The Universe
Q.1
What is the universe?
The universe includes the sum, the star, the sky and all exiting things. Our world is a tiny speck in the
huge universe. There are many bright objects twinkling in the sky, some of them give heat and light
as sun and some of them just light as moon.
Q.2
What is solar system?
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Solar System consists of the sun and the eight planets
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Sun is the star laying at the center of solar System and one of the roughly 200 billion starts in
Milky Way
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Earth is third planet form sun, about 150 million km from sun and fifth largest planet
Q.3
What are the names of eight planets around the sun?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the eight planets around the
sun.
Q.4
Why is the temperature different on different planets?
All the planets are in a sequence away from the sun, the planets near to the sun have more high
temperature rather than that of away from the sun. For example Mercury has more heat than earth,
because it is the nearest planet to the sun and Neptune has the lowest temperature because it the
most farther from the sun.
Q.5
How the earth came into being / how did the solar system come into being?
Once the stars came so close the sun that its gravitational pull tore off a good bit of the sun’s mass.
The pull of gravity forced this bread away to go round of the sun, as it cooled down, it took the
shape of various planets and our earth.
Q.6
What is temperature inside the earth?
When earth broke away from the sun it was hot, as the time passed, its surface cooled down. But
interior of the earth is still very hot. According to an estimate, the temperature goes up by about 12
degrees centigrade for every 100 meters of depth below the surface.
Q.7
What are the sections of earth/ what is the structure of the earth?
The earth is not a solid mass, hence it is made up of three basic layers;
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The Crust: the outer most layer, solid and thickness is from 4 to 70 km
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The Mantle: 2nd layer made up of semi-liquid rocks, quite hot temperature may reach to
2,000 C
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The Core: the central layer, our core is liquid and inner is solid, temperature may reach to
55,000 C
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Q.8
How is moon and how man came to know about it?
Man has been to the moon and has brought back interesting information about it, its surface is
round and rocky, the rocks being lighter in weight than the rocks of the earth. The surface is dotted
with carters which shows widespread volcanic activity in the past.
Q.9
Why can’t we see the other side of moon/ what is the movement of the moon?
The moon revolves both round the earth and the sun. But this revolution has been so designed by
nature that we always see the same face of moon. It is impossible from the earth to look at the other
side of the moon, but the astronauts who took the round of moon tell that the other side of moon is
also same.
Q.10
When the sun, earth and moon are in one line?
The moon completes it round of the earth in about 28 days. At new moon, it is between earth and
the sun and these three bodies are almost in a straight line and when the moon is full then again
these three bodies are in a line but this time earth is between sun and moon.
Q.11
Why the moon is not same all the times like sun?
After the new moon, we see a greater part of the moon increases night after night and at the
seventh night is becomes the half moon and on the fourteenth night it shines fully. After that it
starts decreasing night after night.
Q.12
How does the eclipse occur/ how do you account for the eclipse of the sun?
1. The moon moves directly between the sun and the earth, the sun disappears behind the
moon and we see an eclipse of the sun. Which can be seen only on parts of the earth from
which the sunlight has been cut off. The whole disk of sun may be dull.
2. When the earth comes directly between the sun and the moon, sunlight t the moon or to a
part of it may be shut off by the earth and we see an eclipse of the moon, but for some
reasons we do not have an eclipse of the moon at every full moon.
Q.13 What is the “Great Bear” and Milky Way in the sky?
The view of sky is wonderful when it is full of stars, some of its features easily attract the attention of
most of us. One of these is constellation of seven bright stars known as the Great Bear. The other
one is the broad faint band of light across the sky which is known as the Milky Way.
Q.14
What is the shape of Great Bear?
The seven starts of the Great Bear appear in the form of a Quadrilateral topped by a starring of three
stars. The two stars forming the side of the cap known as pointers always point to the bright “Pole
Star”. This star is almost on the top of North Pole and helps us locate directions in dark night.
What leads us to believe that there is no life on any planet except the earth?
Life is possible just on the earth due to several reasons
The earth has a proper mixture of gases which is not found on any other plant
Other planets do not have the proper distance from the sun which makes the life possible
Our earth receives a specific amount of sunlight, which makes the life warm, it is neither too much
that the things are burnt nor too less that the things are frozen
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How it that the core of the earth is terribly hot?
The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or lighter
elements. The core of the earth is too much hot because it is under great pressure that every bit of it
feels solid. When earth broke away from the sun it was hot, as the time passed, its surface cooled
down. But interior of the earth is still very hot.
How will you locate the North Star with the help of Great Bear?
The seven starts of the Great Bear appear in the form of Quadrilateral topped by a starring of three
star. The two stars forming the side e of the cap, known as pointers always point to the bright ‘Pole
Star’ or North Star’. This star I almost on top of the North Pole. It helps us to locate the directions in
a dark night.
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Distribution of Land and Water on the Surface of
Earth
Q.1
How much water is found on the surface of earth?
A look at the globe will show that 71 percent of its surface is covered with water and 29 percent is
covered by land.
