• transceiver
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Transceiver
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Technically, transceivers must combine a
significant amount of the transmitter and
receiver handling Electronic circuit|circuitry
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Transceiver - Radio technology
1
In radio terminology, a transceiver means
a unit which contains both a receiver and a
transmitter. From the beginning days
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Transceiver - Radio technology
An example of a
transceiver would be a
walkie-talkie, or a CB
radio.
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Transceiver - RF Transceiver
1
The RF Transceiver uses RF modules for
high speed data transmission. The micro
electronic circuits in the digital-RF
architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz.
The objective in the design was to bring
digital domain closer to the antenna, both
at the receive and transmit ends using
software defined radio (SDR). The
software-programmable digital
processors used in the circuits permit
conversion between digital baseband
signals and analog RF.
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Transceiver - Telephony
On a wired telephone, the handset
contains the transmitter and receiver for
the sound reproduction|audio and in the
20th century was usually wired to the base
unit by tinsel wire. The whole unit is
colloquially referred to as a receiver. On a
mobile telephone or other radiotelephone,
the entire unit is a transceiver, for both
audio and radio.
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Transceiver - Telephony
A cordless telephone uses an audio
and radio transceiver for the handset,
and a radio transceiver for the base
station. If a speakerphone is included
in a wired telephone base or in a
cordless base station, the base also
becomes an audio transceiver in
addition to the handset.
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Transceiver - Telephony
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A modem is similar to a transceiver, in that
it sends and receives a signal, but a
modem uses modulation and
demodulation. It modulates a signal being
transmitted and demodulates a signal
being received.
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Transceiver - Ethernet
1
Transceivers are called Transmission
medium|Medium Attachment Units
(Medium Attachment Unit|MAUs) in
IEEE 802.3 documents and were widely
used in 10BASE2 and 10BASE5
Ethernet networks. Fiber-optic gigabit
Ethernet|gigabit and 10 Gigabit
Ethernet utilize transceivers known as
GBIC, SFP transceiver|SFP, SFP+, XFP,
XAUI and C Form-factor Pluggable|CFP.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
A combination of a transmitter and a
receiver is called a transceiver; it converts
an electrical signal to and from an optical
signal.There is usually types transceiver
based on WDM technology.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
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** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers:Channel 17
to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
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A transponder can be made up of two
transceivers placed after each other:
the first transceiver converting the
1550nm optical signal to/from an
electrical signal, and the second
transceiver converting the electrical
signal to/from an optical signal at the
required wavelength
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Dense WDM - Transceivers versus transponders
See also
Transponders#Optical_communicatio
ns|transponders (optical
communications) for different
functional views on the meaning of
optical transponders.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver
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SFP transceivers are designed to support
SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel,
and other communications standards
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
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SFP transceivers are available with a
variety of transmitter and receiver
types, allowing users to select the
appropriate transceiver for each link
to provide the required optical reach
over the available optical fiber type
(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode
fiber). Optical SFP modules are
commonly available in several
different categories:
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
* for multi-mode
fiber, with black or
beige extraction
lever
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
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** 'SX' - 850nm, for a maximum of 550m at
1.25Gbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet) or 150m at
4.25Gbit/s (Fibre Channel)
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
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* for single-mode fiber, with
blue extraction lever
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** 'LX' - 1310nm, for
distances up to 10km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
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** 'EX' - 1310 nm, for
distances up to 40 km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** 'ZX' - 1550 nm,
for distances up to 80
km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
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** 'EZX' - 1550 nm, for
distances up to 120 km
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** 'BX' - 1490nm/1310nm, Single
Fiber Bi-Directional Gigabit SFP
Transceivers, paired as 'BS-U' and 'BSD' for Uplink and Downlink
respectively, also for distances up to
10km. Variations of bidirectional SFPs
are also manufactured which use
1550nm in one direction.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** 'SFSW' – Single Fiber Single
Wavelength transceivers, for bi-directional
traffic on a single fiber. Coupled with
CWDM, these double the traffic density of
fiber links.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** CWDM and DWDM transceivers at various
wavelengths achieving various maximum distances
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Types
** '1000BASE-T' - these modules
incorporate significant interface
circuitry and can only be used for
Gigabit Ethernet, as that is the interface
they implement. They are not
compatible with (or rather: do not have
equivalents for) Fibre channel or
SONET.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
The 'enhanced small form-factor
pluggable' ('SFP+') is an enhanced
version of the SFP that supports data
rates up to 10Data rate units|Gbit/s. The
SFP+ specification was first published
on May 9, 2006, and version 4.1
published on July 6, 2009.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
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SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10
Gigabit Ethernet and Optical Transport
Network standard OTU2. It is a popular
industry format supported by many
network component vendors.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1
In comparison to earlier XENPAK or
XFP modules, SFP+ modules leave
more circuitry to be implemented on
the host board instead of inside the
module.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - SFP+
1
Consideration has to be given to whether
the module is linear or limiting. Linear
SFP+ modules are most appropriate for
10_Gigabit_Ethernet#10GBASELRM|10GBASE-LRM; otherwise, limiting
modules are preferred.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Compatiblity
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It is possible to design an SFP+ slot
that can accept a standard SFP
module.SFF-8432, Abstract, Page 1:
The mechanical dimensioning allows
backwards compatibility between IPF
modules plugged into most SFP cages
which have been implemented to SFF8074i
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Applications
SFP sockets are found in Ethernet
switches and network interface cards.
