
(n=20)
(mm, n=20)
(g/cm ,n=10)
(m/g, n=10)
3
SRL
C
(mg/g, n=3)
N
BrRatio
BrIntensity
VesDens
VesDiam
MC
(mg/g, n=3)
(n=6)
(cm )
(mm )
(μm, n=20)
(%)
-1
-2
Michelia macclurei
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
555.37±22.54
375.37±16.81
140.19±5.97
0.25±0.01
9.05±0.95
0.24±0.08
17.04±2.31
470.6±7.02
26.13±0.23
2.61±0.41
1.41
1918.0
8.22±0.42
0.85
Parakmeria yunnanensis
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
720.74±22.69
511.5±20.21
141.91±5.81
0.2±0.01
14.9±1.13
0.21±0.04
17.24±2.73
492.39±3.28
18.45±0.02
1.81±0.46
0.64
1095.3
7.91±0.34
0.95
Parakmeria lotungensis
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
696.85±19.96
489.76±17.5
152.07±10.71
0.22±0.02
14.3±1.49
0.24±0.03
12.01±1.25
436.65±0.8
21.26±0.21
2.66±0.15
0.98
1623.4
8.85±0.43
0.75
Michelia balansae
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
580.04±15.51
408.02±17.81
119.51±6.68
0.21±0.01
14.35±1.05
0.23±0.02
20.16±2.11
526.99±20.43
21.71±0.23
1.93±0.26
0.71
2064.3
8.41±0.43
0.74
Michelia odora
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
576.02±15.92
408.97±18.02
114.42±3.48
0.2±0.01
12.95±1.39
0.24±0.02
13.82±1.06
496.07±0.98
20.57±0.19
1.21±0.09
0.49
1800.0
6.38±0.52
0.90
Michelia fulva
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
664.07±17.44
491.48±14.49
109.26±4.62
0.16±0
11.75±1.41
0.23±0.02
19.39±1.74
447.59±0.56
21.11±0.17
2.16±0.39
0.94
1417.7
7.41±0.43
0.90
Michelia cavaleriei
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
742.41±21.11
538.33±17.84
116.85±8.15
0.16±0.01
19.65±1.82
0.22±0.03
15.4±1.29
459.12±1.29
21.1±0.09
1.81±0.17
0.51
2537.6
7.14±0.38
0.90
Manglietia paruicula
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
503.89±16.80
372.02±10.03
104.12±4.06
0.2±0.01
13.4±1.26
0.19±0.02
21.82±2.79
521.59±10.41
22.15±0.13
1.7±0.22
0.66
3854.6
6.56±0.18
0.87
Michelia champaca
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
463.52±9.61
303.7±9.38
100±6.15
0.22±0.01
13.15±1.45
0.29±0.05
19.9±2.38
427.86±2.83
16.22±0.16
1.86±0.23
0.74
3172.0
6.7±0.28
0.90
Michelia opipara
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
652.88±24.64
468.64±16.48
143.06±9.56
0.21±0.01
12.85±1.37
0.19±0.02
12.67±1.46
457.43±0.52
26.76±2.43
2.45±0.4
0.99
2073.3
7.52±0.39
0.83
Michelia maudiae
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
562.76±19.79
385.6±15.95
116.67±4.46
0.21±0.01
13.6±1.14
0.29±0.04
17.86±1.36
407.23±15.97
17.3±0.4
2.92±0.21
1.12
2426.7
7.16±0.12
0.78
Liriodendron chinense
Magnoliaceae
Deciduous
AM
Wutongshan
531.11±14.96
376.67±11.48
119.26±4.4
0.23±0.01
13.65±1.25
0.19±0.01
19.09±0.87
534.33±4.76
15.52±0.13
2.88±0.2
1.11
1612.2
7.47±0.18
0.83
Michelia wilsonii
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
668.61±23.19
487.24±19.63
134.01±6.78
0.2±0.01
11.5±1.05
0.22±0.02
17.82±2.16
417.64±9.83
21.83±0.05
2.23±0.47
0.99
2908.2
9.12±0.4
0.93
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
579.81±19.24
382.22±18.12
115.74±4.84
0.2±0.01
18.9±1.2
0.24±0.03
9.74±1.75
419.76±2.32
21.64±0.11
2.6±0.23
0.75
1497.7
7.31±0.38
0.95
Paramichelia baillonii
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
575±14.88
406.3±12.97
106.48±5.15
0.19±0.01
11.55±1.14
0.27±0.03
19.33±1.15
429.52±1.33
18.79±0.29
2.46±0.29
1.09
2492.8
7.59±0.3
0.90
Manglietia dandyi
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
623.7±8.05
428.07±11.69
134.11±5.88
0.21±0.01
19.8±2.11
0.13±0.01
17.69±1.28
438.7±1.2
23.33±0.13
2.13±0.46
0.59
1407.7
9.05±0.35
0.82
Michelia chapensis
Magnoliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
576.8±13.47
432.03±10.52
115.25±3.37
0.2±0
18.65±2.03
0.17±0.02
23.43±2.25
445.04±1.24
23.52±0.64
1.87±0.05
0.55
2653.4
6.91±0.42
0.65
Cryptocarya chinensis
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
757.96±22.29
469.59±17.1
216.96±8.52
0.28±0.01
33.95±2.51
0.31±0.02
4.93±0.28
462.7±0.77
21.06±0.12
4.15±0.75
0.70
1639.7
8.27±0.34
0.90
Machilus velutina
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
453.61±9.93
291.62±11.84
113.45±8.55
0.25±0.01
16.45±1.41