Q.2
What is equator and what is it role?
Equator is the longest line of latitude in the middle of the earth from west to east. It divides the
earth into two hemispheres known as Southern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
Q.3
Which is the most populated hemisphere?
The northern Hemisphere claims most of the land masses containing the continents f Asia, Europe,
North America and Northern parts of South America and Africa. While the southern Hemisphere is
smaller in size which comprises Australia, Antarctica, Africa and South America.
Q.4
Writer down the names of seas and oceans around the world.
Following are the most famous oceans of the world.
Arctic Ocean: a vast water body covers the top of the world the North Pole, the water is cold which
remains frozen for month.
Antarctic Ocean: a cold water body surrounds the South Pole.
Pacific Ocean: it is the biggest ocean which is enclosed by the eastern coasts of Asia and western
costs of North and d South America.
Atlantic Ocean: second biggest oceans which stretches from the western coasts of Europe and Africa
to the eastern coasts of North and South Americas.
Indian Ocean: it stretches from the eastern coast of Africa to the northern coast of Australia.
Pakistan is on the shore of this ocean.
Q.5
Into how many types can the sea-beds be divided? Give a brief description of each.
The sea-beds can be divided into following four types;
Continental shelf: The edges of the continents are covered with shallow waters, not more than 100
fathoms deep. This sea bed beneath these shallow waters is called the continental shelf.
Continental slope: The continental shelf, whether narrow or broad, at last dips steeply to the bed of
the ocean. The steep slope, beyond the 600 toot line is known as the continental slope.
The Ocean Floor: Beyond the continental slope lies the immense expanse of the ocean floor, some
kilometers deep is known as the ocean floor.
The sea Trenches: The ocean floor contains some of the greatest known depths is known as sea
Trenches. The depth of these lies in the pacific, close to the Philippine Islands.
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Q.6
What is meant by the waves in the sea and how are they dangerous for the boats?
Some ripples rising and falling on the whole surface are called waves. It is the wind that is causing
the ripples. In open seas wavers don’t rise very high, however in closed seas they can rise high
especially close to the coast it may be dangerous especially for the boats when the sea is rough.
Q.7
What are tides?
Water in the sea rises twice a day which is caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on the earth.
Although the sun has too gravitational pull but the moon is so much nearer the earth.
Q.8
How it is that there are two high tides and tow low tides in the sea coast, each day?
Q.9
What are the ocean currents?
There is a constant flow of sea water along well-marked paths, much like the flow of river on land.
Quite a number of such rivers keep running across the oceans of the world are called ocean currents.
Q.10
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Q.11
In which way the currents of oceans useful to man?
Ocean currents exercise a good deal of influence on the climate of many parts of the world.
The global ne-work of currents is a device used by nature to keep the temperature of the
various seas and oceans within a limited and reasonable range.
This also helps to reduce the rigors of weather in many parts of the world.
The warm currents brings with them moisture loaded warm air which proves a source of
rainfall. In this way the ocean currents are useful to man.
What are the benefits of tide?
Tides are beneficial for man due to these reasons
In tunnel-shaped estuaries, the tidal wave travels up rapidly and makes it possible for ships to travel
father up, the tidal wave also helps to keep the channel from silting, in big cities situated on the seaside dump their garbage on the coast, to be washed away by the high tide.
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Natural Regions of the World
Q.1
How the natural region is made up?
The areas of the world whose physical features, rock structure, soil, climate, the resultant products
and human activities are almost similar to one another are said to make up a natural region.
Q.2
What are the features of equatorial region?
 Area within 10 N to 10 S is included
 Temperature is uniformly high throughout the year
 The annual rainfall is high at more than 2,000 millimeters
 Farming is the most important occupation
 Areas: Amazon Basin, the Congo River Basin, east coast of Central America, east cost of
Brazil, east coast of Madagascar, Malaysia.
Q.3
What are the features of tropical grassland?
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Q.4
The area is bounded by the equatorial forests
Summer are long and hot, winter are short and cool
Trees like acacia and eucalyptus are found
Animals like antelopes, giraffes, buffaloes, zebras and elephants are there
Stock-raising is traditional occupation
Cotton, sugar-cane and maize are chief crops
Areas: Niger, a part of Nigeria, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, southern Brazil Paraguay and northern
Australia.
What are the main features of monsoon region?
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The places located between 10 and 25 north and south of the equator
Strongly influenced by monsoon
Temperature varies from winter to summer
Annual rainfall is about 18,000 millimeters
Rice, sugar-cane, maize, tea, coffee, tobacco and chief crops
Areas: coastal areas of southeast India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, West Africa,
French Guinea, northeast and southeast Brazil.
What are the features of Hot-Desert Region?
Q.5
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Q.6
Lack of water from rainfall so irrigation is used
Desert region is rich in mineral wealth
Green grass and clusters of date-palms grow and cultivation is carried on
Famous and long rivers like Nile and Indus are found
Areas: Thar Pakistan, Rajasthan India, Iran, States of Persian Gulf, the Arabian Peninsula,
Egypt, Libya, southern Morocco, the Great Sahara, the Kalahari etc.