Storage interface cards, also called HBAs
or Fibre Channel storage switches, also
make use of these modules, supporting
different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and
8Gb. Because of their low cost, low
profile, and ability to provide a
connection to different types of optical
fiber, SFP provides such equipment with
enhanced flexibility.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization
The related Small Form Factor
transceiver is similar in size to the SFP,
but is soldered to the host board as a
Through-hole technology|through-hole
device, rather than plugged into an
edge-card socket.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Standardization
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However, as a practical matter, some
networking equipment manufacturers
engage in vendor lock-in practices
whereby they deliberately break
compatibility with generic SFPs by
adding a check in the device's
firmware that will enable only the
vendor's own modules.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Signals
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The SFP transceiver contains a Printed
circuit board|PCB that mates with the SFP
electrical connector in the host system.
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - EEPROM information
1
The SFP MSA defines a 256-byte memory
map into an EEPROM describing the
transceiver's capabilities, standard
interfaces, manufacturer, and other
information, which is accessible over an
I²C interface at the 8-bit address
1010000X (A0h).
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Small form-factor pluggable transceiver - Digital diagnostics monitoring
Modern optical SFP transceivers support
digital diagnostics monitoring (DDM)
functions according to the industry-standard
[ftp://ftp.seagate.com/sff/SFF-8472.PDF SFF8472]. This feature is also known as digital
optical monitoring (DOM). Modules with this
capability give the end user the ability to
monitor parameters of the SFP, such as
optical output power, optical input power,
temperature, laser bias current, and
transceiver supply voltage, in real time.
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
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The transceiver implements the Ethernet
physical layer portion of the 1000BASE-T,
100BASE-TX, and 10BASE-T standards.
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
An Ethernet PHYceiver is a chip that
implements the hardware send and
receive function of Ethernet Data
frame|frames; it interfaces to the line
modulation at one end and binary Media
Independent Interface|packet signaling at
the other
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PHY - Ethernet physical transceiver
1
An example are the Marvell Technology
Group|Marvell Alaska
88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S
Gigabit Ethernet transceivers
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XFP transceiver
The 'XFP' (10 Gigabit Small Form
Factor Pluggable) is a standard for
transceivers for high-speed computer
network and telecommunication links
that use optical fiber. It was defined by
an industry group in 2002, along with
its interface to other electrical
components which is called 'XFI'.
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XFP transceiver - Description
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XFP modules are hot-swappable and
Communications protocol|protocolindependent. They typically operate at
near-infrared wavelengths (colors) of
850nm, 1310nm or 1550nm.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1
Principal applications include 10 Gigabit
Ethernet, 10 Gbit/s Fibre Channel,
synchronous optical networking (SONET)
at OC-192 rates, synchronous optical
networking STM-64, 10 Gbit/s Optical
Transport Network (OTN) OTU-2, and
parallel optics links.
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XFP transceiver - Description
They can operate over a single
wavelength or use dense wavelengthdivision multiplexing techniques.
