THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS Chapter 6 – Urban
THIRD EDITION
Transportation
CONCEPTS
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or
redistribution permitted.
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Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and Urban Form
THIRD EDITION
Concept 1
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Perspectives about the Urban Spatial Structure: From Dichotomy to Continuum
Dichotomy
Continuum
Urban
EMR
Rural
Urban
Rural
Towns
Villages
Large City
Secondary cities
MUR
EMR: Extended Metropolitan Region MUR: Mega-Urban Region
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Demographic Transition
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Total Population
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Cities, 1850
Glasgow
Moscow
Manchester
Calcutta
Naples
Liverpool
Vienna
Philadelphia
Berlin
Saint Petersburg
Suzhou
Tokyo
Mumbai
New York
Hangzhou
Istanbul
Guangzhou
Paris
Beijing
London
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Cities, 1900
Liverpool
Xian
Glasgow
Boston
Calcutta (Kolkata)
Moscow
Birmingham
Philadelphia
Manchester
St. Petersburg
Tokyo
Vienna
Chicago
Berlin
Paris
New York
London
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Millions
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Population, Selected Units, 1880-2009
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
Western Europe
800,000
United States
China
600,000
India
Japan
400,000
200,000
0
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Billions
Global Population (1950-2010) and Growth Scenarios, 2010-2050
12.0
10.0
8.0
Base
6.0
High
Low
4.0
Medium
2.0
0.0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World Urban Population, 1950-2010 with Projections to 2030 (in billions)
5
World
More developed regions
4.5
Less developed regions
4
Urban Population (in billions)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000 2005
2010
2015
2020 2025 2030
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010
Paris
Istanbul
Moskva (Moscow)
Lagos
Al-Qahirah (Cairo)
Osaka-Kobe
Manila
Rio de Janeiro
Beijing
Los Angeles
Buenos Aires
Karachi
Dhaka
Kolkata (Calcutta)
Shanghai
New York
Mexico City
Mumbai (Bombay)
São Paulo
Delhi
Tokyo
10.49
10.52
10.55
1950
1975
2010
10.58
11.00
11.34
11.63
11.95
12.39
12.76
13.07
13.12
14.65
15.55
16.58
19.43
19.46
20.04
20.26
22.16
36.67
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cities of more than 8 million, 1950-2010
1950
1970
1990
2000
2010
Developed countries
New York
London
New York
London
Tokyo
Los Angeles
Paris
Tokyo
New York
Los Angeles
Moscow
Osaka
Paris
Tokyo
New York
Los Angeles
Moscow
Osaka
Paris
Developing countries
None
Shanghai
Mexico City
Buenos Aires
Beijing
Sao Paulo
Mexico City
Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Calcutta
Buenos Aires
Bombay
Seoul
Beijing
Rio de Janeiro
Tianjin
Jakarta
Cairo
Delhi
Manila
Mexico City
Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Calcutta
Bombay
Beijing
Jakarta
Delhi
Buenos Aires
Lagos
Tianjin
Seoul
Rio de Janeiro
Dhaka
Cairo
Manila
Karachi
Bangkok
Istanbul
Teheran
Bangalore
Lima
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Cities, 1850
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Largest Cities, 2010
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World at Night
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Percentage of Urban Population by Region, 1950-2030
Asia
Latin America
North America
1950
1975
2000
Europe
2030
Africa
World
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Billions
Urban Population by Region, 1950-2030 (in millions)
5
4
Asia
3
Latin America
North America
Europe
2
Africa
1
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cities and Connectivity
Function
Main Mode
Nexus
Trade
Water transport (maritime and fluvial).
Waterfront (Heavy industries, Intermodal
terminals).
Production
Railway
Central stations.
Rail terminals and railyards.
Mobility
Highways
Transit
Shopping districts.
Distribution clusters.
Command
Telecommunications
Financial / management districts.