What are the chief characteristics of the Mediterranean Region?
 Mediterranean is a closed sea separating Europe from Africa
 Rainy winter and dry summers
 Plants like the lemon and orange have thick barks and glossy leaves to resist evaporation,
some plants like vine have long roots to draw up sub-soil moisture.
 No forests and no pasture lands for cattle
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 Wheat, barley, olive, vine, oranges lemons and grape fruits are cultivated
 Areas: Central California, Central Chile, South-West of South Africa and South-West Australia
Q.7
What are the features of the Cool Temperate Grasslands?
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Rainfall varies from moderate to light
Winters are intensely cold and summers quite warm
Tender grass is the chief vegetation
Grasses in the cool temperate grasslands are tender, equally liked by cattle, horses, sheep
and goats
What are the features of Tundra?
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Polar low-lands are known as the Tundra
Canadians call this part Barren Land
For eight months buried in snow, rivers and lakes get frozen
Temperature is below the freezing point
People remain inside their dome-shaped huts made of ice which are known as igloos.
For several months sun rises and snow melts
Areas: Northern most parts of Asia, Europe and North America, Northern European Russia,
northern Norway, Greenland etc.
Write down the name of the counties included in the Equatorial Region.
Q.8
Q.9
Following countries are included in this region
Amazon Basin, the Congo River Basin, east coast of Central America, east cost of Brazil, east coast of
Madagascar, Malaysia
Q.10
African grassland are the homes of hoofed animals. Give name of a few of these animals.
Following are the animals in Africa
Antelopes, giraffes, buffaloes, zebras and elephants
Q.12
What are the benefits do the Eskimos get from the reindeer?
The reindeer is the most useful animal of the Tundra. The Eskimos use them to draw their sledges
and get milk from them. Reindeer supplies good meat and its skin is made into garments and its
bones are made onto implements.
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World population
Q.1
Is the density of people same on all places?
No it is not same, the world has about 650 crores people, but the surface of the world is not equally
distributed, some parts of the world are very densely populated while some other parts are not. For
example the continent of Asia is more populated than other continents.
Q.2
What is more important while measuring the size of population?
As a matter of fact the density of population must be considered in the background of resources of
an area. If local resources can easily meet the needs of a dense population, the density does not
matter.
Q.3
How man can have fully benefits from the natural resources?
Universal education, facilities for technical training and wide-spread use of tools and instruments
enable people to reap the full benefits of natural resources.
Q.4
What is the density of population?
The ratio of a country’s total population to tis total are gives the per square kilometer density of
population.
Q.5
Write down some important characteristics of world population.
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Q.6
Almost 85% population lives in Northern Hemisphere
Almost 80% of population lives on less than 20% of earth’s surface, rest of areas are covered
with water
There are differences in the density of population
Three-fourth population lives in four big zones, two of them are in Asia, one in Europe and
one is in North America
Enlist the continents on the basis of their density.
1. Asia is the most populated continent of the world, even in India and China, one-fourth of the
population lives
2. Europe is secondly highly populated are of world
3. Next is Africa which is highly populated region of the world
4. South America in the density of population is on second last number
5. North America is on the last number
Q.7
Why the differences of population rises?
Differences in the density of population arise because of physical, social, cultural and historical
reason. Favorable physical conditions encourage growth of population.
Q.8
Why a third of the land surfaced of the earth is almost uninhabited?
A third of the land surface of the earth lies almost uninhabited because there are either too hot or
too cold areas, or too wet or too dry for man to live and also there are some mountainous regions.
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Q.9
Write a brief note one some regions of the world having less population along with the
reasons.
Deserts: in Africa the Sahara desert, the Arabian Desert, the Iranian desert, the deserts of Central
Asia and finally that of Mongolia. In these areas population is less due to deserts
The Ice-bound waste-lands: the whole continent of Antarctica, girdling the South Pole, island of
Greenland and northern parts of Asia and Europe, in these areas population is less due to snow.
Mountains: the Himalayan and Karakoram region in Indo-Pak sub-continent, the Rockies region in
North America and the Andes region in South America lie almost uninhabited due to steep slopes
and high peaks.
Q.10
Why the population of the world is increasing?
The world population is increasing due to the following reasons
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Better health care: more babies can survive due to better care
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Early marriages: early marriages increase the span for re-productivity
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Lack of family planning: people want more children and don’t know to adopt family
planning
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Strong desire of son: son is considered the future of family, in this desire people keeping on
increasing the size of their family until they got a son
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Child labor: children form an important part of the agricultural & industrial labor force so
large families have more advantages with more children
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Agriculture: there is progress in agriculture which creates more opportunities for people so
all those areas where the agriculture is practiced, the population is increasing
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Big cities and job opportunities: in the big cities there are more job opportunities and
sources of income, that’s why people like to live in cities, due to over population cities are
merged and more opportunities are created
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Industrial development: this age is called “machine age” the factories and mills are
increasing day by day to meet the needs of people, which is mere beneficial from earning
point of view which gives growth to the population in surrounding areas.
