ESA/STAT/AC.219/14
Health and Gender
Statistics in the
monitoring of the Habitat
Agenda
Global Forum on Gender Statistics,
Manila, 11-13 October 2010
1
Gora Mboup,
Chief Global Urban Observatory
Urban Development Challenges
World Population
(billons)
9
8
Dynamics of the
Urban Slum Problem
Rural
7
6
5
Urban
Slums
4
3
1
TOTAL
POP
2
Urban
Other
URBAN
POP
1
0
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
Urban Development Challenges
2. THE URBANIZATION OF POVERTY
40 to 80 per cent of urban dwellers in the world are
living in poverty
Urban Development Challenges
The urbanization of poverty would be characterized by:
 Overcrowding
 Homelessness
 Environmental health problems
 Increased vulnerability
 Segregation
 Violence and criminality
Monitoring the Habitat
Agenda
“All partners of the Habitat Agenda, including local
authorities, the private sector and communities,
should regularly monitor and evaluate their own
performances in the implementation of the Habitat
Agenda through comparable human settlements
and shelter indicators and documented best
practices“ [240]
Habitat Agenda:
chapters, goals and
indicators
Chapters
•
•
•
•
•
1
2
3
4
5
Shelter
Social development
Environmental management
Economic development
Governance
Habitat Agenda Goals
1. Shelter
2. Social development
and eradication of
poverty
3. Environmental
Management
4. Economic
Development
5. Governance
Promote the right to
adequate housing
Provide equal opportunities
for a safe and healthy life
Promote geographicallybalanced settlement
structures
Strengthen small and
micro-enterprises,
particularly those
developed by women
Promote
decentralisation and
strengthen local
authorities
Provide security of
tenure
Promote social integration
and support disadvantaged
groups
Manage supply and
demand for water in an
effective manner
Encourage PPP and
stimulate productive
employment
opportunities
Encourage and
support
participation and
civic engagement
Provide equal access to
credit
Promote gender equality in
human settlements
development
Reduce urban pollution
Provide equal access to
land
Prevent disasters and
rebuild settlements
Promote access to basic
services
Promote effective and
environmentally sound
transportation systems
Support mechanisms to
prepare and implement
local environmental plans
and local Agenda 21
initiatives
Ensure transparent,
accountable and
efficient governance
Chapter 2-Goal 6: Provide equal
opportunities for a safe and
healthy life
Indicator 2.1: under-five mortality
Indicator 2.2: homicides
Indicator 2.4: HIV prevalence
Indicator 2.3: urban violence
Environmental diseases
Diarrhea
Acute Respiratory Infection
Malaria
Environment and health inequalities in cities
Environmental inequalities lead to worse health and greater
risks of premature death. Child mortality rates remain highly
associated with various acute respiratory infections,
diarrhoeal diseases, malaria and diseases related to air
pollution, which in turn are related to various environmental
health hazards such as lack of sanitation and hygiene, lack of
access to safe water, poor housing conditions, poor
management of solid wastes, and many other external health
hazards. High-density living in slums and squatter settlements and
poor quality housing in general intensify the risk of diseases.
Where we live matters for health
Housing and access to basic services
Chapter 1 Shelter
Goal 1:
Promote the
right to
adequate
housing
Indicator 1.1: durable housing
Indicator 1.2: overcrowding
Goal 5:
Promote
access to
basic
services
Indicator 1.10: access to safe water
Indicator 1.11: access to improved sanitation
Indicator 1.12: connection to services
Poor management of solid waste exposes
urban population to multiple environmental
diseases
Improperly managed solid waste can clog storm drains, causes flooding, creates garbage heaps in
surrounding areas, and provides breeding and feeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies, and rodents.
these can cause diarrhoeas, parasitic infections, and injuries. Pools of standing water and flooding
can lead to increased incidence of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases, especially during
the rainy season, placing workers and local residents at risk. Public facilities often fall into
disrepair for lack of maintenance, setting the stage for accidents and poor waste management.