0.28±0.02
21.78±1.9
450.07±1.3
27.5±0.2
3.3±0.2
1.08
1319.6
7.16±0.35
0.92
Machilus kwangtungensis
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
425.93±19.31
250±16.24
128.15±8.5
0.3±0.01
17.9±1.2
0.3±0.04
32.3±2.29
475.75±4.51
21.25±0.23
1.87±0.2
0.57
2973.6
6.93±0.32
1.00
Litsea cubeba
Lauraceae
Deciduous
AM
Dinghushan
405.93±8.86
292.59±9.47
76.72±3.93
0.19±0.01
12.55±0.93
0.42±0.04
39.99±5.6
448.4±0.53
25.62±0.12
3.01±0.53
1.24
3246.5
8.89±1.48
0.78
Cinnamomum camphora
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
415.74±14.83
299.61±12.68
76.41±5.87
0.18±0.01
13.5±1.29
0.27±0.04
35.41±5.41
500.58±0.8
25.86±0.11
3.48±0.24
1.35
8726.8
3.7±0.38
0.68
Litsea verticillata
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
523.39±12.58
343.86±12.02
118.52±5.8
0.23±0.01
10.1±1.11
0.35±0.03
15.59±1.69
552.29±4.54
31.63±0.12
3±0.4
1.48
2825.3
6.93±0.14
0.95
Cryptocarya concinna
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
484.75±20.57
319.68±20.05
105.88±7.65
0.22±0.01
17.75±1.48
0.37±0.03
18.16±1.42
526.5±30.06
22.84±0.37
1.65±0.39
0.50
2408.9
5.37±0.44
0.91
Machilus robusta
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
478.95±15.25
271.73±12.49
130.21±5.9
0.27±0.01
14.35±1.42
0.25±0.02
18±1.37
467.6±4.41
19.57±0.31
2.95±0.26
1.08
2174.6
8.29±0.25
0.92
Cinnamomum micranthum
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
306.3±9.94
230.93±9.41
52.22±2.21
0.17±0.01
14.45±1.28
0.32±0.04
18.17±2.89
467.05±0.27
19.64±0.06
2.51±0.53
0.92
7298.6
3.7±0.3
0.85
Cinnamomum cassia
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
534.49±18.26
400.55±17.12
84.21±4.5
0.16±0.01
14.05±1.17
0.13±0.01
22.75±1.35
478.25±5.08
29.24±0.08
1.88±0.24
0.70
1875.0
4.93±0.28
0.79
Litsea baviensis
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
705.94±43.5
496.76±33.27
145.66±9.24
0.21±0.01
12.15±1.5
0.13±0.02
13.02±0.61
379.16±0.95
34.54±0.32
1.65±0.36
0.70
3178.2
9.56±0.56
0.82
Cinnamomum porrectum
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
441.85±13.25
294.44±13.08
107.04±6.35
0.24±0.01
13.25±1.56
0.28±0.03
14.68±1.35
396.39±2.14
20.93±0.14
2.65±0.27
1.04
1994.9
6.41±0.26
0.95
Phoebe lanceolata
Lauraceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
357.96±13.53
232.04±12.86
74.07±4.31
0.21±0.01
7.75±0.62
0.44±0.06
30.07±2.9
471.34±3.52
20.82±0.22
2.9±0.34
1.77
4311.6
6.47±0.28
0.75
Mezzettiopsis creaghii
Annonaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
399.34±10.5
302.89±10.27
85.13±2.9
0.21±0.01
5.95±0.34
0.39±0.05
45.31±5.44
542.92±27.1
24.45±0.19
3.74±0.38
2.78
4380.8
4.18±0.14
0.93
Helicia formosana
Proteaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
184.26±10.85
89.67±7.19
57.7±2.54
0.32±0.01
5.8±0.37
0.72±0.03
97.81±7.33
431.99±2.89
13.16±2.22
4.99±0.99
3.78
3698.8
3.15±0.56
0.35
Syzygium hancei
Myrtaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
145.68±7.23
71.16±5.12
43.92±3
0.3±0.01
5.65±0.81
0.34±0.03
100.3±9.63
426.01±1.05
12.31±0.25
3.77±1.3
2.91
3302.7
7.04±0.00
0.53
Syzygium levinei
Myrtaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
118.7±4.57
32.96±3.66
43.7±1.51
0.38±0.02
5.58±0.48
0.29±0.02
118.85±9.63
463.08±0.44
15.8±0.09
2.44±0.24
1.90
4224.0
3.12±0.35
0.55
Eucalyptus urophylla
Myrtaceae
Evergreen
EM+AM
Heshan
144.44±18.09
54.17±12.5
54.17±6.96
0.38±0.03
12.75±1.17
0.63±0.03
106.21±12.86
464.43±11.1
5.83±0.15
2.94±0.72
1.19
1432.8
2.16±0.24
0.60
Syzygium globiflorum
Myrtaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
196.11±10.88
98.52±8.91
54.81±3.08
0.28±0.01
11.4±1.04
0.37±0.05
40.88±2.86
418.49±20.31
11.17±0.12
3.65±1.04
1.63
4040.2
3.83±0.19
0.75
Microtropis discolor
Celastraceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
458.89±155.47
208.89±8.66
60.74±3.03
0.19±0.01
11.2±0.92
0.33±0.07
79.59±5.93
453.42±4.57
22.46±0.12
4.3±0.35
1.95
5829.1
5.68±0.26
0.65
Castanea henryi
Fagaceae
Deciduous
EM
Dinghushan
168.03±8.4
96.71±8.44
42.5±2.48
0.26±0.02
11.6±0.87
0.49±0.07
40.96±6.37
454.94±1.64
19.06±0.42
7.4±0.33
3.26
5908.0
4.57±0.47
0.26
Castanopsis sfissa