Q.11
Name the four big zones, where three fourths of mankind is concentrated.
Asiatic zone: East China, Korea, Japan and island of Taiwan
South Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Europe: Germany, France, Holland, Belgium Denmark and England
North America: Eastern Part of the United State and the south Eastern of Canada.
12.
Name the important cities of the world you have read about in your text-book. Give
details about any three of them.
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Tokyo
Beijing
Delhi
Karachi
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
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Makah
Cairo
Moscow
London
New York
Sydney
Delhi:
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Capital city of India
Population is about 83 lakhs and third biggest city of India
Situated on the bank of river Januma
Its strategic importance was recognized by the Muslim rulers
An important educational center having a university and some colleges
For 14 centuries remain the important center of Muslim culture
Qutab Minar and scores of other buildings built by Muslims still stand proudly where
Quranic verses are written on their walls
Karachi:
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Eh biggest city having the most important port of Pakistan
Situation on the coast of the Arabian Sea
It is a natural harbor
It is a trading hub for Pakistan
It is called mini Pakistan because people from all the provinces are found here
A vast fertile plain drained by the Indus and its tributaries forms the hinter-land of Karachi
Makah:
 The holiest city of the Muslims
 Situated in the middle of a cup-shaped valley in the western hills, the valley is known as
“Abraham’s Valley”
 It lies on the ancient trade route that links the southern and the northern parts of the
peninsula
 Makkah owes its importance to the Holy Kaaba, standing in middle of the valley
 Kaba is surrounded on all four sides by a grand, multi-stories mosque where about 20 lakhs
people can offer prayer at a time
 All the modern facilities are found
 Good arrangements have been made for the transport of pilgrimage
 There is a university, some colleges and several schools
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British arrival in the Sub-continent
Q.1
How the British arrived in the sub-continent?
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Q.2
Write a note on Sirajuddaula and battle of Plessy.
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Q.3
In 1600 the Queen Elizabeth I granted permission to a group of merchants to set up the EIC,
it was a private group but not on the behalf of government
EIC turned to India as an alternative so arrived at Surat in 1608 but were not allowed to
trade until 1612
Shah Jehan permitted to start trade in 1612, but no one could imagine that one day the
British would end up ruling all of India
Established a few bases in Indian coast, but by 1664 they established headquarter in
Bombay, by 1690 a trading post in Calcutta and Madras, so protect their posts they own
huge private army
In 1756 the French encouraged the Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-ud-Daulah) to attack the EIC base
at Calcutta, although he captured the city but was unable to keep control of it
In 1757 Clive arrived with his forces and defeated the Nawab in the battle of Plassey with
the help of his general Mir Jafar and Nawab was killed and his body was found in a river after
the battle
Mir Jafar was rewarded by being the Nawab of Bengal
Mir was forced to give the company gifts of land and money
In 1764, Mir Jafar’s son, Mir Qasim joined with the Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal
emperor, Shah Alam II to drive the EIC out of Bengal
Write a note on the War of Independence.
War of Independence (1857)
(Meerut May 1857–August 1858 Allahabad)
 The revolt of 1857 was the important landmark in the history of the sub-continent.
 It marked the beginning of the country’s struggle for independence after 150 years
of foreign rule.
 The revolt of the sepoys accompanied by the civilians was so strong that the
foundation of British rule in indo-Pakistan was shaken.
 It seemed for some time that the company’s rule had disappeared from the land.
The causes of the war of independence were political, social economic & religious: 1. Political Causes:  The East Indian Company had been growing fast over the sub-continent ever since
the battle of Plessey 1757; soon afterwards in 1764 the British got yet another
victory in the battle of Buxar against the Indians.
Annexation Policy of the British:  The British through their diplomacy continued to expand their rule by annexing
different states of the sub-continent for example Sindh, Mysore, Oudh, etc as a
result their territorial limits also increased.
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2. Economic Causes:  The new agrarian policy of the British, destruction of the local industries,
unemployment & monopoly of the British traders were some important economic
causes of the war.
3. Religious Causes: a. Propagation of Christianity:  The missionaries were sent to India from England for preaching. They did their
preaching mainly on the public places with the support of British Government.
 Bible was included in the syllabus of different school. More ever the British
Government now passed a law according to which the convents were allowed to
keep their ancestral properties.
b. Anti-religious Laws:  The British Government introduced certain laws which were against the
prevailing religions of the sub-continent.
4. Military Causes: a. Disbandment of Armies of the annexed states:  The British had annexed many states of the sub-continent on the basis of the
doctrine of lapse.
b. Greased Cartridges:  The British introduced a new kind of cartridges which were greased in cow’s
&pig’s fat & the soldiers were required to chew the top & then use it.
Q.4
Why did the British open their trade centers in India?
The British opened their trade centers in India due to several reasons:
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Q.5
To find new routes and lands to establish new colonies
To expand trade and accumulate wealth as well knowledge
Why was Sirajuddaula not liked by the company’s employees?