Living in a poor environment can also reduce the efficiency of access to other shelter services.
Indoor air pollution increase respiratory
Diseases in slum areas
It is estimated that indoor air pollution is responsible for between 2.7 and 2.8
million deaths annually. This makes it the second leading environmental health
threat in the world, especially in women who cook and their children. Women
usually have the added responsibility of caring for children who are then also
exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution on a daily basis. Strong associations
between bio-fuel exposure and increased incidences of chronic bronchitis in
women and acute respiratory infections in children have been documented. A
primary source of indoor air pollution is the burning of domestic fuels used for
cooking (e.g., biomass, charcoal, wood, coal).
Where we live matters for health
Environmental Management
Chapter 3 – Environmental Management
Goal 11:
Reduce
urban
pollution
Indicator 3.5: wastewater treated
Indicator 3.6: solid waste disposal
Indicator 3.7: regular solid waste collection
Goal 12:
Prevent
disasters
and rebuild
settlements
Indicator 3.8: houses in hazardous locations
Indicator 3.9: disaster prevention and
mitigation instruments
Findings from
Demographic and Health Surveys
Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys
Urban Inequities Surveys
percent
Diarrhea in the last two weeks by sex
in urban area
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18.2
14.9
11.7
10.4 10.0
Bangladesh
9.2
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
11.8
9.6
8.5
India
11.2
Female
Nepal
Morocco
percent
Diarrhea in the last two weeks by sex
in non-slum area
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16.9
14.6
10.3
8.5
6.9
Bangladesh
8.6
9.5
7.9
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
10.5 11.2
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Diarrhea in the last two weeks by sex
in slum area
25
19.1
percent
20
15
15.1
13.9
12.1
10.7
10
12.2 13.0
9.8
9.5 8.7
5
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Treatment of diarrhea by sex
in urban area
70
62.9
57.4
60
percent
50
40
30
27.5
28.8 30.0
24.9
25.5
20
28.2
15.5
7.4
10
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Treatment of diarrhea by sex
in non-slum area
80
69.2
percent
70
60
50
40
30
60.0
44.9
34.3
30.7 31.9
25.5
26.2 25.4
20
8.8
10
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Treatment of diarrhea by sex
in slum area
70
60.6
60
56.5
percent
50
40
30
32.2
26.5 26.9
22.5 21.0
24.3
20
6.6 8.3
10
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Acute Respiratory Infections in the last
two weeks by sex, urban area
30
23.6 24.1
percent
25
20
15
10
11.6 11.0
11.4
8.1
7.8 8.3
8.2 8.4
India
Philippines
5
0
Bangladesh
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Acute Respiratory Infections in the last
two weeks by sex, non-slum area
30
25.2
percent
25
21.8
20
15
10
12.3
8.0 8.4
7.0
8.8
10.5
6.7 6.4
5
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Acute Respiratory Infections in the last
two weeks by sex, slum area
30
24.8
percent
25
23.4
20
15
13.2
10.3
10
7.9
11.8
8.4
8.1 8.1
5
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Treatment of ARI by sex
in urban area
80
percent
70
60
72.8 70.0
50.7
50
40
30
57.3
52.9
43.7
42.7
38.5
17.1
20
13.9
10
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
percent
Treatment of ARI by sex
in non-slum area
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
77.4
73.1
58.7
56.5
49.8
54.4
48.3
45.6
20.3 17.8
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Treatment of ARI by sex
in slum area
80
71.2 68.7
percent
70
60
50
40
30
63.3
49.7
48.2
39.2
38.6
32.3
14.9
20
10.9
10
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Children 12-23 months that had
received all vaccines, urban area
120
percent
100
91.2 95.5
87.0 85.5
75.2 73.7
80
77.7
71.9
59.2 55.7
60
40
20
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
percent
Children 12-23 months that had
received all vaccines, non-slum area
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
94.0
88.3
73.3 71.3
Bangladesh
India
80.6 77.2
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
93.3 95.2
89.0
Female
77.2
Nepal
Morocco
Children 12-23 months that had
received all vaccines, slum area
120
percent
100
96.1
86.7
83.8 84.0
80
66.6 67.5
69.6 68.2
Philippines
Nepal
53.0 49.1
60
40
20
0
Bangladesh
India
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Morocco
percent
Children under-five malnourished
(underweighted), urban area
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