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Dinghushan
203.7±6.63
99.81±6.28
54.54±1.49
0.26±0.01
13.1±0.85
0.54±0.06
63.81±7.89
399.5±2.59
17.6±1.61
3.79±0.56
1.51
5076.7
3.8±0.14
0.20
Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Jianfengling
347.04±16.64
212.96±14.67
87.41±6.21
0.25±0.02
6.1±0.76
0.21±0.01
45.18±6.33
567.29±0.4
15.11±0.13
10.09±0.82
7.37
6424.3
5.86±0.18
0.70
Castanopsis hystrix
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Heshan
167.49±14.67
58.85±8.95
86.21±6.5
0.53±0.02
9.45±0.61
0.55±0.07
70.61±4.77
461.99±6.05
13.35±0.12
4.4±0.23
2.29
3770.5
2.59±0.00
0.63
Castanopsis echinocarpa
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Xishuangbanna
163.43±5.16
80.37±5.13
53.89±4.28
0.33±0.02
10.3±0.99
0.53±0.06
81.68±8.34
323.42±1.69
12.01±0.09
2.89±0.44
1.41
3070.6
3.52±0.35
0.95
Castanopsis wattii
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Ailaoshan
161.21±6.85
76.34±5.2
42.18±2.18
0.26±0.01
5.9±0.53
0.51±0.06
92.32±3.53
421.89±0.67
22.63±0.13
2.86±0.55
2.14
5847.1
3.26±0.41
1.00
Lithocarpus chintungensis
Fagaceae
Evergreen
EM
Ailaoshan
219.54±4.72
113.7±6.52
51.48±3.67
0.24±0.02
7±1.75
0.43±0.05
75.71±5.68
448.2±3.46
21.95±0.32
7.09±1.15
4.67
2368.9
2.96±0.45
1.00
Aporusa dioica
Euphorbiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
366.62±17.26
233.24±12.1
93.35±5.37
0.26±0.01
10.25±0.93
0.34±0.07
29.15±2.09
480.07±0.64
20.92±2.1
1.4±0.23
0.68
3508.3
5.5±0.39
0.58
Macaranga sampsonii
Euphorbiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
72.59±4.92
28.7±7.47
24.07±7.17
0.28±0.03
7.65±0.64
0.33±0.04
67.1±7.02
466.34±3.28
23.33±0.11
3.72±0.84
2.29
7693.1
3.63±0.93
0.15
Aporusa yunnanensis
Euphorbiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
258.82±11.8
176.78±10.7
68.58±3.01
0.27±0.01
6.78±0.41
0.36±0.05
49.73±4.47
463.78±2.45
19.07±0.01
2.09±0.2
1.41
6501.3
4.96±0.33
0.74
Endospermum chinense
Euphorbiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
1009.63±47.74
674.81±37.9
257.78±9.33
0.26±0.01
19.05±1.12
0.21±0.01
5.37±0.32
451.48±1.43
17.04±0.28
2.91±0.69
0.83
2325.4
9.56±0.34
0.88
Antidesma maclurei
Euphorbiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
402.53±12.16
226.9±11.75
112.28±5.18
0.28±0.01
11.7±1.09
0.29±0.03
19.99±2.01
467.2±9.09
19.7±0.02
6.11±1.18
2.67
2694.6
6.54±0.47
0.54
Engelhardia roxburghiana
Juglandaceae
Evergreen
EM
Dinghushan
152.3±6.82
73.63±4.32
36.89±2.27
0.24±0.01
5.25±0.46
0.4±0.06
103.48±6.28
443.73±3.04
18.92±0.27
3.83±0.59
3.11
6467.9
4.17±0.32
0.62
Elaeocarpus dubius
Elaeocarpaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
257.78±10.69
169.26±11.6
63.16±2.36
0.25±0.02
5.1±0.54
0.36±0.03
76.3±6.69
515.99±10.41
17.32±0.6
3.03±0.57
2.51
6349.5
4.4±0.26
0.84
Ficus variolosa
Moraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
132.92±8.06
61.87±6.03
43.83±2.86
0.34±0.02
8.25±1.2
0.32±0.07
143.45±24.92
573.82±13.66
24.04±1.76
2.48±0.12
1.44
3775.1
1.94±0.25
0.27
Artocarpus styracifolius
Moraceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
282.96±17.03
169.44±14.07
67.04±4.45
0.24±0.01
7.6±0.74
0.59±0.05
34.54±6.71
506.33±0.7
11.2±0.25
2.15±0.3
1.33
4535.5
5.37±0.78
0.78
Gironniera subaequalis
Ulmaceae
Evergreen
NM
Dinghushan
124.9±6.93
37.96±4.82
46.3±3.55
0.39±0.03
11.05±0.66
0.52±0.06
67.58±6.44
484.45±41.61
44.62±0.32
4.89±0.55
2.24
4028.3
4.22±0.28
0.13
Celtis sinensis
Ulmaceae
Deciduous
AM
Dinghushan
140.43±8.12
76.23±6.14
36.21±3.02
0.27±0.02
7.2±0.48
0.62±0.06
113±12.36
395.78±5.1
19.21±0.41
2.45±0.63
1.58
10393.5
2.89±0.39
0.22
Canarium album
Burseraceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
176.23±10.89
87.04±10.91
46.41±3.66
0.26±0.01
7.75±0.9
0.13±0.01
130.88±10.63
584.04±13.63
23.1±1.08
1.44±0.08
0.88
4900.0
4.38±0.47
0.22
Pistacia chinensis
Anacardiaceae
Deciduous
AM
Ailaoshan
239.07±5.94
154.44±6.1
47.96±2.5
0.2±0.01
7.45±0.6
0.65±0.08
90.48±5.85
418.49±2.38
13.57±0.45
3.33±0.36
2.09
6610.5
6.06±0.28
0.50
Acronychia pedunculata
Rutaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
283.43±7.48
173.88±7.88