Sirajuddaula was not liked by the Company’s employees due to the following reasons:
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Q.6
Sirajuddaula did not allow the British to keep army and build forts
He attacked the factory of Qasim bazaar and occupied it
He attacked the For William and defeated the British Army
Give reasons for the defeat of Sirajuddula in the Battle of Plessey.
The following were the reasons for the defeat of Sirajuddula in the Battle of Plessey:
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Q.7
He was alone in the battle, nobody helped him (neither the Mughal king, Marathas nor the
French)
The shameful act of faithlessness by Mir Jafar turned the table on Nawab
Withdrawal of the units of many Sardars produce panic in the Nawab’s rank
What steps did Mir Qasim take to crush the power of the British?
As soon as he got some respite, he set about the task of rearranging his army and tries to make tit
strong and reliable. He crushed the rebellious Sardars, captured their forts and forfeited the Jagirs
and shifted his capital form Bengal to Bihar, in this way he was able to decrease the effects of the
British and crush them
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Q.8
How far it is true that if Hyder Ali had not died after the Second Mysore War, the history of
India would have been written differently.
Hyder Ali was a great fighter, who always gave tough time to the British army, he was very kind
hearted to the minorities, that’s why even the Hindus also were with him. The British always tried to
finish his power but due to his wisdom and bravery, they could not succeeded. Unfortunately he fell
ill and died but if he had lived a few more years, then the history of India would have been written
differently. “Hyder Ali was a great soldier a great statesman and a large-hearted person. His
treatment towards Hindus was enviable”.
Q.9
What measures did Fateh Ali Tipu take to oust the British and why did he not succeed?
Tipu was a talented and line-hearted son of hyder Ali. When he became ruler, he increased the
tempo and inflicted defeat after defeat on the British. Due to a treaty Tipu had to return the
captured territories and prisoners back to the British. Although like his father he was also a great
fighter, but he did not succeed because some of his noble men betrayed him. Mir Sadiq and Purnia
helped the British General so the Sultan had no option but to come out and give battle to the
enemy.
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The Pakistan Movement (1906-1947)
Q.1
How and why was the Pakistan Movement started?
Pakistan Movement was not started abruptly, it grew out of necessity, slowly and gradually
because Muslims of India were surrounded by inimical alien rulers and we organized Hindus.
Q.2
Why were the British and the Hindus, the enemy of Muslims?
British considered the Muslims responsible for the War of Independence and the Hindus
had not forgotten the Muslims for having ruled India for centuries, that’s why both of
considered the Muslims as their enemy.
Q.3
Why the jobs were available just for the Hindus?
The Hindus soon learnt the English language, adopted the Western ways of living, in this
way they won the British sympathy and got government jobs, while the Muslims thought
that English learning was haram for them, that’s why they were left behind and did not get
any job.
Q.4
What is Simla Deputation?
A deputation of Muslims led by Sir Agha Khan met Lord Minto (the viceroy of India) on
October 1 and expressed the concerns and demands of Muslims as a result of this, the
Muslims were granted the right of separated electorate in the Minto-Morely Reforms of
1909.
Q.5
Why Muslim League was formed and what were it objectives?
In 1885 the Indian National Congress was formed which was working for the cause of
Hindus, but the Muslims of India had not any political party, so after the success of Simla
Deputation the Muslims were encouraged, they decided in 1906 to form a political party
named All India Muslim League. It objectives were to safeguard and promote the interests
of Muslims and also to strive for better understanding with other communities particular
the British.
Q.6
Briefly explain the event of Partition of Bengal.
Bengal was partitioned in 1905, but this partition was not acceptable for Hindus, when
Minto-Morely Reforms were introduced and Muslims were given rights, it was another
painful act for Hindus, so they started protests against the partition, at least the British
government had to bow down before the tactics of Hindus and annulled the partition in
1911.
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Q.7
Why Quaid Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was called “Ambassador of HinduMuslims Unity”?
He started his political career by joining the Congress Party because Muslim League was not
formed yet, in 1913 Quaid e Azam joined the Muslim League and did his best to bridge the
gulf between the Hindus and Muslims, due to his struggles he was given this title.
Q.8
What is Lacknow Pact?
In 1915 both the Muslim league and Congress had their annual meeting in Bombay. The
leaders of two communities drew up a document which was subsequently was known as the
“Lucknow Pact”. The separated right of electorate was accepted and the Hindus became
ready to accept the All India Muslim League.
Q.9
What was “Tehreek e Khilafat”?
This was a movement started by the Indian Muslims in the favour of Turkish Muslims. In
First World War Turkey stood with Germany against the Great Britain. The British promised
not to harm Turkey so the movement was stopped. Turkey was defeated in the war and
suffered great humiliation by losing vast territories, but at the end of war Britain forgot all
promises and got signed treaty on own terms. Due to this Turkey become weak and was
mockingly called the “Sick man of Europe”. A Turkish commander Mustafa Kamala came to
scene and saved his motherland from turning into pieces.
