Chapter 3
Worker Oriented Methods
• Job Element Method
• Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ)
• Other Trait-Based Worker-Oriented Measures
– THRESHOLD TRAITS ANALYSIS SYSTEM (TTAS)
– ABILITY REQUIREMENTS SCALES (E. Fleishman)
– OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCER PATTERN
– MEHODS WITH SUBSTANTIAL ATT TO EQUIPMENT
• Cognitive Task Analysis
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Worker-Oriented Methods
• Most “psychological”
– Focus on KSAOs
• Os = preferences, values, temperament, personality
• Job Element
– Blurs distinction between what gets done and abilities required to do
it (elements not the same as FJA term)
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PAQ
– Well known in business...elements here means a finite list of things
Other trait-based methods
– TTAS has a comprehensive “global” list of traits
Cognitive task analysis
– Mental processes (where a lot of work is now and in the future)
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Job Element Method
(E. Primoff, OPM)
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CONTENT OF ELEMENTS
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Behaviors: Cognitive, psychomotor and work habits
GATHERING INFORMATION
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Most similar to work oriented
An element is combo of a behavior& evidence for it
Requires experts
RATING SCALES
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SMEs rate on
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DERIVED SCALES
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5 levels of importance
RESEARCH ON JEM: THE J-COEFFICIENT
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Based on previous scales (above) to get “total value”, “item index” (for test), “training value”
ASSIGNING ELEMENTS TO CATEGORIES
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“barely acceptable” to “superior”
“trouble likely if not considered”
“practical” – to expect incumbent to have
A ‘validity’ coefficient derived from human judgments
Can be useful is anyone takes the time to use the method
REMARKS ON JEM
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An ability is whatever it takes to do it (circular reasoning)
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Position Analysis Questionnaire
(E. McCormick) S-O-R theory
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Requires expert job analyst
Elements apply to all jobs
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DEVLOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE PAQ
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194 items (now 300)
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Good for job evaluation and FLSA
USES OF PAQ (objectives)
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Standardize an approach to ID worker requirements
Job evaluation / disability considerations
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Better agreement with same job/ less between jobs
Related to GATB mean scores (163 jobs)
RESEARCH ON THE PAQ: COMMON KNOWLEDGE EFFECTS
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Can this address any issues with your job?
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
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187 for attributes; 7 for pay concerns
Six major divisions (see table 3.4 p 74)
PAQ RESULTS
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Why is this an advantage for job evaluation?
Inter-rater reliability in ‘90s for different types of raters
But the rater needs to be very familiar with the job itself
RECENT PAQ DEVELOPMENTS
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DOT http://www.paq.com
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Other Trait-Based Worker-Oriented
Measures
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THRESHOLD TRAITS ANALYSIS SYSLTEM (33 traits)
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F. Lopez (‘70)
• Theoretically coherent
• Trait oriented
• Multipurpose
• Legally defensible
• For selection / training / description/ evaluation
• Two sections: 1. can do 2. will do
Is this applicable to your job?
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ABILITY REQUIREMENTS SCALES
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E. Fleishman & Mumford
• Generic human abilities
• Abilities linked to tests for them
• For selection and to build job families
Is this applicable to your job?
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OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCER PATTERN
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Borgen, ‘88
Individual differences in what they need (e.g. recognition, working together / alone)
METHODS WITH SUBSTANTIAL ATTENTION TO EQUIPMENT
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AET (ergonomics)
Job Components Inventory (entry level jobs; vocational guidance; training)
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Cognitive Task Analysis
– Cognitive psych: Mental activities must be inferred
– Often difference (cognitive) ways to achieve the same outcome
• TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL
– Declarative vs. Procedural (what the difference?)
– Generative knowledge (finding new relationships)
– Self knowledge (know your limitations!)
• K (acquired information) v. S (procedural)
• Automated skills (fast and effortless)
• Representational skills (mental models)
• Decision making skills (Kahneman’s system I and system 2)
– How experts complete their jobs
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COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS METHODS
– Interviewing
– Team communication
– Diagramming
– Verbal report
– Psychological scaling
A SIMPLE EXAMPLE
– TSA screener (they are missing a lot these days)
• the experienced ones develop a database of three dimensional rotated
objects
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY –difficult to assess
REMARKS ON COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS -Coming soon to a job near your
What is a task in your job that requires cognitive task analysis?
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