65.69±4.97
0.23±0.01
8.5±1.14
0.55±0.1
78.12±5.04
493.34±7.2
20.51±0.28
1.53±0.14
0.87
3879.7
4.13±0.26
0.58
Euodia lepta
Rutaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
253.97±7.32
153.44±6.52
52.38±3.7
0.21±0.02
10.1±0.78
0.21±0.03
97.19±20.71
511.14±11.81
23.59±0.25
2.43±0.53
1.20
5989.3
4.93±0.33
0.71
Nephelium lappaceum
Sapindaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
158.85±11.07
71.24±5.82
53.01±3.87
0.33±0.01
6.15±0.55
0.5±0.07
58.45±2.92
419.84±2.51
14.07±0.29
2.23±0.15
1.62
3490.7
2.97±0.29
0.53
Pometia tomentosa
Sapindaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
156.17±5.67
73.86±4.19
48.46±2.03
0.31±0.01
9.42±0.83
0.6±0.03
75.07±11.37
507.28±17.3
14.88±0.17
2.16±0.19
1.13
7130.3
2.29±0.3
0.23
Vaccinium mandarinorum
Ericaceae
Deciduous
ERM
Ailaoshan
78.12±4.18
26.13±1.86
24.46±1.81
0.31±0.01
8.8±1
0.53±0.08
106.71±15.1
486.78±0.69
11.38±0.15
1.84±0.18
1.01
18683.7
2.41±0.4
0.55
Barringtonia racemosa
Lecythidaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
370.56±12.36
211.7±9.85
107.41±4.42
0.29±0.01
13.45±1.42
0.35±0.05
26.71±2.32
395.23±6.08
15.5±0.01
1.96±0.36
0.76
1244.1
8.3±0.47
0.83
Pentaphylax euryoides
Pentaphylacaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
120.66±4.98
52.29±4.24
32.68±1.89
0.27±0.01
11.2±0.95
0.53±0.06
97.84±9.5
487.38±7.3
5.55±0.23
2.43±0.2
1.10
13121.0
3.33±0.37
0.24
Alniphyllum fortunei
Styracaceae
Deciduous
AM
Jianfengling
302.53±10.35
166.47±7.22
86.74±4.84
0.29±0.01
6.15±0.56
0.18±0.02
89.09±10.2
441.52±0.46
19.9±0.22
2.26±0.17
1.64
1655.3
6.22±0.25
0.57
Gordonia axillaris
Theaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
543.62±24.11
374.9±18.49
107.63±7.77
0.19±0.01
16.55±1.29
0.38±0.02
14.98±1.29
466.4±1.5
5.96±0.39
2.31±0.26
0.75
1681.1
5.69±0.38
0.86
Schima wallichii
Theaceae
Evergreen
AM
Heshan
239.86±15.72
137.41±10.07
80.07±4.75
0.34±0.01
11.75±1.26
0.37±0.09
98.43±8.2
480.62±0.78
14.45±0.2
3±0.29
1.31
4148.7
3.57±0.23
0.59
Alstonia scholaris
Apocynaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
523.7±21.78
332.55±20.06
114.81±6.17
0.22±0.01
17.55±1.44
0.17±0.03
25.76±3.95
446.06±0.64
16.38±0.11
1.42±0.14
0.44
2242.9
8.69±0.39
0.60
Catunaregam spinosa
Rubiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
256.99±10.35
168.81±9.86
53.64±2.34
0.21±0.01
10.35±1.13
0.38±0.04
80.24±9.7
456.52±0.71
29.15±0.07
4.06±0.42
1.96
4869.7
4.71±0.48
0.28
Wendlandia uvariifolia
Rubiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
224.17±8.33
124.95±5.95
66.28±2.67
0.3±0.01
6.08±0.73
0.43±0.04
45.27±2.35
495.41±25.08
18.79±0.27
2.63±0.17
1.93
4785.1
4.94±0.26
0.78
Pertusadina metcalfii
Rubiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
154.44±12.03
71.35±7.01
47.12±3.08
0.32±0.02
7.65±0.63
0.29±0.05
99.96±17.95
438.43±0.27
20.23±0.71
1.78±0.04
1.10
2008.2
3.39±0.46
0.55
Psychotria asiatica
Rubiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
191.85±6.73
111.3±6.11
39.07±1.91
0.2±0.01
12±1.1
0.2±0.02
81.04±9.59
467.43±0.7
17.78±0.07
3.07±0.6
1.31
4264.5
3.98±0.45
0.35
Saprosma ternata
Rubiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
145.06±6.51
63.79±6.08
39.92±2.48
0.27±0.01
4.05±0.44
0.34±0.05
116.95±19.1
472.51±3.16
27.53±3.35
2.14±0.1
2.07
9753.5
4.44±0.43
0.31
Osmanthus didymopetalus
Oleaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
719.49±23.23
481.28±19.26
144.86±6.67
0.2±0.01
19.6±1.27
0.4±0.02
4.42±0.41
528.71±0.94
6.78±0.2
3.63±0.79
1.01
3963.5
8.6±0.35
1.00
Olea rosea
Oleaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
394.36±14.37
256.94±17.38
87.04±4.03
0.22±0.01
18.7±1.01
0.29±0.02
28.91±2.58
590.06±0.36
13.75±0.27
2.52±0.78
0.73
2494.4
6.61±0.47
0.90
Schefflera minutistellata
Araliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
332.63±14.65
224.1±13.56
65.37±4.61
0.19±0.01
7.7±0.53
0.35±0.04
37.91±4.59
546.11±0.16
22.53±0.26
1.45±0.06
0.89
5328.0
8.62±1.27
0.47
Macropanax undulatum
Araliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
263.7±8.43
151.11±9.68
65±3.23
0.25±0.01
12.6±0.94
0.32±0.05
28.7±2.79
