Ethnic Enclaves and
Transnational Fields
José Luis Molina, Miranda J. Lubbers, and Hugo Valenzuela
Globalisation, Transnationalism & Development Colloquium
Maastricht Centre for Citizenship, Migration and Development (MACIMIDE)
January 14, 2015
MICINN - CSO2012-32635 Emprendimiento Social: Embeddedness Local, Social Networking
Sites y desarrollo teórico (ENCLAVE).
Research question
• What is the relation between transnational
structures and (ethnic) enclaves (economic
and/or residential)?
• What are the dynamics that account for the
emergence of enclaves (serendipity, diffusion,
models, circulation of work and capital, scales
…).
Sections
1. Current Social Theory limitations about
people, places and networks.
2. Examples of enclaves and transnational fields
(or structures)
3. The case of Romanians in Castellón (Spain)
4. Methodological options.
1. Social Theory: People, places, and
networks
Single place
Community
People Homogeneous Gemeinschaft
Mechanic solidarity
People Diverse
Gesellschaft
Organic solidarity
Organizations
Public sites
Crowds
People, places, and networks
Single place
People Homogeneous
People Diverse
Different Places
Community
Migration
Gemeinschaft
mobility
Mechanic solidarity
Gesellschaft
Super-diversity?
Organic solidarity
Organizations
Public sites
Crowds
Super-diversity?
People, places, and networks
Single place
People
Homogeneous
People Diverse
Places
Origin
Community
Gemeinschaft
Mechanic
solidarity
Migration Diaspora
mobility
Gesellschaft
Organic
solidarity
Organizations
Public sites
Crowds
Super-diversity
Superdiversity
-
Destination
Origin and
Destination
Enclave
Transnational field
/space
Circular migration
…
-
-
Places
People
Homogeneous
People Diverse
Spatial segregation high
Spatial segregation low
Neighborhoods
Enclaves
Ghettoes
Condominiums
Colonies
(Romanians in Castellón?)
Cluster, District?
Cosmopolitanism?
2. Examples of (ethnic) enclaves
connected with transnational
structures
• Indian shops in Lloret de Mar (Costa Brava).
• Textil cluster in Uriangato-Moroleón (México)
Indians shops in Lloret de Mar
Project: Ref.: Profiles of Ethnic
Entrepreneurship. (2010-2012). Perfiles del
Empresariado Étnico en España. MICINN
Comparing personal networks
Comparing Indian Owners Employees
Left: owners (N=6, 270 nominations). Right: employees (N=9, 405nominations).
Geographic dispersion differences (formula 1)
(M owners = 5.58, SD = 1.15; M employees = 6.50, SD = .18; t > = -2.35, df = 8.38, p < .05).
Indians in Lloret de Mar
2. Textile cluster - Uriangato-Moroleón
(México)
Alejandro García-Macías
Moroleón
Uriangato
Moroleón
Uriangato
Moroleón
Uriangato
3. Romanians in Castellón
• Bucur, R. (2011). Réseaux migratoires roumains
en Espagne. Stratégies et territoires de vie à
Castellón de la Plana (Comunidad Valenciana).
Université d’Angers - Université Jaume I Castellón.
• Bernat, J. S., & Viruela, R. (2011). The Economic
Crisis and Immigration: Romanian Citizens in the
Ceramic Tile District of Castelló (Spain). Journal of
Urban and Regional Analysis, III, 45–65.
• (…)
Romanians 2003-2008
Methods for eliciting transnational
networks
Mazzucato et al.
2007
Mouw et al. 2014
Molina et al. 2014
Goal
Measuring
simultaneity.
Comparing
discourses and facts
Measuring the effect
of transnational
positions in influence
(contagion)
Measuring
transnational
(emergent)
structures
Design
Random sample (N=
106), Network survey
+ personal networks
selected (N=33) in
the destination
country
(Amsterdam).
Binational linktracing survey
(Guanajuato N=410;
North Carolina or
Houston N= 197)
about people living
or coming from
Guanajuato (both
sending and
destination
countries)
Quota sample (N=
75, 25 in each
group). Selection of a
focal place. Personal
networks in
destination country
(Barcelona)
Matching alters
recruited by Egos in
Ghana (several
locations)
Option 1
Mazzucato, V. (2007). Bridging boundaries with
a transnational research approach: A
simultaneous matched sample methodology. In
M. A. (ed) Falzon (Ed.), Multi-sited ethnography
(pp. 215–232). Farnham: Ashgate.
Method
• Long preparatory phase (10 months!) identifying
alters in different locations in the the sending
country from Egos in the destination country with
multiple name generators.
• Matching contacts in the most important
locations with the aid of the same informants.
• Simultaneous interview/ participant observation
with the informants within the transnational
network, identifying both transactions and local
dynamics.
SMS
Option 2
• Molina, J. L., Petermann, S., & Herz, a. (2014).
Defining and Measuring Transnational Social
Structures. Field Methods.
doi:10.1177/1525822X14556254
Methodology
• Selecting a focal place.
• Collecting personal networks geolocalised
from a selected groups.
• Look for different levels of embeddedness in
the transnational structure (mobile, nonmobile, mixed embeddedness …)
• The anonymized dataset is publicly available
(http://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Signos_%2
8data%29).
Filipino (“tunnel”)
Sikh (“funnel”)
Chinese (“diaspora” …)
Option 3
• Mouw, T., Chavez, S., Edelblute, H., Verdery,
A., Carolina, N., & Hill, C. (2014). Binational
Social Networks and Assimilation : A Test of
the Importance of Transnationalism. Social
Problems, 61(3), 329–359.
doi:10.1525/sp.2014.12192.
Method
• Link-traced sample: selection of “seeds” in
both Mexico and the USA (“people from
Guanajuato”).
• Seeds: 12 in North Carolina and 5 in Houston 20 in Guanajuato. Controls RDS-like.
* White nodes are located in the United States (North Carolina or Houston) and black nodes are located in Mexico. Mow et al. 2014.
Missing data or no connections?
How to proceed?
• Ethnographic account.
• Quota sampling of Romanians in Castellón.
• Personal networks with at least 3 name generators
– Active contacts in Castellón.
– Active contacts in Dambovita.
– Active contacts in other places.
•
•
•
•
Whole network of associations – organizations.
Fieldwork in Romania tracing back the contacts.
Same methodology …
Whole network + personal networks.
The world is not flat …
• Network of “organizations” and associations in
Castellón and related organizations in
Dambovita.
• Multilevel analysis: whole network of
individuals and whole network of
organizations.
Csango de Moldavia (Hanna Kónya)
Red de todos los nombrados en el “asunto Csang”o por ubicación
Figura 7: Red de todos los nombrados en el asunto Csango por ubicación y su pertenencia o falta de esta al grupo Csango
Leyenda: ●Moldavia, ● Rumania pero Moldavia, ● Hungría, ● Otros, ●No hay datos; ○Csango, □ No Csango.
Hope?
Thanks to Ramona Bucur and
Alejandro García Macías for sharing
with me their maps.
Thanks for your
attention!
joseluis.molina@uab.cat