41.4
38.3
37.2
39.7
32.8 33.4
7.0 6.1
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Children under-five malnourished
(underweighted), non-slum area
35
31.8
30
percent
25
28.0
27.8
24.8
23.7
22.1
20
15
10
6.3 5.7
5
0
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
percent
Children under-five malnourished
(underweighted), slum area
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
46.6 46.4
42.2
44.1
39.3
37.4
8.0 6.9
Bangladesh
India
Philippines
Male
Computed from DHS
Female
Nepal
Morocco
Unsafe social environments (home, school, park
Expose girls and women to high risk morbidity
Social environments in many slum areas are not child-friendly and in
some cases, they are even hazardous for girls. For instance, in slum
areas served by several schools, the number may not be sufficient to
accommodate all children, leading to an overcrowded educational
environment.
In many slum areas, public/private toilets are overcrowded, putting
girls and women at risk of sexual harassment which is more possible
in overcrowded neighborhood.
Girls and women often submit to unwanted sexual advances from
their counterpart boys a and men that expose them to unwanted
pregnancies, unsafe abortions, HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases
Diagnosis of Insecurity: tools
• Victimisation Survey: scientific tool for city-wide inquiry
in levels of victimisation of residents
• Security Diagnosis: snapshot assessment of main insecurity
and crime problems
• Neighbourhood Safety Audits: a walk involving residents
and government officials identifying physical aspects of a
neighbourhood that contribute to insecurity
• Youth Offender Profiles: qualitative and quantitative
assessments of youth delinquency and its causes
• Violence against Women Survey: qualitative assessment
of characteristics of women abuse, its victims and perpetrators
Victimization survey: tools
Household survey is among the tools of victimization; it is usually
carried out among residents on opinions and experiences on a number
of different issues concerning safety and crime. The focus of the main
survey is on 4 components namely individual crimes, household
crimes, property crimes, and commercial crimes. The survey is
designed to provide for an in-depth analysis of certain categories of
crime, determine their extent in the city, identify the populations most
at risk, understand the nature of crimes and measure public perception
of those crimes.
Safer Cities
Urban Insecurity – The Facts
• Two out of three inhabitants of big cities are
victim of crime every 5 years
• Crime in the cities of the South and youth
crime everywhere
• Insecurity affects all, and in particular
vulnerable groups including girls and women
• Vicious circle between crime/fear and the
degradation of public space
Characteristics of Urban Crime
• More than 50% of urban crime is
against property (theft, burglary,
mugging, car hijacking)
• Violent crime accounts for 25% to 30%
of offences in developing cities
• 25% of violent crime involve domestic
violence against women
Causes of Crime and
Contributing Factors
The causes of crime are manifold but may be placed in
3 major categories:
• Social
• Institutional
• Situational (Physical urban environment)
Causes of Crime and
Contributing Factors
• Social Causes:
–
–
–
–
–
social exclusion and marginalisation
lack of social control
lack of socialisation in the family and schooling
lack/crisis in local traditions and values
lack of integration into society
Causes of Crime and
Contributing Factors
• Situational (Physical urban environment) Causes:
– failure to master the urbanisation process
– lack of urban services
– absence of the conception of security in urban polices and
planning
– degradation of urban neighbourhoods
– crowding and illegitimacy of certain quarters that causes
non-legal zones and trafficking of weapons
Consequences of Crime
General feeling of insecurity which results in:
• abandonment of neighbourhoods and avoidance of
certain quarters
• development of an “architecture of fear”
• stigmatization of certain quarters or populations
• creation of climate that threatens the foundation of
democratic institutions in urban areas
Annex: metadata
Indicator 2.1: Under-five mortality
Habitat Agenda Goal 6: Provide equal opportunities
for a safe and healthy life
•
Rationale:Under-five mortality is a powerful indicator of quality of life in cities. High child mortality is directly
correlated to low environmental indicators such as the level of wastewater treatment and sewerage and sanitation
facilities.