446.96±1.76
14.53±0.28
3.42±0.4
1.40
3084.7
6.27±0.39
0.39
Pterospermum acerifolium
Sterculiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
280.74±9.29
157.89±9.61
91.67±3.4
0.33±0.01
14.3±1.27
0.24±0.03
25.66±3.26
431.89±0.49
14.68±0.09
3.44±0.3
1.27
2425.6
7.04±0.5
0.35
Sterculia lanceolata
Sterculiaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
213.89±10.16
114.44±8.92
64.81±3.08
0.31±0.01
5.4±0.28
0.4±0.05
72.15±8.1
475.05±0.16
15.93±0.16
5.92±0.69
4.72
2122.7
4.81±0.93
0.36
Itea chinensis
Saxifragaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
119.26±6.64
49.51±3.89
34.07±2.34
0.29±0.01
9.25±0.71
0.54±0.09
110.33±12.66
463.86±24.84
13.55±0.1
2.29±0.27
1.22
9509.0
5.56±0.21
0.08
Garcinia oblongifolia
Guttiferae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
190.19±6.9
108.77±6.33
37.62±1.48
0.2±0.01
7.1±0.66
0.28±0.04
90.87±7.53
461.65±1.67
20.57±0.17
2.88±0.56
1.88
6075.1
9.12±3.68
0.59
Cratoxylum cochinchinense
Guttiferae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
120.92±6.55
55.32±6.64
35.42±2.64
0.29±0.02
20.7±1.17
0.41±0.04
32.53±2.97
483.36±17.8
8.98±0.32
3.4±0.77
0.90
4976.4
3.61±0.46
0.55
Garcinia cowa
Guttiferae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
292.89±10.49
210.88±9.59
54.74±3.62
0.18±0.01
11.6±1.03
0.47±0.06
87.27±5.45
404.26±1.64
19.3±0.15
3.96±0.46
1.74
4329.1
4.55±0.4
0.40
Eriobotrya japonica
Rosaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
318.84±33.74
226.02±25.71
79.09±9.8
0.25±0.01
3.33±0.3
0.39±0.04
46.15±4.67
444.36±2.76
16.18±0.62
2.12±0.16
2.31
5609.2
6.65±0.86
0.45
Rhaphiolepis indica
Rosaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
144.81±5.97
65.93±4.59
35.93±1.92
0.25±0.01
8.45±0.73
0.53±0.04
86.79±6.13
461.36±26.74
12.7±0.27
2.22±0.12
1.26
4783.1
2.93±0.35
0.59
Pithecellobium lucidum
Fabaceae
Evergreen
AM
Dinghushan
260.56±6.83
152.96±7.76
70±3.04
0.27±0.01
12.35±2.07
0.31±0.03
58.89±3.98
475.95±12.57
22.59±2.87
2.03±0.14
0.85
7604.3
5.56±0.3
0.25
Acacia crassicarpa
Fabaceae
Evergreen
EM+AM
Heshan
225.93±9.63
142.59±9.02
48.89±3.06
0.22±0.01
8.95±0.64
0.36±0.05
108.28±9.87
443.15±1.15
20.7±0.27
2.24±0.36
1.22
7461.7
4.01±0.21
0.36
Acacia mangium
Fabaceae
Evergreen
EM+AM
Heshan
252.55±13.32
158.33±9.98
57.64±2.85
0.23±0.01
8.7±0.63
0.29±0.06
99.19±9.77
450.94±0.73
24.86±0.3
2.16±0.42
1.20
5674.9
4.86±0.32
0.53
Acacia auriculiformis
Fabaceae
Evergreen
AM
Heshan
283.13±14.52
169.96±11.39
72.84±3.58
0.26±0.02
11.1±1.02
0.25±0.04
93.62±8.56
411.98±0.58
23.35±0.48
1.93±0.18
0.88
15176.9
4.32±0.31
0.35
Pithecellobium clypearia
Fabaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
270.83±15.09
140.51±10.01
83.7±6.6
0.31±0.02
18.35±2.15
0.41±0.06
70.33±8.72
553.8±6.55
24.78±0.42
2.06±0.36
0.61
3961.1
5.24±0.39
0.56
Millettia leptobotrya
Fabaceae
Evergreen
AM
Xishuangbanna
341.58±18.66
225.26±16.64
83.16±7.72
0.25±0.02
9.45±1.27
0.43±0.05
25.62±3.64
488.32±0.98
31.22±0.08
2.78±0.49
1.45
6488.4
5.26±0.77
0.30
Carallia brachiata
Rhizophoraceae
Evergreen
AM
Wutongshan
214.26±7.99
138.79±7.29
43.86±2.12
0.2±0.01
11.4±0.87
0.21±0.02
109.24±17.14
467.79±0.29
16.92±0.35
2.58±0.4
1.15
3509.7
3.7±0.00
0.44
Alangium chinense
Alangiaceae
Deciduous
AM
Jianfengling
93.15±4.66
38.34±3.55
29.19±1.95
0.31±0.02
7.28±0.77
0.32±0.05
169.91±1.5
464.64±1.48
18.73±0.79
3.05±0.45
1.95
11957.4
3.15±0.93
0.25
Microcos paniculata
Tiliaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
116.85±10.87
47.17±9.28
42.3±2.86
0.38±0.03
5±0.66
0.52±0.03
115.38±14.21
471.28±4.95
15.79±0.09
2.56±0.19
2.15
6526.1
3.83±0.39
0.40
Acer fabri
Aceraceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
185.74±10.18
86.94±8.79
59.81±2
0.33±0.01
5.9±0.42
0.53±0.04
67.16±6.84
500.96±1.94
15.42±0.21
1.65±0.01
1.23
3827.6
4.36±0.48
0.65
Decaspermum gracilentum
Myrtaceae
Evergreen
AM
Jianfengling
155.35±7.36
60.42±5.41
38.66±1.97
0.25±0.01
6.5±1.02
0.42±0.04
63.99±6.42
458.39±2.16
14.13±0.08
1.95±0.07
1.36
7331.0
3.56±0.25
0.31
a
AM, arbuscular mycorrhizas; EM, ectomycorrhizas; NM, nonmycorrhizas, ERM, ericoid mycorrhizas.