High technology clusters.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportation, Urban Form and Spatial Structure
Spatial
imprint
Infrastructures
Modes
Users
Transportation
Urban Form
Spatial
interaction
Urban Spatial Structure
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
Airport District
Port
District
Manufacturing
District
CBD
Built area
Accessibility node
Economic node
Road / transit link
Maritime link
Rail link
Air link
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Urban Spatial Structures
Centralized
A
B
C
D
Decentralized
Clustered
Dispersed
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation Modes
Streetcar line
Freeway
Walking
10 km
Streetcar
Cycling
Automobile
Automobile with freeways
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
A
B
C
Core activities
Peripheral activities
Central activities
Central area
Major transport axis
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Possible Urban Movement Patterns
Organized
Primary flow
Secondary flow
Disorganized
Monocentric
Polycentric
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of Transportation and Urban Form in North American and European Cities
Europe
North America
I
II
III
IV
I
II
IV
III
I - Walking-horsecar era (1800-1890)
III - Automobile era (1920-1945)
Streetcar line
II - Streetcar era (1890-1920)
IV - Highway era (1945-)
Highway
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of Transportation and Urban Form in European Cities (to be redesigned)
Built up area prior to introduction of mechanical transport
Development consequent on steam railways
Development consequent on tramways
Development consequent on motor buses
Development consequent on private car
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Evolution of Urban Densities in North America and Europe
North America
Europe
IV
I
II
III
r(E)
Density
Density
r(NA)
I
II
Distance
III
IV
Distance
I - Prior to mechanized transport
II - Early forms of mechanized transport (tramways)
III - Diffusion of motor vehicles (buses, automobiles)
IV - Suburbanization
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Transport Development Paths
Public
B
Main development paths
Transit Cities
Ownership of Passenger Modes
Path divergence
Bus /
Paratransit
Cities
Walking
Cities
1
2
3
Non-Motorized
Transport
A
Motorcycle
Cities
Private
Low
C
Complete Traffic
Saturation
Bus Traffic
Saturation
Urban Mobility Level
Car Cities
Traffic
Saturation
High
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Population Density of the World's Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Population Density by Distance from City Center, Selected Cities
350
Beijing (1990)
Paris (1990)
300
Bangkok (1988)
Jakarta (1990)
Persons per hectare
250
Barcelona (1990)
New York (1990)
200
Los Angeles (1990)
150
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Distance form city center (km)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
American Population Living in Metropolitan Areas and Their Central Cities and Suburbs,
1910-2010 (%)
90
80
70
60
50
23.3
40
13.8
30
30.9
37.6
44.8
46.2
50
51
15.3
9.2
7.1
20
10
21.2
24.8
30.8
32.5
32.8
32.3
31.4
30
31.3
30.3
33
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0
1910
1920
Central Cities
Suburbs
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Density and Car Use in North American Cities, 1991
40
Urban density (pers./ha)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
Car use per capita (km)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Service Attributes of Urban Transportation Modes
0
10
Speed (km/hr)
30
40
20
50
60
70
80
Private car on freeway
Private car on conventional road
Light rapid transport system
Urban railway
Bus using reserved lane on highways
Bus on conventional road network
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Capacity (pers/hr)
Maximum capacity
Average speed
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Modes and Distance Decay
Number of trips
Cycling and walking
Motorized
A
B
C
Distance
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Performance by Urban Transport Mode
Performance Index
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1/3 full ligh rail/metro
Full light rail/metro
1/3 full bus
Full bus
Car with 1 person
Fully occupied car
Cyclist
Pedestrian
0
10
20
Space required per person (in sqr m)
30
Speed (km/hr)
40
Performance index
50
60
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Rationale of a Ring Road
Spatial Structure
Accessibility
Before
5
Avoiding the congested
central area
A
10
5
10
5
10
10
B
5
City
Center
A to B = 30
Secondary
Center
10
10
A
Structuring
Suburban
development
After
5
10
5
10
5
10
10
10
5
B
10
A to B = 20
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Type I - Completely Motorized Network
Main Road
Highway
Activity center
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Type II - Weak Center
Main Road
Highway
Transit line
Activity center
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Type III - Strong Center
Main Road
Highway
Transit line
Activity center
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Type IV - Traffic Limitation
Main Road
Highway
Transit line
Activity center
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Street Network Types
Conventional Grid
Pattern (c 1900)
Arterial road
Curvilinear Loop Pattern &
Beginning of Cul-de-Sacs (1930-1950)
Conventional
Cul-de-Sac Pattern
(since 1950)
Local street
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Scale and Urban Spatial Structure
Community
District
Community
Scale
Main roads
Employment zones
City
District
Highway and transit
systems
Major transport terminals