Q.10 What was Rowlatt Act?
After World War 1, when the Britain did not fulfill its promises, the situation became worse
as a result of the situation the government enacted a law known as Rowlatt Act according to
which any person could be imprisoned without any reason.
Q.11 what happened at Jallianwala Bagh?
A protesting meeting against Rowllat Act was held in Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar. A British
Army Officer General dyer without warning, opened fire on the unarmed and peaceful
public and butchered quite a few thousands innocent people.
Q.12 What was the public view about the reforms of 1919?
All the leaders of Indo-Pakistan sub-continent were greatly disappointed because they felt
that reforms fell for short of their hope and demands.
Q.13 Why the Simon Commission was sent to India?
Under the reforms of 1919 it was approved that government would set up every ten years a
commission to assess the political and social conditions of India. In pursuance of this
provision the Simon Commission was sent under John Simon in 1927.
Q.14 Why Nehru Report was presented?
Simon Commission was not welcomed by Indian people, Secretary of India got annoyed and
threw a challenge to Indian leaders to produce an agreed constitution. All parties got
together At Delhi under the chairmanship of Moti Lal Nehru, at the end of meeting a report
was produced known as Nehru Report.
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Q.15 What was Muslims reaction on Nehru Report?
The report did not reflect the aspirations of the Muslims so they were completely
disappointed with the report. To give and explain the viewpoint of the Muslims of Subcontinent the Quid gave his own scheme known as “Fourteen Points of Quaid.
Q.16 What was Iqbal’s dream?
In an annual meeting of the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, as the president Iqbal said
in his address that the NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan should be combined in one
Muslim State, where all the Muslims would be free to worship and spend their lives
according to Quranic teachings.
Q.17 Why round table conferences were held?
The Round Table Conferences were held in London to work out some solution to some of
the problems that had disturbed the political atmosphere of the sub-continent. All the
political parties of sub-continent were invited to the meetings, the Congress boycotted the
conference and started Civil Disobedience Movement.
Q. 18 First Round Table Conference (12 Nov. 1930-19 Jan 1931):
 In this conference all the parties were represented except Congress.
 Congress refused to attend unless there was a guarantee that anything agreed at the
Conference would be implemented.
 British Government gave no such guarantee. Congress declared that Swaraj- selfrule.
 The Muslim decided to attend the Congress in spite of Congress boycott. Muslim
delegation included Sir Aga Khan, M.A Johar, Maulvi Fazaal-ul-Haq and M.A Jinnah.
Q.19 Second Round Table Conference (7 Sept- 1stDec 1931):
 Gandhi adopted a stubborn and unreasonable attitude on all matters and refused to
accept any rights of minorities.
 After adopting the stiff attitude Gandhi sat back quietly observe the proceedings.
 He did his best to prove India as one nation and nationality so that he could claim to
represent the Indian people alone.
 But the Quaid-e-Azam replied that Indian Muslims were also a separate nation of
India which had its own interests.
 Non settlement of minorities issue could be reached and the second Conference
ended without reaching at any conclusion mainly because of rigid attitude of Gandhi.
Q.20 Third Round Table Conference (17 Nov–24 Dec 1932)
 Before the 3rdsession of the Round Table Conference, British announced their own
solution for the communal and constitutional problem of India known as ‘Communal
Award’.
 British Prime minister Ramsay MacDonald announced it on 16thAugust 1932.The
congress once again abstained from the conference because Gandhi had started his
civil disobedience movement.
 Quaid-e Azam did not take part in this conference and Sir Aga Khan led the Muslim
delegation. The Conference could not solve the problems of Hindu Muslims and
proved a formality.
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
Gandhi and Nehru were in jail. The Conference ended after few meetings without
achieving anything.
Q.21 COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)
 The British government gave enough time and chance to Indian leaders to come up
with a workable constitutional setup, after vainly waiting. British government
published their own scheme known as Communal Award in 1932.
 It retained separate electorate for the Muslims and all other minorities but the
Muslims majority in Punjab and Bengal were reduced to minorities and due to this
the Muslims rejected it while the Congress was not happy with this award.
Q.22 How the Government of India Act 1935 was introduced?
Based on the recommendations of the Third Round Table Conference a new law called the
Government of India Act 1935 to provide a Federal type of Government in the Subcontinent.
Q.23 What was the role of Congress after the election of 1935?
The Congress won the elections of 1935, this era of Congress Rule proved very detriment to
the Muslims cause. Urdu was replaced by Hindi, govt. jobs were banned for the Muslims,
Hindu interference increased in Muslim religious matters. Their property was looted, houses
set on fire and Muslims were massacred at many places.
Q.24 Why the Muslims celebrated the “Deliverance Day”?
In 1939 World War ii was started British announced war against Germany without
consulting with Congress ministers, so they resigned in protest. On this occasion on the
advice of Quaid e Azam the Muslims celebrated the “Deliverance Day.
Q.25 When Pakistan Resolution was presented?