Table S3 Primer sequences used in this study
Primer
rbcL
F
rbcL 1F
rbcLa_f
R
rbcL 724R
matK
F
matK 1R_KIM
matK 390F
xf
R
matK 3F_KIM
matK 1326R
5r
Primer sequences
5’-ATGTCACCACAAACAGAAAC-3’
5’-ATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAGC-3’
5’-TCGCATGTACCTGCAGTAGC-3’
5’-ACCCAGTCCATCTGGAAATCTTGGTTC-3’
5’-CGATCTATTCATTCAATATTTC-3’
5’-TAATTTACGATCAATTCATTC-3’
5’-CGTACAGTACTTTTGTGTTTACGAG-3’
5’-TCTAGCACACGAAAGTCGAAGT-3’
5’-GTTCTAGCACAAGAAAGTCG-3’
Table S4 Accession numbers for 96 subtropical woody species in South China
Species
rbcL
matK
Michelia macclurei
KJ412913
KJ412912
Parakmeria yunnanensis
KJ439967
KJ510868
Parakmeria lotungensis
KJ439968
KJ510869
Michelia balansae
KJ439969
KJ510870
Michelia odora
KJ439970
KJ510871
Michelia fulva
KJ439971
KJ510872
Michelia cavaleriei
KJ439972
KJ510873
Manglietia paruicula
KJ439973
KJ510874
Michelia champaca
KJ439974
KJ510875
Michelia opipara
KJ439975
KJ510876
Michelia maudiae
KJ439976
KJ510877
Liriodendron chinense
KJ439977
KJ510878
Michelia wilsonii
KJ439978
KJ510879
Magnolia grandiflora
KJ439979
KJ510880
Paramichelia baillonii
KJ439980
KJ510881
Manglietia dandyi
KJ439981
KJ510882
Michelia chapensis
KJ439982
KJ510883
Cryptocarya chinensis
KJ439983
KJ510884
Machilus velutina
KJ439984
KJ510885
Machilus kwangtungensis
KJ439985
KJ510886
Litsea cubeba
KJ439986
KJ510887
Cinnamomum camphora
KJ439987
KJ510888
Litsea verticillata
KJ439988
KJ510889
Cryptocarya concinna
KJ439989
KJ510890
Machilus robusta
KJ439990
KJ510891
Cinnamomum micranthum
KJ439991
KJ510892
Cinnamomum cassia
KJ439992
KJ510893
Litsea baviensis
KJ439993
KJ510894
Cinnamomum porrectum
KJ439994
KJ510895
Phoebe lanceolata
KJ439995
KJ510896
Mezzettiopsis creaghii
KJ439996
KJ510897
Helicia formosana
KJ439997
KJ510898
Syzygium hancei
KJ439998
KJ510899
Syzygium levinei
KJ439999
KJ510900
Eucalyptus urophylla
KJ440000
KJ510901
Syzygium globiflorum
KJ440001
KJ510902
Microtropis discolor
KJ440002
KJ510903
Castanea henryi
KJ440003
KJ510904
Castanopsis sfissa
KJ440004
KJ510905
Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis
KJ440005
KJ510906
Castanopsis hystrix
KJ440006
KJ510907
Castanopsis echinocarpa
KJ440007
KJ510908
Castanopsis wattii
KJ440008
KJ510909
Lithocarpus chintungensis
KJ440009
KJ510910
Aporusa dioica
KJ440010
KJ549621
Macaranga sampsonii
KJ440011
KJ510911
Aporusa yunnanensis
KJ440012
KJ510912
Endospermum chinense
KJ440013
KJ510913
Antidesma maclurei
KJ440014
KJ510914
Engelhardia roxburghiana
KJ440015
KJ510915
Elaeocarpus dubius
KJ440016
KJ510916
Ficus variolosa
KJ440017
KJ510917
Artocarpus styracifolius
KJ440018
KJ510918
Gironniera subaequalis
KJ440019
KJ510919
Celtis sinensis
KJ440020
KJ510920
Canarium album
KJ440021
KJ510921
Pistacia chinensis
KJ440022
KJ510922
Acronychia pedunculata
KJ440023
KJ510923
Euodia lepta
KJ440024
KJ510924
Nephelium lappaceum
KJ440025
KJ510925
Pometia tomentosa
KJ440026
KJ510926
Vaccinium mandarinorum
KJ440027
KJ510927
Barringtonia racemosa
KJ440028
KJ510928
Pentaphylax euryoides
KJ440029
KJ510929
Alniphyllum fortunei
KJ440030
KJ510930
Gordonia axillaris
KJ440031
KJ510931
Schima wallichii
KJ440032
KJ510932
Alstonia scholaris
KJ440033
KJ510933
Catunaregam spinosa
KJ440034
KJ510934
Wendlandia uvariifolia
KJ440035
KJ510935
Pertusadina metcalfii
KJ440036
KJ510936
Psychotria asiatica
KJ440037
KJ510937
Saprosma ternata
KJ549620
KJ510938
Osmanthus didymopetalus
KJ440039
KJ510939
Olea rosea
KJ440040
KJ510940
Schefflera minutistellata
KJ440041
KJ510941
Macropanax undulatum
KJ440042
KJ510942
Pterospermum acerifolium
KJ440043
KJ510943
Sterculia lanceolata