(ports and airports)
Components of the spatial structure
Streets
Basic services
Residences
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Suburban Development along an Highway Interchange
Retail
Office
Industrial
Residential
Highway
Railway
Core
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and Land Use
THIRD EDITION
Concept 2
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportation, Activity Systems and Land Use
Spatial
imprint
Infrastructures
Modes
Users
Transportation
Urban Form
Spatial
interaction
Labor
Customers
Suppliers
Activity
Urban Spatial Structure
Spatial
location
Land Use Pattern
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Use Footprint by City Type
Buenos Aires
Tokyo
Paris
New York
Built
Toronto
Roads
Parks
Phoenix
Houston
Chicago
Washington
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Urban Expansion
Existing build up
Infilling
Extension
Linear development
Sprawl
Large-scale projects
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Relationships between Land Uses
Land Use
Relationships
A
C
B
G
B
C
F
E
A
F
D
G
E
Passengers
Freight
D
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transport Infrastructure and Activity Location
Mixed
Freight Based
Population Based
Mixed
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transportation / Land Use Interactions
Transportation
Activity Patterns
Accessibility
Land Use
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Transport / Land Use System
Infrastructures (Supply)
Friction of Distance
(Impendence)
Friction of Distance
(Impendence)
Transport System
Spatial Interactions
Land Use
•Traffic assignment models
• Transport capacity
• Spatial interaction models
• Distance decay
parameters
• Modal split
• Economic base theory
• Location theory
• Traffic generation and
attraction model
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Von Thunen's Regional Land Use Model
Isolated State
Modified Conditions
Central city
Navigable river
Market gardening and
milk production
Firewood and lumber
production
Crop farming without
fallow
Crop framing, fallow
and pasture
Three-field system
Livestock farming
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Inference of Von Thunen’s Model to the Continental United States
Forest
Wheat
Dairy
Forest
Beef Cattle
and Sheep
Wheat
Corn and
Soybeans
Beef Cattle
and Sheep
Vegetables
Specialty
Crops
Cotton and
Tobacco
Dairy
Vegetables
Corn and
Soybeans
Cotton and
Tobacco
Assumptions
1. New York City the only market
2. Crops ranked by rent paying ability
3. No terrain or climatic variation
A
Assumptions
1. New York City the only market
2. Crops ranked by rent paying ability
3. No terrain variation
4. Climatic variation considered
Specialty
Crops
B
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Burgess’ Urban Land Use Model
Chicago, 1920s
Model
I - Loop (downtown)
II - Factory zone
Ghetto
III - Zone of transition
LOOP
IV - Working class zone
Two Plan
Area
V - Residential zone
Black Belt
VI - Commuter zone
Residential District
Bungalow
Section
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Sector and Nuclei Urban Land Use Models
Sector
3
2
3
4
1
5
4
3
3
5
3
3
1
2
3
3
3
2
Nuclei
4
7
6
9
1 CBD
2 Wholesale and light manufacturing
3 Lower-class residential
4 Middle-class residential
5 Upper-class residential
8
6 Heavy manufacturing
7 Sub business district
8 Residential suburb
9 Industrial suburb
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Hybrid Land Use Model: Transportation and the Formation of Urban Landscapes
Pre Indust. (Concentric)
Streetcar (Sector)
Bicycle (Concentric)
Centers
CBD
Walking
Horsecar
Automobile (Concentric)
Railways
Highway (Concentric and Nodal)
Suburb Towns
Roads
Main roads
Highways
Suburb
New suburb
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Basic Land Economics
Price
P2
P1
P3
Q2
Q1
Q3
Quantity of Land
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Rent and Land Use
2 – Overlay
of bid rent
curves
1 – Bid rent curves
Rent
A- Retailing
B- Industry/
commercial
City limits
Distance
C - Apartments
D - Single houses
3- Land use
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Rent Theory and Rent Curve
Rent 1/S
1 km
5 km
10 km
S = 3.14
S = 75.40
S = 235.62
S = π D2
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Contemporary Modifications of the Land Rent Theory
Rent
A – Conventional CBD
B – Commercial / industry / warehousing
C – High to medium density residential
D – Sub center
E – Suburbia
A
B
C
D
E
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cellular Automata Land Use Dynamics
t=0
Urban land use
Non urban land use
t=1
t=2
t=3
Protected land use
Highway
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Basic Urban Dynamics
Transport Investments
Accessibility
Economic Impacts
Terminals
Infrastructures
Modes
Passengers
Freight
Information
Economic growth
Agglomeration / clustering
Productivity
Employment
Investment
Feedback
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Dynamics of Urban Change
Components
Pace of Change
Transport Network
Freight Transport
Very Slow
Commuting
Employment
Population
Workplaces
Housing
Land Use
Very Fast
Fast
Slow
Very Slow
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Urban Mobility
THIRD EDITION
Concept 3
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transit Technology and Urban Development, Late 19th – Early 20th Century
City Center
Trackside suburb
Urban Development
New Urban Development
Commercial Strips
Rail Station
Intercity (Commuter) Railroad
Streetcar Line
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Suitability of Travel Modes
Mode
Most Appropriate Uses
Taxi
Limitations
Requires physical ability.