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XFP transceiver - Description
They include digital diagnostics that
provide management that were added to
the SFF-8472 standard.
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XFP transceiver - Description
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XFP modules use an LC fiber
connector type to achieve high
density.
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XFP transceiver - Description
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The XFP specification was developed
by the XFP Multi Source Agreement
Group. It is an informal agreement of an
industry group, not officially endorsed
by any standards body. The first
preliminary specification was published
on March 27, 2002. The first public
release was on July 19, 2002. It was
adopted on March 3, 2003, and updated
with minor updates through August 31,
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XFP transceiver - Description
1
The chair of the XFP group was Robert
Snively of Brocade Communications
Systems, and technical editor was Ali
Ghiasi of Broadcom.
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XFP transceiver - Description
1
The organization's web site was
maintained until 2009.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
The XFI electrical interface
specification was a 10 gigabit per
second chip-to-chip electrical interface
specification defined as part of the XFP
multi-source agreement. It was also
developed by the XFP MSA group.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
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XFI provides a single lane running at 10.3125
Gbit/s when using a 64B/66B encoding
scheme.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1
A SerDes|serializer/deserializer is
often used to convert from a wider
interface such as XAUI that has four
lanes running at 3.125 Gbit/s using
8B/10B encoding.
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XFP transceiver - XFI
1
XFI is sometimes pronounced
as X F I and other times as
ziffie.
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XFP transceiver - Mechanical dimensions
The physical dimensions of the XFP
transceiver are slightly larger than the
original small form-factor pluggable
transceiver (SFP). One of the reasons for
the increase in size is to allow for on-board
heat sinks for greater cooling.
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XFP transceiver - Types
XFP are available with a variety of
transmitter and receiver types,
allowing users to select the
appropriate transceiver for each link
to provide the required optical reach
over the available optical fiber type
(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode
fiber). XFP modules are commonly
available in several different
categories:
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XFP transceiver - Types
* LR - 1310 nm, for
distances up to 10 km
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XFP transceiver - Types
* ER - 1550 nm, for
distances up to 40 km
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XFP transceiver - Types
1
* ZR - 1550 nm, for distances up
to 80 km
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XFP transceiver - Types
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The XFP packaging was smaller than
the XENPAK form-factor which had
been published earlier (by almost a
year).
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1
Collins was also the first to introduce a
compact High frequency|HF transceiver,
the KWM-1, the year before
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
The 75S-1 receiver and 32S-1 transmitter,
comprising the heart of the S/Line, operated
separately or together to transceive. The
units included crystal Band-pass
filter|bandpass filters and a new compact
PTO design that provided stable, highly linear
tuning across 200kHz Frequency range|band
segments. The S/Line tuning dial mechanism
was unique when introduced. It used
concentric dials and a gear mechanism that
provided precise dial resolution, better than
1kHz.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
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Within a few years Collins had introduced
additional S/Line components, including
the 30S-1 kilowatt power amplifier, the
30L-1 desktop power amplifier, and the
62S-1 transverter, which provided
coverage of the 6 meter (50MHz) and 2
meter (144MHz) amateur bands. The
KWM-2 transceiver replaced the KWM-1
using many of the S/Line’s design features
and matching its styling. Other
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
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Illustrating the uniqueness of their new,
smaller units in the market, Collins
advertisements in the 1950s and early
1960s emphasized the S/Line’s physical
styling and size as often as they did its
performance.WA3KEY Virtual Collins
Radio Museum,
[http://www.wa3key.com/crads.html
“Advertisement Archive”]
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
Collins continued to improve the
S/Line, first introducing the S-2, then
the S-3 units, the 75S-3 (and -3A, -3B
and -3C) receiver, and the 32S-3 and 3A transmitters. The -3A and -3C units
were identical to the -3 and -3B units,
respectively, except they provided an
extra set of heterodyne oscillator
crystals enabling them to cover extra
bands – useful for military, amateur
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1
Among amateur radio operators, the
S/Line established its reputation as
perhaps the most solidly engineered
equipment available – and the most
costly. As a result, S/Line equipment,
and the A-Line and other
predecessors, are restored, prized,
and operated on the air by collectors
today.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
1
Collins continued to produce the S/Line
well into the late 1970s and after its
acquisition by Rockwell.