KJ440044
KJ510944
Itea chinensis
KJ440045
KJ510945
Garcinia oblongifolia
KJ440046
KJ510946
Cratoxylum cochinchinense
KJ440047
KJ510947
Garcinia cowa
KJ440048
KJ510948
Eriobotrya japonica
KJ440049
KJ510949
Rhaphiolepis indica
KJ440050
KJ510950
Pithecellobium lucidum
KJ440051
KJ510951
Acacia crassicarpa
KJ440052
KJ510952
Acacia mangium
KJ440053
KJ510953
Acacia auriculiformis
KJ440054
KJ510954
Pithecellobium clypearia
KJ440055
KJ510955
Millettia leptobotrya
KJ440056
KJ510956
Carallia brachiata
KJ440057
KJ510957
Alangium chinense
KJ440058
KJ510958
Microcos paniculata
KJ440059
KJ510959
Acer fabri
KJ440060
KJ510960
Decaspermum gracilentum
KJ440061
KJ510961
Table S5 Fossils information, prior distribution of fossil calibration nodes and the estimated divergence time
Node MRCA
Stratigraphic position
Age (Mya)
Fossil
Gene fragment
Mean
(Mya)
95%HPD
(Mya)
Prior distribution
1
Nymphaeales Late Aptian
[125.0,112.0] Endressinia brasiliana small
peryginous flower
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
113.16
112.12
112.03
[105.64,119.74]
[105.35,118.86]
[105.61,118.64]
Normal
Mean=118,
SD=4
2
Magnoliales
Late Aptian
[125.0,112.0] Endressinia brasiliana leaves and rbcL
flowers
matK
rbcL+matK
115.63
115.68
115.60
[106.69,123.06]
[108.84,122.32]
[108.54,122.48]
Normal
Mean=118,
SD=4
3
Lauraceae
Early Albian-mid
Albian
[112.0,99.6]
Potomacanthus lobatus flower
104.84
104.61
104.68
[97.63,112.69]
[97.45,111.94]
[97.46,112.36]
Normal
Mean=106,
SD=4
4
Magnoliaceae Early Cenomanian
[99.6,93.5]
Archaeanthus linnenbergeri fruit rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
96.47
96.37
96.42
[92.60,100.50]
[92.64,100.19]
[92.48,100.35]
Normal
Mean=96.5,
SD=2
5
Fagales
Late Cenomanian
[96.5,93.5]
Normapolles pollen
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
94.30
94.19
94.19
[93.50,95.75]
[93.50,95.57]
[93.50,95.50]
exponential
Offset=93.5,
Mean=1
6
Ericales
Turonian
[93.5,89.3]
Paleoenkianthus sayrevillensis
flowers
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
91.22
91.15
91.12
[88.35,94.11]
[88.03,93.89]
[88.21,93.98]
Normal
Mean=91.5,
SD=1.5
7
Malpighiales Turonian
[93.5,89.3]
Paleoclusia chevalieri flowers
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
91.31
90.91
90.95
[88.48,94.40]
[88.21,93.79]
[88.15,93.91]
Normal
Mean=91.5,
SD=1.5
8
Sapindales
[58.7,55.8]
Acer sp., Dipteronia sp.,
rbcL
Koelreuteria sp. fruits and leaves matK
rbcL+matK
57.14
57.15
57.17
[55.22,59.05]
[55.12,59.04]
[55.24,59.15]
Normal
Mean=57
SD=1
Late Paleocene
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
9
Rosaceae
Middle Eocene
[48.6,37.2]
Prunus sp. endocarp, Rosa sp.
foliage
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
41.94
42.05
42.14
[36.29,47.95]
[36.23,47.73]
[36.42,47.93]
Normal
Mean=43
SD=3
10
Malvales
Late Eocene
[37.2,33.9]
Craigia sp., Tilia sp. flowers
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
35.47
35.48
35.48
[33.59,37.43]
[33.46,37.37]
[33.50,37.36]
Normal
Mean=35.5,
SD=1
11
Eudicot
Late Barremian-Early [130,125]
Aptian
Barremian-Early aptian
Tricolpate pollen grains
Sinocarpus decussatus
infructescence fragment
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
126.03
126.51
126.50
[125.00,128.01]
[125.00,129.34]
[125,129.20]
exponential
Offset=125
Mean=1.5
12
Rutaceae
Late Eocene
Euodia sp. seeds, Rutaspermum
sp. seeds, Ptelea sp. fruit
rbcL
matK
rbcL+matK
35.31
35.29
35.26
[33.44,37.31]
[33.45,37.37]
[33.36,37.26]
Normail
Mean=35.5,
SD=1
[37.2,33.9]
HPD, Highest posterior density.
Fossil age refer to GTS 2004 (Gradstein & Ogg, 2004).