Limited distance and carrying capacity.
Difficult or unsafe in some areas.
Requires bicycle and physical ability.
Limited distance and carrying capacity.
Relatively high cost per mile.
Fixed Route Transit
Destinations and times limited.
Short to medium distance trips along busy corridors.
Paratransit
High cost and limited service.
Requires driving ability and automobile.
High fixed costs.
Travel for disabled people.
Travel by people who can drive and afford an
automobile.
Requires cooperative automobile driver.
Consumes driver’s time for deviations.
Trips that the driver would take anyway (commuting).
Walking
Bicycle
Auto driver
Ridesharing
Vehicle Rentals
Motorcycle
Telecommuting
Requires convenient and affordable vehicle rentals
services.
Requires riding ability and motorcycle.
Average fixed costs.
Requires IT equipment and skills.
Short trips by physically able people.
Short to medium length trips by physically able people
on suitable routes.
Infrequent trips over short and medium distance.
Occasional use by drivers who do not own an
automobile.
Travel by people who can ride and afford a motorcycle.
Alternative to some types of trips.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Space Required per Passenger on Road Transport Modes
Square Meter per Passenger
Highway Driving
Arterial Driving
Cycling
Walking
Public Transport
0
50
100
150
200
250
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Largest Subway Systems in the World by Annual Ridership, c2010 (in millions)
Sao Paulo
Saint Petersburg
Osaka
Cairo
London
Hong Kong
Mexico City
Paris
New York
Guangzhou
Shanghai
Beijing
Moscow
Seoul
Tokyo
754
777
837
837
1,170
1,378
1,487
1,506
1,640
1,640
2,101
2,180
2,389
2,429
3,161
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World’s Main Subway Systems, c2010
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998
New York
Manila
Paris
London
Sao Paulo
Buenos Aires
Beijing
Mumbai
Seoul
Hong Kong
Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto
Shanghai
Moscow
Mexico City
Tokyo-Yokohama
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Estimated Annual Journeys (billions)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mean Travel Time to Work for Selected American Cities (in minutes), 1980-1990
National Total
Boston
Detroit
Houston
Chicago
Washington
San Francisco
New York
Los Angeles
0
5
10
1990
15
1980
20
25
30
35
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Components of an Urban Transit System
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Subway station
Transit rail station
Bus stop
Shuttle stop
X
Transfer
Express stop
Paratransit
Taxi service
boundary
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Distance between Access Points to Public Transit
Light Rail
Commuter Rail
Bus (express)
Bus (conventional)
Metro / Subway
0
2
4
6
Kilometers
8
10
12
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Private Vehicle and Public Transport Market Share, 1990/91
100%
American Cities
90%
Private Vehicle Market Share
European Cities
80%
70%
Asian Cities
60%
50%
40%
30%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Public Transport Market Share
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Public Transport Market Share in the United States, 1900-2005
140
100%
90%
120
80%
Billions
100
70%
60%
80
50%
60
40%
30%
40
20%
20
10%
0
0%
1900
1920
1940
1960
Estimated Public Transport Passenger Miles
1980
Public Transport Market Share
2000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Trips by Public Transport in the United States, 1903-2010
100%
90%
Bus
80%
Light Rail
Heavy Rail
20,000
Trolley Bus
Public Transport Market Share
60%
15,000
50%
40%
10,000
Millions of Trips
70%
Market Share
25,000
30%
20%
5,000
10%
0
1902
1917
1920
1923
1926
1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
0%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transit and Urban Form
Adaptive Cities
Adaptive Transit
Hybrids
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transit and Urban Land Use Impacts
High
Average
Transit Use
Low
Accessibility
Convergence
Integration
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Accessibility along a Transit Line
30 min.