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Rockwell Collins - Transceivers and systems
In 1978, with the move to Solid state
(electronics)|solid state design, the
S/Line came to an end after a two decade
production run. The KWM-380
transceiver was introduced the next year
– a break with the past both in its use of
transistors and digital technology, and
its styling. It would be Collins’ final
entry in the amateur radio market until
it was discontinued in the mid1980s.WA3KEY Virtual Collins Radio
Museum,
[http://www.wa3key.com/collins.html
“Collins Amateur Equipment”]
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1
These can be used for data-logging
applications in remote areas, now a
common practical use for Iridium's
services
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1
*'Iridium Core 9523'mdash; Similar to
the 9522B, a modular transceiver
released in 2012, designed to be an
embedded solution.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
1
*'Iridium 9522A'mdash; Based on the
9522, some variants have built in GPS
and autonomous reporting functions.
Supports SBD.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
*'Motorola 9522'mdash; Last Motorola
transceiver, supports outgoing SMS but no SBD.
1
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Standalone transceiver units
*'Motorola 9520'mdash; Original
transceiver module, does not support
outgoing SMS or SBD. Designed for
use in vehicles with accompanying
handset[http://www.outfittersatellite.
com/iridium_9520.htm Iridium 9520].
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1
Without an extra global navigation
satellite system, receiver tracking is
difficult, but not impossible, as the
position of a mobile unit can be
determined using a Doppler shift
calculation from the satellite. These
readings however can be inaccurate
with errors in the tens of kilometers.
Even without using Doppler shifts, a
rough indication of a unit's position
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
The position readings can be
extracted from some transceiver units
and the 9505A handset using the MSGEO AT
command.[http://www.beamcommun
ications.com/index.php?option=com_
docmantask=doc_downloadgid=5 ISU
Command Set] - p57
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1
In the past, Iridium has used this method
of tracking to block service to U.S.
embargoed countries, such as North
Korea and other politically unpopular
regions, such as Northern Sri Lanka. It is
also used to stop geographically bounded
plans from being used outside the
designated area.
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Iridium Satellite LLC - Tracking transceiver units
1
The Iridium Extreme phone introduced in
2011 has a GPS location service
embedded in the device, which the user
can use to locate themselves or include in
SMS messages. It can also be used to
provide advanced services like Geofence|Geo-fencing. A red emergency
button on the top of the unit can be
pressed to send the unit's position to
emergency rescue agencies or other
number pre-programmed by the user or
distributor.
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1
More specifically, the Ethernet PHY is a
chip that implements the hardware send
and receive function of Ethernet Data
frame|frames; it interfaces between the
analog domain of Ethernet physical layer |
Ethernet's line modulation and the digital
domain of link-layer Media Independent
Interface|packet
signaling.http://electronics.stackexchange.
com/questions/75596/what-is-thehttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
Examples include the Vitesse
Semiconductor SimpliPHY and
SynchroPHY VSC82xx/85xx/86xx
family and Marvell Technology
Group|Marvell Alaska
88E1310/88E1310S/88E1318/88E1318S
Gigabit Ethernet transceivers.
1
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PHY (chip) - Ethernet physical transceiver
1
An Ethernet physical transceiver can also
be referred to as a physical layer
transmitter and/or receiver, a physical
layer transceiver, a PHY transceiver, a
PHYceiver, or simply a PHY. The term
'PHYceiver' is often shown as being TM
(Trade Marked) but is not currently
registered with TESS
[http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/index.js
p 'United States Patent and Trademark
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
Typically a BTS for anything other
than a picocell will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to
serve several different
frequency|frequencies and different
sectors of the cell (in the case of
sectorised base stations)
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via
the base station control function (BCF).