In 1940, in the annual meeting of Muslim League at Minto Park Lahore, Moulvi Fazle Haq
presented the historical resolution known as Lahore/Pakistan Resolution, in which the
demand of new state on the base of Iqbal’s dream was presented.
Q.26 When the British Government agreed on freedom?
The World War was still in progress, when signs of restless started in Sub-continent. The
British Government realized the situation and sent a mission called Cripps Mission with new
proposals on the “take or leave” principle. This mission met various political leaders and the
government offered to grant freedom to the sub-continent. This freedom would be give
after 10 years.
Q.27 What was the reaction of Congress and Muslim League on this proposal?
The Muslim League rejected the proposal because no guarantee had been given that the
rights of the Muslim would be safeguarded. Congress also rejected the proposal due to
different grounds. So the Cripps Mission failed hopelessly.
Q.28 What was the role of Liaqat Ali Khan as finance Minister?
Liaqat Ali Khan made every intelligent move, he prepared a budget which was beneficial to
the poor, but hit the Hindu capitalists hard. The Congress opposed the budget and was
exposed to the world as a party wich stood for the interests of capitalists.
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Q.29 what was June 3 Plan?
Lord Mountbatten studies the political situation and later with the approval of British
Government announce the June 3 plan in which it was decided to partition the subcontinent. Punjab and Bengal were to be divided on the basis of Muslims majority and
Hindu majority areas.
Q.30 What was the role of boundary Commission?
Sir Radcliff was appointed as the head of Boundary Commission. Mountbatten and Radcliff
betraying all norms of fair play and justice, gave some of the Muslims majority areas to
Bharat. The division of asserts was also unfair, Pakistan was deprived from her legitimate
share in the finance, defense equipment, railway engines and bogies.
Q.31 How was the power transferred to Pakistan?
Lord Mountbatten came to Karachi and transferred the power to Pakistan. Quaid e Azam
was appointed as Governor General of Pakistan.
Q.32 The Lucknow Pact is considered a success of Quaid-i-Azam, how?
The lucknow pack was the success of Quaid-i-Azam into two ways:
1. Before joining the Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam was a member of Congress, later he joined
the Muslim League, due to his struggle for the unity of Indians he was known as
“Ambassador of Hindu-Muslims unity” so it was his deep desire that the Hindus and the
Muslims work together which was fulfilled with this agreement.
2. When Muslim League was established, the Congress was not ready to accept it as the
representative of the Indian Muslims, with after this agreement the Congress has accepted
the Muslim League as a representative of the Indian Muslims.
Q.33 Give the fourteen points of Quaid-i-Azam.
In 1929 Quaid-e-Azam decided to give its own formula for the constitutional reforms in reply for
Nehru Report.
He convinced the meeting of the Muslim league in Delhi and gave his famous14points formula:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
The future constitution should be federal with powers resting with provinces.
All provinces should have same amount of autonomy.
Affective representation of all the minorities in all the legislatures and other elected bodies.
One-third Muslim representation in the Central Assembly.
All the minorities of India shall have the right to elect their members by separate or joint
electorates.
Muslims majority shall not be converted to minority in the Punjab, Bengal, and NWFP.
Full liberty of belief and worship shall be granted to all communities.
No bill shall be passed in any passed in any elected body if 3/4 of any community in that
body opposed it.
Sindh should be separated from Bombay.
Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan should be introduced like other provinces.
Muslims should be given share in the services of state.
Safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture and promotion of Muslim education,
language, religion and civilization.
One-third Muslims ministries in all the cabinets either central or provincial.
The federation of India must not change laws without consent of provinces with the
rejections of 14points by the Congress and other Hindu leader, the Nehru report was also
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doomed and it created great deal of suspicion in the Muslims who were now seriously
thinking for a separate homeland.
Q.34
What were the two main features of the government of India Act, 1935?
Following were the mean features of the Government of India Act, 1935:
 It provided for the Federal type of government in the sub-continent
 The provinces were given autonomy and provincial assemblies were given more powers
 Number of members in the central Assembly was increased.
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Civic life in Pakistan
Q.1
What was social situation before the advent of Islam?
Before the advent of Islam, ruthless, strong dictators usurped power and ruled people
mercilessly, thousands of people were massacred and cities were destroyed and looted
after conquering them.
Q.2
Which was the first Islamic republic and what were its features?
The first Islamic Republic was founded in Madina by no less a person than the Holy Prophet
Muhammad himself (peace be upon him). New customs for a just and welfare state were
started, all the citizens had equal rights, slavery was abolished and the women were given
their proper rights.
Q.3
What was the role of Caliphs?
All the Caliphs followed the path of Prophet (PBUH), they led very simple life and struggled
to spread the Islam in the whole world.
Q.4
What is constitution?
A body of rules which spells out the right of people and the duties and responsibilities of
various organizations and functionaries of a government.
Q.5
What was the Objective Resolution?
In March 1949 the guidelines for the upcoming constitution were presented, which were
prepared by a constituent Assembly, this was known as Objective Resolution.