Stop Access Time
5 min.
Stops
Ra
25 min.
a
5 min.
20
Rb
b
10
15
Rc
c
15
10
Rd
d
20
5
Re
e
25
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Urban Movements
Movement Type
Pattern
Dominant Time
Destination
Pendular
Structured
Morning and afternoon
Localized (employment)
Professional
Varied
Workdays
Localized
Personal
Structured
Evening
Varied with some foci
Touristic
Seasonal
Day
Highly localized
Distribution
Structured
Nighttime
Localized
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Commuting Time (One Way), Selected Metropolitan Areas
Dallas
Milan
Seattle
Barcelona
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Boston
Vancouver
Chicago
Montreal
Berlin
Toronto
Madrid
Paris
Sydney
Tokyo
New York
Stockholm
London
Hong Kong
Sao Paulo
Shanghai
26.5
26.7
26.9
28.0
28.1
28.7
28.9
30.0
30.7
31.0
31.6
33.0
33.0
33.7
34.0
34.5
34.6
35.0
37.0
40.0
42.8
50.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Minutes
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Income and Urban Transport Demand
12
10
Trips per Person per Day
8
Business
Social
6
Shopping
Work
4
2
0
Low
Average
High
Very High
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Purposes of Passenger Trips in the United States, 2001
1%
8%
5%
34%
Work
Shopping
12%
School
Business (Work)
Business (Personnal)
Recreational
Medical
Social
11%
Other
3%
13%
13%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Main Purposes of Transit Trips in the United States, 2007
11%
3%
9%
Work
School
Social
Shopping
7%
Medical
59%
Personal/Other
11%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typical Urban Day Trips by Modes, Origins and Destinations
1:30 AM
Delivery
Shopping mall
10:30 PM
Delivery
1:30 PM
Walk
Restaurant
2:30 AM
Return
8:30 PM
Carpool
7:00 AM
Garbage
pickup
10:45 PM
Return
7:00 PM
Carpool
5:30 PM
Drive alone
Home
Work
8:15 AM
Drive alone
8:00 AM
Carpool
10:05 AM
Parcel
Pickup
School
(drop off child)
Trip
12:30 PM
Walk
Passenger
Freight
10:00 AM
Parcel
Drop off
Home-based
Work-based
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Travel by Purpose and by Time of the Day in a North American Metropolis
25
Share of Trips
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Work
7
8
9
10
11 12 13
Time of the Day
Social / Recreation
Shopping
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Total trips
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Time of Departure for Home to Work Trips, United States
25%
Share of Home to Work Trips
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
12:00 am to 5:00 am to
4:59 am
5:59 am
6:00 am to
6:59 am
7:00 am to
7:29 am
1985
7:30 am to
7:59 am
1999
8:00 am to
8:29 am
2003
8:30 am to
8:59 am
9:00 am to 10:00 am to 4:00 pm to
9:59 am
3:59 pm
11:59 pm
2009
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typical Car and Truck Trips Distribution by Time of the Day
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1AM
3AM
5AM
7AM
9AM
11AM
Trucks
1PM
Cars
3PM
5PM
7PM
9PM
11PM
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Typical Truck Trips Distribution by Time of the Day
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00
AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
International Journey to Work Travel Times by Population Density, 1990
250
200
150
100
50
32.6
30.9
29.1
24.1
22.4
26.8
0
Over 20,000
10,000-19,999
5,000-9,999
Average Travel to Work Time (Minutes)
2,500-4,999
Under 2,500
Average
Annual Hours Spent Commuting
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Home-to-Work Trips Modes, United States, 1985-2010
100%
90%
80%
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.6
14.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
12.2
4.4
9.1
4.9
9.7
70%
60%
50%
40%
72.0
76.0
77.0
77.5
75.7
79.3
76.6
1985
1989
1993
1997
2000
2005
2010
30%
Worked at home
Other means
Walks only
Bicycle or motorcycle
Mass transit
Carpool
Drives self
20%
10%
0%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Modal Split, Journey to Work Trips, Selected Cities
Toronto
Tokyo
Singapore
Shanghai
Rome
Paris
New York
Melbourne
Madrid
Los Angeles
London
Hamburg
Delhi
Dallas
Chicago
Budapest
Bogota
Brussels
Berlin
Beijing
Barcelona
Auckland
Amsterdam
0%
10%
20%
30%
Walking
40%
Cycling
50%
Public Transit
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Private Vehicle
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mode Share for Commuting, New York, 1980-2000
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Other non walk
Taxi
50%
Bus
40%
Subway
Automobile
30%
20%
10%
0%
1980
1990