The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit
or even incorporated in a TRX in compact
base stations. The BCF provides an
operations and maintenance (OM)
connection to the network management
system (NMS), and manages operational
states of each TRX, as well as software
handling and alarm collection.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
There are vendors in which the BTS is a
plain transceiver which receives
information from the MS (mobile station)
through the Um air interface and then
converts it to a TDM (PCM) based
interface, the Abis interface, and sends it
towards the BSC
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
The BTSs are equipped with radios that
are able to modulate layer 1 of interface
Um; for GSM 2G+ the modulation type is
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK),
while for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution|EDGE-enabled networks it is
GMSK and 8-PSK
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
Antenna combiners are implemented
to use the same antenna for several
TRXs (carriers), the more TRXs are
combined the greater the combiner
loss will be. Up to 8:1 combiners are
found in micro and pico cells only.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
Frequency hopping is often used to
increase overall BTS performance; this
involves the rapid switching of voice traffic
between TRXs in a sector. A hopping
sequence is followed by the TRXs and
handsets using the sector. Several
hopping sequences are available, and the
sequence in use for a particular cell is
continually broadcast by that cell so that it
is known to the handsets.
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Base station subsystem - Base transceiver station
1
A TRX transmits and receives according to
the GSM standards, which specify eight Time
division multiple access|TDMA timeslots per
radio frequency. A TRX may lose some of this
capacity as some information is required to
be broadcasting|broadcast to handsets in the
area that the BTS serves. This information
allows the handsets to identify the network
and gain access to it. This signalling makes
use of a channel known as the Broadcast
Control Channel (BCCH).
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Gunning transceiver logic
1
'Gunning transceiver logic' or 'GTL' is a
type of logic signaling used to drive
electronics|electronic backplane
computer bus|buses
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Gunning transceiver logic
All Intel front-side buses use GTL. As of
2008, GTL in these FSBs has a maximum
frequency of 1.6 GHz. The front-side bus of
the Intel Pentium Pro, Pentium II and
Pentium III microprocessors uses GTL+ (or
GTLP) developed by Fairchild
Semiconductor, an upgraded version of GTL
which has defined slew rates and higher
voltage levels. AGTL+ stands for either
assisted Gunning transceiver logic or
advanced Gunning transceiver logic. These
are GTL signaling derivatives used by Intel
microprocessors.
1
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CWDM - Transceivers versus transponders
1
** Dense WDM (DWDM) Transceivers: Channel 17
to Channel 61 according to ITU-T.
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RF module - Transceiver modules
1
An RF Transceiver module incorporates
both a transmitter and receiver. The circuit
is typically designed for Half-duplex
operation, although Full duplex modules
are available, typically at a higher cost due
to the added complexity.
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Ultrasonic transceiver
'Ultrasonic sensors' (also known as
'transceivers' when they both send and
receive, but more generally called
'transducers') work on a principle similar to
radar or sonar, which evaluate attributes of
a target by interpreting the echoes from
radio or sound waves respectively
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
This technology can be used for
measuring wind speed and direction
(anemometer), tank or channel level, and
speed through air or water
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
1
Systems typically use a transducer which
generates sound waves in the ultrasonic
range, above 18 kHz, by turning electrical
energy into sound, then upon receiving the
echo turn the sound waves into electrical
energy which can be measured and
displayed.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Capabilities and limitations
1
The technology is limited by the shapes of
surfaces and the density or consistency of
the material. Foam, in particular, can
distort surface level
readings.[http://www.openchannelflow.com
/blog/article/the-heady-problem-of-foam-influmes-and-weirs Ultrasonic Flow Meters
and Foam], Openchannelflow.com
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1
An ultrasonic transducer is a device that
converts energy into ultrasound, or sound
waves above the normal range of human
hearing
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1
The location at which a transducer focuses
the sound can be determined by the active
transducer area and shape, the ultrasound
frequency, and the sound velocity of the
propagation medium. The diagrams show
the sound fields of an unfocused and a
focusing ultrasonic transducer in water.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
Since piezoelectric crystals generate a
voltage when force is applied to them, the
same crystal can be used as an ultrasonic
detector. Some systems use separate
transmitter and receiver components while
others combine both in a single
piezoelectric transceiver.
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Transducers
1
Non-piezoelectric principles are also used in
construction of ultrasound transmitters.
magnetostriction|Magnetostrictive materials
slightly change size when exposed to a
magnetic field; such materials can be used to
make transducers. A
Microphone#Condenser_microphone|capacit
or microphone uses a thin plate which moves
in response to ultrasound waves; changes in
the electric field around the plate convert
sound signals to electric currents, which can
be amplified.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine
Medical ultrasonic transducers
(probes) come in a variety of different
shapes and sizes for use in making
pictures of different parts of the body.
