Prokaryotic
Cells
Kingdom Protista
Plantae Fungi Animalia
eukaryotic
Protista
prokaryotic
Monera
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic
• Mostly unicellular
• A very heterogeneous group include both
heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms
• 11 phyla
• Lots of disagreements
• Whittaker = “leftovers”
Reproduction:
• binary fission splits into two asexually
• multiple fission producing more than two
individuals
• sexually by conjugation (opposite mating
strains join & exchange genetic material)
Kingdom Protista
3 informal groups
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Plant-like (algal) protists
Misleading: some change
~ 45,000 species
Animal-like Protists
Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
13,000 species
Animal-like Protists
• Classified by the way they move
cilia
flagella
pseudopodia
• Heterotrophs ingest small food particles
& digest it inside food vacuoles
containing digestive enzymes
Animal-like protists
• Sarcomastigophora (amoebas,
forams, radiolarian)
• Ciliophora (paramecium)
• Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)
• Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)
Animal-like Protists
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
“Amoeba”
Shell-like glass or
calcium carbonate
structures
Radiating projections
13,000 species
Note:
glass projections
Foraminifera
Tropics = beaches
Most have symbiotic algae
Foramenifera:
Globigerina ooze
Covers about 36%
of the ocean floor
Animal-like Protists
Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”)
Largest, most homogeneous
Share few characteristics
with others
Movement coordinated
Sex: 8 mating types
8,000 species
Paramecium
Animal-like Protists
Phylum Zoomastigophora (“zooflagellates”)
Move using flagella:1 to thousands of flagella
Some parasites
• African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness
– tsetse fly
• Chagas Disease – kissing bug
• Leishmaniasis – sand fly
• giardiasis
Vaccines? change protein coat!
Gave rise to animals?
1,500 species
African
sleeping
sickness
Tsetse fly
Trypansoma
The Kissing Bug
Chagas disease
Leishmaniasis
Sand fly
Malaria
Mosquito & “victim”
Anopheles Mosquito
Africa = kills 1 million children per year
Thousands of sporozoites injected
Vaccine? (US support?)
Plasmodium sporozoite
gameteocyte
Fungus-like Protists
475 species
Phylum Oomycota
(“water molds”; mildew, blights)
Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae
Decomposers,parasites
Cell walls- cellulose
Related to algae based on cell wall
composition
Named after reproductive method
No “septa”
water molds
Downy Mildew
Mildew hyphae
Fungus-like Protists
Phylum Myxomycota
(“slime molds”)
Bizarre
Bright colors
Moving “slime” mass
Acellular body
550 species
Fungus-like Protists
Mildew
Water molds
Blights
Downey mildew
Slime molds
475 species
Slime Mold Maze
The slime mold starts out evenly spread
through the maze, but when food sources are
placed at two ends, the slime mold retracts
from everywhere but the shortest path.
Diatoms
Plant-like Protists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Euglena
Cocolithophore
Green algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Dinoflagellates
Cocolithophore
Radiolarian
Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)
Marine and Freshwater
Some live in corals
Cause “red tide”
1,100 species
Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
Bioluminescence
Pyrocystis fusiformis
HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in
PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)
Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium
Plant-like Protists
Phylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &
golden algae”)
Link to green algae
13,000 species
HAB- diatoms
2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths
Alfred Hitchkock
“The Birds”
Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea
Domoic acid
Plant-like Protists
Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”)
800 species
Division Chlorophyta
“Green algae”
Most freshwater or terrestrial
Some marine
7,000 species
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Halimeda opuntia
Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides
Caulerpa racemosa
Dictyosphaeria
cavernosa
Division Phaeophyta
“Brown algae”
Marine habitats
Example:
giant kelp forests
1,500 species
Example of complex
morphology:
Macrocystis
a. holdfast - attaches
to substrate
Blade
b. stipe
c. blade - main organ
of photosynthesis
d. bladder - keeps
blades near the
surface
Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Padina japonica
Hydroclathrus
clathratus
Turbinaria
ornata
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum
echinocarpum
Division Rhodophyta
“Red algae”
Most in marine
habitats
4,000 species
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Acanthophora
spicifera
Galaxaura
fastigiata
Ahnfeltia
concinna
Hypnea
chordacea
Asparagopsi
s taxiformis