2000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Metropolitan Job Decentralization, United States, 1993-1996
18%
25%
Cities losing jobs
Cities gaining jobs slower than suburbs
Cities gaining jobs faster than suburbs
57%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mobility Gaps in Urban Areas
Employment center
Car-based mobility
Transit-based mobility
Mobile individual
Mobility constrained individual
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Annual VMT by Age Group and Gender, United States, 1995
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
16-19
20-34
Males
35-54
Females
55-65
65+
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Person Miles of Travel per Person by Age and Gender, 2009
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Under 16
16 to 20
21 to 35
Men
36 to 65
More than 65
Women
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Destination for Work-Related Movements in the United States
(35%)
Central City
(5%)
(25%)
(25%)
Suburbia
Exurbia
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Percentage of Workers Using Public Transportation, Selected Urban Areas, 2000
Washington
Central City
Metropolitan Area
San Francisco
Philadelphia
New York
Los Angeles
Dallas-Fort Worth
Chicago
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Source of Revenue for Some American Transit Systems, 2008
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Revenue from fares
Revenue from subsidies
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Urban Transport Challenges
THIRD EDITION
Concept 4
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Percentage of Households by Number of Vehicles, 1969-2009
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
3 or more vehicles
2 vehicles
50%
1 vehicle
40%
0 vehicles
30%
20%
10%
0%
1969
1977
1983
1990
1995
2001
2005
2009
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Land Area Consumed by the Car in Selected Countries, 1999
0
Sweden
100
200
Land area per capita (in square meters)
300
400
500
700
800
% of total land area used by the car
0.59%
268
600
Land area per capita (sqr. meters)
United Kingdom
72
Germany
91
France
173
Japan
104
Mexico
87
Canada
734
United States
573
0.0%
1.76%
2.15%
1.87%
3.51%
0.45%
0.25%
1.74%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
Percentage of total land area used by the car
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Central Business District Monthly Parking Rate, 2011
Boston
Calgary
Birmingham
Milan
New York
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Brisbane
Vienna
Amsterdam
Melbourne
Oslo
Sydney
Geneva
Perth
Rome
Tokyo
Hong Kong
Zurich
London
$438.00
$486.34
$496.44
$517.61
$541.00
$546.41
$567.13
$568.89
$575.12
$586.62
$598.39
$612.15
$695.31
$704.70
$717.43
$718.90
$744.00
$744.72
$822.15
$1,083.59
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Geographical Paradoxes behind Urban Transport Problems
Congestion
Level of Externality
Mono-functional
Automobile
dependency
Level of Land Use Specialization
North American Suburb
Level of Agglomeration
European City
Road Footprint
Japanese City
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Factors Contributing to the Growth of Driving in the United States
17%
13%
17%
35%
Increase in population
Increase in trip length
Increase in trips
Decrease in vehicle occupancy
Switch to driving
18%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Levels of Automobile Dependency
Automobile Dependency
Spatial Structure
Car only
High
75%
Medium
50%
Low
Transportation
alternatives
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Space / Time Relationships and Modal Choice
Density
High
Low
TIME
Congestion
Worst case
High
Low
Best case
Concentrated
SPACE
Dispersed
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Vicious Circle of Congestion
Congestion
Growth in length and
number of
movements
Pressures to
increase capacity
Urban sprawl incited
New capacity
Lower friction to
mobility
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
100 Most Congested Highway Intersections in the United States, 2006
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Number of Hours of Delay per Auto Commuter per Year, Selected American Cities,
1982-2011
90
80
70
Very Large Area Average
Los Angeles
60
San Francisco
50
Chicago
New York
40
Phoenix
Miami
30
Atlanta
Washington
20
Dallas / Fort Worth
10
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
-
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Roadway Congestion Index per Year, Selected American Cities, 1982-2011