Q.6
What do you know about the constitutions of Pakistan?
Constitution of 1956:
 Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1952, after a three year delay
general elections were held on 21st June 1955. Assembly met on 7th July 1955.
Finally the first constitution was promulgated by the second constituent assembly on
23rd March 1956.
Constitution of 1962:
 General Ayub Khan wanted to introduce a controlled and limited democracy as he
believed that western style democracy did not suit Pakistan. Therefore he
introduced the constitution of 1962 on 1st March thereby abrogating the previous
constitution.
Constitution of 1973
 The 1962 constitution was abrogated with the resignation of General Ayub Khan. A
new constitution was approved on 14th august 1973 with overwhelming majority
under the office of the then Prime Minister, Z.A.Bhutto.
Q.7
What do you know about the martial laws in Pakistan?
In Pakistan, three times martial law was imposed:
 1st Martial Law was imposed by President Major General Iskander Mirza on 7thOctober 1958
and lifted by President General Ayub Khan on 1stMarch 1962.
 2nd Martial Law was imposed by President General Yahya on 25thMarch 1969 and lifted by
Z.A. Bhutto on 1stMarch 1972.
 3rd Martial Law was imposed by General Zia-ul-Haq on 7th March 1977 and lifted by President
General Zia-ul-Haq in December 1985.
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Q.8
What is the structure of Federal Government? / Write a note on the working of
Federal Government in Pakistan.
The Federal Government works in following ways
The President: The president is the head of this government which is selected in a joint
session of senate and National Assembly. He uses his powers with the consultation of Prime
minister. Prime Minister: Prime minister is the second pillar, he is selected by the National
Assembly, and he has selects his cabinet and carries all the acts of state with the help of
them.
Parliament: Parliament has two house, the National Assembly and the Senate, these two
houses are responsible to discuss the matters of state and introduce new laws and
ordinance. Supreme Court: Supreme Court is manned by Chief Justice, it has wide judicial
powers and can hear appeals against the decisions of the provincial High Courts.
Q.9
What is the structure of Provincial Government? / Write a note on the working of
Provincial Government in Pakistan.
The Provincial Government works in following ways
Governor: The Governor has some constitutional powers which he exercises in constitution
with the Chief Minister of the Province.
Chief Minister: Chief Minister is the leader of majority party in the provincial Assembly, he
selects his own Cabinet members and Parliamentary secretaries.
Provincial Assembly: Every Province has own Assembly, its members depends upon the
population of the Province. Members of Assembly have the right to ask questions from the
ministers and also criticize the policies of the Government.
High Court: High Court is a major pillar of Provincial government, it is responsible to settle
the judicial matters and provide justice to the society.
Council of Islamic Ideology: Islamic Ideology Council is responsible to make the law
according to the spirit of Islam.
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Freedom Movement- Brief Resume (1857-1947)
War of Independence: in 1857, in order to oust the British from Indi, the Indian people fought the
war of independence but lost it.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898): efforts were made to make the Muslims socially and educations
strong.
Partition of Bengal 1905: the British partitioned Bengal into East and West Bengal to improve its
administration.
The Simla Deputation 1906: A deputation comprising of some Muslim leaders met the viceroy at
Simla in order to get some rights of the Muslims.
The Foundation of the Muslim league 1906: THE FOUNDATION OF THE FIRST Muslim political party
in Indda was laid.
The Lacknow Pack 1916: A constitutional agreement between the Muslims and the Hindus to chalk
out a joint struggle in India.
The Khilafat Movement 1919: the Muslim of the Sub-continent launched a movement to safeguard
the holy places from the British during the First World War.
The Simon Commission, November, 1827: for the grant of constitutional reforms the sub-continent
a deputation under the leadership of Sir John Simon visited India.
The Nehru Report, 1928: Pundit Moti Lal Nehru resented certain constitutional proposals in which
he ignored the rights of the Muslims.
Fourteen points of the Quaid-e-Azam, 1929: in retaliation to the Nehru Report, the Quaid-e-Azam
presented some proposals on behalf of the Muslims.
The Allahabad Address, 1930: Allama Iqbal, during a meeting of the All India Muslim League,
presented the idea of the grant of autonomy in the Muslim majority areas.
The Ministries of the Indian National Congress, 1937: the Indian National Congress formed the
government in various provinces, after the general elections, which made the life of the Muslims
miserable.
The Pakistan Resolution, 1940: the demand for separating the Muslims majority provinces was
presented in the annual meeting of the All India Muslim League at Lahore.
The Crips Proposals: during the Second World War the British government deputed a mission under
the leadership of Sir Stafford Crips. In order to diffuse political tension he proposed the transfer of
power to various states after ten years.
The Elections of 1945-46: during these elections the Muslim League won with overwhelming
majority and proved that the Muslim League along was the exclusive political party of the Muslims.
The Plane of June 3, 1947: the British government proclaimed that India would gain independence
by June, 1948.
The Creation of Pakistan, August 14, 1947: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah took oath as the
Governor General of Pakistan.
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