The transducer may be passed over the
surface of the body or inserted into a
body opening such as the rectum or
vagina. Clinicians who perform
ultrasound-guided procedures often
use a probe positioning system to hold
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in medicine
1
Air detection sensors
are used in various
roles
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1
Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect
movement of targets and to measure
the distance to targets in many
automatic factory | automated factories
and process plants. Sensors with an on
or off digital output are available for
detecting the movement of objects, and
sensors with an analog output which
varies proportionally to the sensor to
target separation distance are
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in
automotive applications for parking assist
technology. Ultrasonic sensors are being
tested in a number of uses including
ultrasonic people detection and assisting
in autonomous UAV navigation.
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
Because ultrasonic sensors use sound
rather than light for detection, they work in
applications where photoelectric sensors
may not
1
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
1
Passive ultrasonic sensors may be
used to detect high-pressure gas or
liquid leaks, or other hazardous
conditions that generate ultrasonic
sound.
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Ultrasonic transceiver - Use in industry
High-power ultrasonic emitters are
used in commercially available
ultrasonic cleaning devices. An
ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a
stainless steel pan which is filled with a
solvent (frequently water or
isopropanol), and a square wave is
applied to it, imparting vibrational
energy in the liquid.
1
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
Kenwood has offered lines of High
frequency|HF, VHF/UHF, and HandieTalkie|portable amateur radio
models, including some with built-in
digital data modes (Automatic Packet
Reporting System, built on AX.25
packet radio) and modems needed to
send and receive these protocols.
1
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1
Among the product lines are the TS series
of HF transceivers which cover the HF
(high frequency) bands, from 1.8 to
30MHz.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1
Other series include the 100, 500, and the
2000 series. Kenwood also offers a B
model, which is a transceiver without
display or controls and is completely
controlled by a remote computer or a
separate control unit.
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Kenwood Corporation - Amateur radio transceivers
1
* Radios with built-in
digital data modes and
modems (for APRS)
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver
modules
| rowspan=4 | integrated Whip, chip or
U.FL|U.FL connector, SMA connector|RPSMA
connector
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver
modules
| rowspan=2 |
[http://www.digi.com/news/pressrelease.jsp?prid=27
9scompany=1sproduct=18 Dec, 2006]
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver
modules
| Series 1 XBee-PRO
[http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9000098
2_A.pdf manual]
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver
modules
| Series 2 XBee ZB
[http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/
90000976_C.pdf manual]
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
| rowspan=2 |
[http://www.ember.com/products_zigbee_soft
ware.html Ember ZNet]
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver
modules
| Series 2 XBee-PRO ZB
[http://ftp1.digi.com/support/documentation/9000097
6_C.pdf manual]
1
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Comparison of 802.15.4 radio modules - Integrated MCU and transceiver modules
| deRFmega128-22M00 2.4 GHz
[http://www.dresdenelektronik.de/funktechnik/service/downl
oads/documentation/?eID=dam_fronten
d_pushdocID=1250 datasheet]
1
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Avalanche transceiver
1
Following an avalanche, and if the holder
of the transceiver is safe and has not
themselves been caught by the avalanche,
they may switch the transceiver from
transmit into receive mode, allowing use
as a radio direction finding device to
search for signals coming from other
skiers' transmitter beacons who may be
trapped
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Avalanche transceiver
Early avalanche beacons transmitted at
2.275kHz (2275 Hertz|Hz). In 1986, the
international frequency standard of
457kHz was adopted, and this remains the
standard today. Many companies
manufacture beacons that comply with this
standard.
1
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Avalanche transceiver
An avalanche beacon is not
considered a preventive measure
against possible avalanche burial, but
rather it is a way to reduce the amount
of time buried.
1
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
In 1968, Dr. John Lawton invented the first
effective avalanche transceiver at Cornell
Aeronautical Laboratory in Buffalo, New
York, with the first units being sold in 1971
under the “Skadi” brand name. This unit,
functioning at 2.275kHz, converted the
radio frequency to a simple tone audible to
the human ear. By following the tone to
where it was loudest, the beacon operator
could use it to locate the buried beacon by
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
In 1986, Internationale Kommisia fur
Alpines Rettingwesen|IKAR adopted
the frequency of 457kHz. In 1996
ASTM adopted the 457kHz standard.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
The following are the currently accepted
international standards for Avalanche
Transceivers operating on the 457kHz
frequency.