1.80
1.60
Very Large Area Average
1.40
Los Angeles
San Francisco
1.20
Chicago
New York
Phoenix
1.00
Miami
Atlanta
0.80
Washington
Dallas / Fort Worth
0.60
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0.40
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
City Size and Roadway Congestion Index, United States, 1982-2011
1.80
1.60
Roadway Congestion Index (RCI)
1.40
R² = 0.3519
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
100
1,000
Urban Population (1,000s)
10,000
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Home-to-Work Commute Profile, United States, 1977-2009
40
35
30
25
Average Length of Work Trips (miles)
20
Average Work Trips Travel Time (minutes)
Average Speed (Miles per Hour)
15
10
5
0
1977
1983
1990
1995
2001
2009
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Daily Commuting Time, European and North American Countries, 2005 (in
minutes)
Italy
United States
Canada
Spain
Portugal
France
Austria
EU Average
Denmark
Belgium
Sweden
Ireland
Luxembourg
Greece
Finland
Netherlands
Germany
UK
23
25
26
33
33
36
36
38
38
39
40
40
40
40
41
44
45
46
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Urban Density and Driving Speed, Selected Global Cities
80,000
Density (people per square mile)
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Average road speed (miles per hour)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Traffic Conditions in Major American Cities, 1982-2003 (2011 data inconsistent)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Extreme
Severe
50%
Heavy
Moderate
40%
Uncongested
30%
20%
10%
0%
1982
1990
1997
2003
2011
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Parking Accumulation by Land Use by Time of the Day
100
90
Percent of Peak Parking
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6AM
7AM
8AM
9AM 10AM 11AM 12AM
Residential
Office
1PM 2PM 3PM 4PM
Retail
Restaurant
5PM 6PM
Cinema
7PM
8PM
9PM
10PM
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Recurring Congestion
Morning Peak
Afternoon Peak
Congestion
Unused Capacity
Midnight 1AM 2AM 3AM 4AM 5AM 6AM 7AM 8AM 9AM 10AM 11AM Noon 1PM 2PM 3PM 4PM 5PM 6PM 7PM 8PM 9PM 10PM 11PM
Traffic
Capacity
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Major Sources of Recurring and Non-Recurring Congestion
Congestion in the United States (hours by
Cause)
5%
Congestion in Germany (hours by Cause)
5%
4%
Recurring Congestion
15%
40%
Traffic Incidents
34%
30%
Work Zones
Other
Poor Signal Timing
25%
Other
Traffic Incidents
Work Zones
Weather
10%
Recurring Congestion
32%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Average Hourly Traffic on George Washington Bridge, 2002
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Eastbound
Westbound
Total
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transit Use and Car Ownership in Selected Cities, 1993
100
% of work trips by transit
90
Moscow
Bombay
80
Bogota
70
Nairobi
Curitiba
Rio
60
Dheli
Cairo
50
Lagos
40
R² = 0.519
Santiago
Manila
New York
Paris
Jakarta
30
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Toronto
20
Seattle
Atlanta
10
Melbourne
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cars per 1,000 people
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Farebox Recovery Ratio, Selected Transit Systems
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Source of Revenue for Bus Operations, Europe, 2002
UK
Spain
Germany
Sweden
Greece
France
Denmark
Netherlands
Italy
Belgium
Austria
0%
20%
40%
Subsidies
60%
80%
100%
Commercial revenue
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fare Recovery Ratio of Selected Public Transit Systems, United States, 2010
Charlotte Area Transit System
Bi-State Development Agency (St. Louis)
Denver Regional Transportation District
Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (Boston)
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
New Jersey Transit Corporation
Chicago Transit Authority
MTA New York City Transit
San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transit Fare for the New York Subway, 1904-2015 (inflation adjusted)
3
2.5
Fare in 2015 Dollars
2
1.5
1
0.5
1904
1915
1918
1921
1924
1927
1930
1933
1936
1939
1942
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
0
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Challenges of Urban Transit
Main transit line
High to medium density
transit city
Low density suburb
Sprawl
Connectivity
Travel patterns
serviced by urban transit
Travel patterns not
serviced by urban transit
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.