Table S6 The loading scores of traits of the first order roots in the first two PCA axes
Root traits
Axis 1
Axis 2
Diam
Cortex
Stele
Stele/Diam
Length
RTD
SRL
C
N
BrRatio
BrIntensity
VesDens
VesDiam
MC
0.96
0.95
0.91
-0.90
0.68
-0.66
-0.89
-0.04
0.27
-0.27
-0.50
-0.69
0.83
0.71
0.12
0.11
0.17
0.04
-0.13
0.12
-0.14
-0.25
-0.08
0.89
0.80
-0.19
0.11
0.11
19
Methods S1 Construction of plant phylogeny
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
The silica-gel dried leaf materials which were collected at the same time with the root
samples were used for DNA extraction of each species. DNA was extracted by plant genomic
DNA kit (TIANGEN, Beijing) according to the protocol. Then chloroplast gene fragments rbcL
and matK were amplified. Program for polymerase chain reaction was 94ºC for 5 min; then 35
cycles of 94ºC for 30 s, 50ºC for 45 s, 72ºC for 45 s; followed by another extension of 72ºC for 8
min. Primers for the target gene fragments (Li et al., 2011) was listed in Table S3. Unpurified PCR
products were sequenced from both directions by Sangon using an ABI-PRISM3730XL Genetic
Analyzer (Foster City, CA, USA) with BigDyeterminator v3.1.
Sequences assembling and alignment
Sequences of both directions were assembled for each species using seqman in Lasergene 7.1
(DNASTAR, http://www.dnastar.com/). Only samples which two-direction chromatograms
matched above 97% were used in next analysis. MEGA5 (Tamura et al., 2011) were used to align
the sequences with default set. Then the results of alignment were manually corrected.
Construction of phylogenetic tree
As phylogenetically related outgroups give robust topology (Rosenfeld et al., 2012), five
species which are related to the 96 sampled species were selected as outgroups according to
relationship suggested by APGIII (APG 2009). The outgroup sequences were download from
Genbank. They were two species in Nymphaeales: Nymphaea odorata (M77034; AF092988) and
Brasenia schreberi (M77031; HQ189138), and three species in Austobaileyales: Austrobaileya
scandens (L12632; DQ182344), Illicium floridanum (DQ182334; AF543738) and Schisandra
chinensis (AF238061; JF956214).
The phylogenetic trees based on each of the two gene fragments and their combined dataset
were constructed by three methods, neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and Bayes,
respectively. We used jModelTest (Posada 2008) to decide the best substitution model for
20
maximum likelihood tree. The results showed the best model for rbcL; matK; rbcL+matK were
TVM+I+G, TVM+G, and GTR+I+G, respectively. For neighbor-joining tree we empirically used
Tamura 3-parameter model.
The neighbor-joining tree was constructed using MEGA5 with 1000 bootstraps. Shape
parameter of gamma distribution was calculated by ‘Estimate Gamma Parameter for Site Rates’
with 4 substitution rate categories under the same substitution model of neighbor-joining tree.
Gamma rate for rbcL, matK and rbcL+matK were 0.2258, 1.1301 and 0.4552, respectively. The
substitution methods for DNA missing and spacing included transition, transversion and partial
deletion (5%). 1st, 2nd, 3rd and noncoding sites were selected as codon position.
The maximum likelihood trees were constructed by PhyML3.0 (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003).
Setting the number of substitution rate categories as 4, we then let program estimate Gamma
distribution parameter. Parsimony tree was used as starting tree. The best tree was searched by
SPR (subtree pruning regrafting) in the heuristic search with 5 random starting trees. One hundred
non-parameter bootstraps were used.
Bayesian trees were constructed by BEAST1.7.1. Ingroups were set as monophyletic group.
According to jmodeltest, we choose GTR+I+G as the substitution model. In Bayesian framework,
Bayesian factor (BF) is better than Akaike information criterion (AIC) as a criterion of model
selection (Lodewyckx et al., 2011). We compared strict clock, uncorrelated exponential relaxed
clock and uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock with the best substitution model. The best clock
model was uncorrelated exponential relaxed clock. BF was calculated by Tracer v1.4
(http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/). After these processes we annotated tree with divergence
time by Tree Annotator v1.7.1 (in BEAST package), then viewed tree file by FigTree v1.3.1
(http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).
Estimation of divergence time
Divergence time was estimated by BEAST1.7.1 (Drummond et al., 2012) with the fossil
calibration points referring to Magallóan & Sanderson (2005) and Magallón & Castillo (2009).
Detailed fossil information is shown in Table S5.
As the fossil of the most recent common ancestor of Fagales and Eudicots is pollen, we
assumed the exponential prior distribution for these 2 constraints according to Sauquet et al.
21
(2012). The prior distribution of other calibrated nodes were set as normal distribution with means
set to the estimated age of the fossils and standard deviations were set to give confidence intervals
of the fossil age (details in Table S5). A soft upper boundary of root was set as 130 Ma, which is
the age of the first credible fossil record (De Bodt et al., 2005) with exponential prior distribution
(offset=130 Ma mean=1.0). Age of the fossils referred to GTS2004 (Gradstein & Ogg 2004). We
used Yule process as tree prior, run 15 (rbcL data set) and 70 (matK and rbcL+matK data set)
million generations for Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to let the effective sample size of
every parameter over 100, then log parameters every 5000 generations. When run the matK
dataset the maximum likelihood was close to minus infinite, thus couldn’t calculate continuously.
Then we set normal prior distribution to the Eudicots node with lower of the fossil age as the mean,
standard deviation equal to 1.5. Other constraints in matK dataset were the same with other two
datasets. Again set ingroup as monophyletic group.
22
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