•
Definition:Probability, expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births, of a child born in a specified year dying before
reaching the age of five.
•
Methodology:Data collection and sources:Age-specific mortality rates are calculated from data on births and deaths
in vital statistics registries, censuses and household surveys in developing countries. Estimates based on household
surveys data are obtained directly (using birth history, as in Demographic and Health Surveys) or indirectly (Brass
method, as in Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, UNICEF). The data are then summed for children under five, and
the results are expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.Computation:At the city level, the best source of data is a
complete vital statistics registration system—one covering at least 90 percent of vital events in the population. Such
systems are uncommon in developing countries, so estimates are also obtained from sample surveys or derived by
applying direct and indirect estimation techniques to registration, census or survey data. A wide variety of household
surveys, including Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys, are used in developing
countries.
•
Gender:Under-five mortality rates are higher for boys than for girls in countries without significant parental gender
preferences. Under-five mortality better captures the effect of gender discrimination than infant mortality, as nutrition
and medical interventions are more important in this age group, while biological differences have a higher impact
during the first year of life .There may be gender-based biases in the reporting of child deaths.
Indicator 2.2: Homicides
Habitat Agenda Goal 6: Provide equal opportunities
for a safe and healthy life
•
Rationale:Crime rates provide useful information on the level of security in a city. However, the
number of reported murders only represents the apparent crime. Crime rates should be taken with
caution and reporting should mention the possible gaps between the official figures and the reality.
•
Definition:Number of reported homicides (male and female victims) annually per 10,000 population.
•
Methodology:Homicide includes intentional and non-intentional homicide. Intentional homicide
refers to death deliberately inflicted on a person by another person, including infanticide. Nonintentional homicide refers to death non-deliberately inflicted on a person by another person. This
includes manslaughter but excludes traffic accidents that result in the death of a person. This
definition is the one used by the United Nations Statistics Division. The data may be obtained from
the police or other law enforcement agencies. Information may also be checked with security experts
and NGOs dealing with human rights.
•
Gender:Women and men are differently affected by crimes. Therefore, indicators should be
disaggregated by sex of the victims. Also, homicides have different causes, one of them being
domestic violence. This particular issue may be examined by looking at the number of homicides by
cause, if this is reported by the police and other law enforcement agency.
Indicator 2.4: Urban violence
Habitat Agenda Goal 6: Provide equal opportunities
for a safe and healthy life
• Rationale: Since crime rates provide only a partial picture
of the level of urban violence, this Indicator provides
complementary information at the city level. Whether or
not the city has areas considered as dangerous or
inaccessible to the police and children experiencing
violence at school are good indication of the level of urban
violence. Major policies and programme against crimes
and violence include official policy against domestic
violence, crime and weapon control prevention policy and
victim of violence assistance programmes.
Urban Violence
1. Existence of areas
considered as
inaccessible or
dangerous to the
police:
1 yes, in many areas, representing more than 20% of the city's
population
2 yes, in a number of areas, representing 10 to 20% of the city's
population
3 yes, in some areas, representing less than 10% of the population
4 yes, in very few areas
5 none
2. Existence of
violence at school,
among children:
1 recurrent violence with injuries at least on a monthly basis requiring
police intervention
2 some occasional violence with injury
3 some occasional violence without injury
4 none
• Victimization survey
• Crime Survey
• Transport and accident
THANK YOU !