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Avalanche transceiver - History
* 200 hours
transmitting at +10C
(assumed inside
protective clothing)
1
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
* 1 hours receiving
at −10C (assumed
handheld)
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
* carrier keying (pulse period)
1000±300 ms
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Avalanche transceiver - History
1
Now that the frequency 457kHz had
become an international standard,
and the problems of range had been
discussed and analyzed, everyone
was most interested in ease of use
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Avalanche transceiver - Types of beacons
There are two types of avalanche
beacons: digital and analog. They both
adhere to the international standard
as described above, and only differ in
the method(s) used to indicate to the
user where the buried beacon is
located. Most beacons currently being
sold are digital, because of their
enhanced ease of use and higher
recovery rates.
1
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Avalanche transceiver - Analog
The original avalanche beacon was an
analog beacon which transmitted the
pulsed signal as an audible tone to the
user. The tone gets louder when the user
is closer to the transmitting beacon. These
beacons have also been augmented with
Light Emitting Diode|LEDs that provide a
visual indication of signal strength, and
earpieces to increase the ability of the
listener to hear the tone.
1
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Avalanche transceiver - Digital
1
Digital transceivers take the strength of the
signal and the emitted dipole flux pattern
and compute distance and direction to the
buried transceiver.ISSW 2000 In order to
calculate the emitted dipole flux pattern, a
digital transceiver must have at least two
antennas, although most modern
transceivers have three
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1
Several high-end digital beacons are also
equipped with a secondary supplementary
frequency referred to as W-Link. This
frequency broadcasts additional details to
other transceivers capable of receiving the
W-Link signal. Advertised brandindependent features of W-Link include:
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1
* The ability to resolve multiple, complex
burial situations by better differentiating
individual transceivers
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1
* More reliable estimation of
the number of burials
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
* More reliable and quicker
marking/unmarking of victims (i.e.
forcing the transceiver to ignore an
already found victim)
1
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Avalanche transceiver - W-Link
1
* Ability to transmit and receive additional
data including wearer's vital signs or
identification
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Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection
1
The idea behind this is that if everyone in
a group is wearing a vitals-capable W-Link
transceiver and some group members are
buried in an avalanche, the remaining
group members will be able to determine
which of the buried victims are still alive,
and focus rescue efforts on those
members.
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Avalanche transceiver - Vitals Detection
1
This helps mitigate the potential risk
of mis-categorizing an alive victim as
dead because their beacon is not
transmitting vitals data, and thus the
rescuer does not see the alive
indicator on their transceiver.
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
For this reason transceiver
manufacturer Arva Equipment has
elected to omit received vitals data
from being displayed on their Link
transceiver, although the beacon does
transmit them
1
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
He quickly activates his
transceiver and it gets a lock on
all three victims
1
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Avalanche transceiver - Controversies of W-Link
In this scenario, it is clear to
distinguish between all three victims
even though the transceiver does not
display their names; his wife is 33
meters behind him, while the other two
people he just met are much closer,
and close together, as well
1
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Avalanche transceiver - Frequencies and Technical Information
1
The W-Link frequency in
use varies based on
geographical location
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1
Due to the highly directional nature of the
457kHz signal at the ranges common for
avalanche burial (and the range specified
in the standards), there have been many
techniques developed to search for buried
beacons
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1
The burial of a single beacon may involve search
using one of several methods:
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
1
* Induction search
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Avalanche transceiver - Search Techniques
These search methods are adapted and
extrapolated to scenarios where there is more than
one burial.
1
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SFP transceiver - Types
1
** 'ZX' - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80
km, with green extraction lever (see GLCZX-SM1)
https://www.google.com/search?q=GLCZX-SM1rls=com.microsoft:en-za:IESearchBoxoe=um=1ie=UTF8hl=entbm=ischsource=ogsa=Ntab=wiei=iADU9axCYfY7AaqkYCwDA
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SFP transceiver - SFP+
1
SFP+ supports 8Gbit/s Fibre Channel, 10gigabit Ethernet and Optical Transport
Network standard OTU2. It is a popular
industry format supported by many
network component vendors.
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SFP transceiver - SFP+
SFP+ also introduces 10gigabit_Ethernet#SFP.2B_Direct_Attach|Di
rect Attach for connecting two SFP+ ports
without dedicated transceivers.
1
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SFP transceiver - Applications
SFP sockets are found in Ethernet
switches, routers, firewalls and network
interface cards. Storage interface
cards, also called HBAs or Fibre
Channel storage switches, also make
use of these modules, supporting
different speeds such as 2Gb, 4Gb, and
8Gb. Because of their low cost, low
profile, and ability to provide a
connection to different types of optical
fiber, SFP provides such equipment
with enhanced flexibility.
1
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Transceivers - RF Transceiver
The RF Transceiver uses RF module|RF
modules for high speed data transmission.
The micro electronic circuits in the digital-RF
architecture work at speeds up to 100GHz.
The objective in the design was to bring
digital domain closer to the antenna, both at
the receive and transmit ends using software
defined radio (SDR). The softwareprogrammable digital processors used in the
circuits permit conversion between digital
baseband signals and analog RF.
1
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Base transceiver station
A 'base transceiver station' ('BTS') is a
piece of equipment that facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment
(UE) and a network. UEs are devices like
mobile phones (handsets), Wireless local
loop|WLL phones, computers with wireless
Internet connectivity.
1
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Base transceiver station
1
The network can be that of any of the
wireless communication technologies
like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX or other wide area
network (WAN) technology.
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Base transceiver station
1
BTS is also referred to as the radio base
station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or,
simply, the base station (BS). For
discussion of the 3GPP Long Term
Evolution|LTE standard the abbreviation
EnodeB|eNB for evolved node B is widely
used.
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Base transceiver station
Typically a BTS will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to
serve several different frequencies
and different sectors of the cell (in the
case of sectorised base stations)
1
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
; Transceiver (TRX): Quite widely
referred to as the driver receiver
(DRX), DRX are either in form of
single (sTRU), double(dTRU) or a
composite double radio unit (DRU). It
basically does transmission and
reception of signals. It also does
sending and reception of signals to
and from higher network entities (like
the base station controller in mobile
1
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1
; Power amplifier (PA): Amplifies the
signal from DRX for transmission
through antenna; may be integrated
with DRX.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1
; Combiner: Combines feeds from several
DRXs so that they could be sent out
through a single antenna. Allows for a
reduction in the number of antenna used.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1
; Duplexer: For separating sending and
receiving signals to/from antenna.
Does sending and receiving signals
through the same antenna ports
(cables to antenna).
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
; Antenna: This is the structure that the
BTS lies underneath; it can be installed as
it is or disguised in some way (Concealed
cell sites).
1
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1
; Alarm extension system: Collects working
status alarms of various units in the BTS
and extends them to operations and
maintenance (OM) monitoring stations.
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
; Control function: Controls and
manages the various units of BTS,
including any software. On-the-spot
configurations, status changes,
software upgrades, etc. are done
through the control function.
1
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Base transceiver station - General architecture
1
; Baseband receiver unit (BBxx):
Frequency hopping, signal DSP, .
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1
; Diversity techniques: To improve the
quality of the received signal, often two
receiving antennas are used, placed at
an equal distance to an uneven multiple
of a quarter of wavelength (for 900MHz
the wavelength it is 30cm). This
technique, known as antenna diversity
or space diversity, avoids interruption
caused by path fading. The antennas
can be spaced horizontally or vertically.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1
: Other than antenna or space diversity,
there are other diversity
scheme|diversity techniques such as
frequency/time diversity, antenna
pattern diversity, and polarization
diversity.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1
: Splitting refers to the flow of power within
a particular area of the cell, known as a
sector. Every field can therefore be
considered like one new cell.
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Base transceiver station - Terms regarding a mobile BTS
1
Directional antennas reduce LORA
interference
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver
1
A universal access transceiver is a data
link intended to serve the majority of the
general aviation community
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Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Universal access transceiver
The UAT system is
specifically designed
for ADS-B operation
1
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For More Information, Visit:
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m/the-transceiver-toolkit.html
The Art of Service
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