This Presentation Developed By
Drew R. Smith
This presentation may be modified or reproduced
by individual fire departments or training
organizations provided it is not used to generate
revenue or in any commercial manner.
CONFINED SPACE
&
TRENCH RESCUE
AWARENESS
CONFINED
SPACE
OBJECTIVES:
As presented in this class, identify:
• Ten hidden hazards associated with
confined space rescue
• The requirements imposed by the Illinois
department of labor for persons involved
in rescue operations
• How the national fire protection
association, Illinois department of labor,
occupational safety and health
administration, ANSI and NIOSH all
interface
• The methods of victim and rescuer
protection
• Required entry and retrieval systems
• Air quality monitoring and control
systems
• Isolation techniques
• The initial command operations at the
scene of a confined space rescue
• The initial tasks of the first-in company
at the scene of a confined space rescue
A Confined Space means a
space that:
• Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work; and
• Has limited or restricted means of entry;
and
• Is not designed for continuous employee
occupancy
Permit Required Confined
Space (PRCS)
Is a confined space that has one or more of
the following characteristics:
• Contains, or has a potential to contain, a
hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material that has a potential
for engulfing an entrant
• Has an internal configuration such that
an entrant could be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging
walls or by a floor which slopes and
tapers to a smaller cross section
• Contains any other recognized serious
safety or health hazard
Non-Permit Confined Space
Is a space that does not contain or, with
respect to atmospheric hazards, have the
potential to contain any hazard capable
of causing death or serious physical harm
Types Of Confined Spaces
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sewers
Silos
Vats
Ventilation and exhaust ducts
Boilers
Degreasers
Pipelines
Underground utility vaults
Tunnels
Railroad tank cars
Example of local confined
space locations
Silos
Industrial
or
Agricultural
Manholes
Sanitary
or
Storm
Rail Cars
Liquid Tank or Dry Bulk
Industrial Storage Tanks
Reasons for entering
confined spaces
•
•
•
•
•
Cleaning
Inspections
Maintenance
Training
Rescue
Confined Space Requirements are
detailed in OSHA Standards
29 CFR 1910.146
Permit-Required Confined Spaces
for General Industry - Final Rule
&
29 CFR 1910.147
Control of Hazardous Energy
(Lock-out/Tag-out)
Definitions
to aid in understanding the
OSHA regulations...
Qualified (Competent) Person
A person designated by the Employer in writing,
as capable (by education and /or specialized
training) of anticipating, recognizing and
evaluating employee exposure to hazardous
substances or other unsafe conditions in a
Confined Space
This person shall be capable of specifying
necessary control and/or protective action to
insure worker safety.
Attendant
A trained individual, stationed outside the
Confined Space area who monitors
authorized entrants working in PermitRequired Confined Spaces
Authorized Entrant
A trained individual who is authorized to
enter a Permit-Required Confined Space
area to perform work
Entry Supervisor
A trained individual who verifies that all
requirements for Permit-Required
Confined Space Entry have been met,
authorizing and overseeing entry
operations, and for terminating entries
For every entry into a PRCS
you will need:
At least one attendant
At least one entrant
An entry supervisor
(although the entry supervisor does
not need to remain on site)
Hazardous Atmosphere
An atmosphere that may expose employees
to the risk of death, incapacitation,
impairment of ability to self-rescue (that
is, escape unaided from a permit space),
injury or acute illness from one or more
of the following:
• Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess
of 10% of its Lower Flammable Limits
(LFL)
• Airborne combustible dust at a
concentration that meets or exceeds its
(LFL)
• Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or
above 23.5%
• Concentration of any substance
published in Subpart G, Occupational
Health and Environmental Control, or
Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous
Substances, in access of its dose or
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
Note: A concentration of any substance that
is capable of causing death, incapacitation
or impairment of ability to self-rescue,
injury, or acute illness due to health effects
is not covered by this provision
• Any other atmospheric condition that is
Immediately Dangerous to Life and
Health (IDLH)
Engulfment
The surrounding and effective capture of a
person by a liquid or finely divided
(flowable) solid substance that can be
aspirated to cause death by filling or
plugging the respiratory system, or that
can exert enough force on the body to
cause death by strangulation,
constriction, or crushing
Immediately Dangerous to Life
and Health (IDLH)
Any condition that:
• Poses an immediate or delayed threat to
life
• Would cause irreversible adverse health
effects
• Would interfere with an individuals
ability to escape unaided from a permit
space
Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere
An atmosphere containing less than 19.5%
percent by oxygen by volume
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
An atmosphere containing more than
23.5% oxygen by volume
Inerting
Displacement of the atmosphere in a permit
space by a noncombustible gas (such as
nitrogen) to such an extent that the
resulting atmosphere is noncombustible
Isolation
The process by which a permit required confined
space is removed from service and completely
protected against the release of energy and/or
material into the confined space by such means
as:
• Blanking and bleeding
• Removing sections of lines, pipes or ducts
• Double block and bleed
• Lock-out, tag-out, or tryout of all sources of
energy
• Blocking or disconnecting of all linkages
Retrieval System
The equipment including a retrieval line,
class III harness, wristlets, if appropriate,
and lifting device) used for non-entry
rescue of workers from a permit-required
confined space
Acceptable Entry Conditions
The condition that must exist in a confined
space to allow entry and ensure that
employees involved with a permitrequired confined space entry can work
within the confined space safely
Entry
The action by which a person passes
through an opening into a permit
required confined space, and includes
ensuing work activities in that space
Considered to have occurred as soon as any
part of the entrants body breaks the plane
of an opening into the space
Entry Permit
The written or printed document provided
by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
(AHJ) to allow and control entry to a
permit space
A permit is simply a checklist
• Not issued by the
Federal, State or
Local
government
• Minimum
contents set by
OSHA
• Many formats
Content of each permit is based on the
AHJ’s identification and evaluation of
each hazard of that permit space, or
class of spaces, and all procedures the
AHJ’s requires for protecting entrants
from those hazards during entry.
Each permit contains the information
specified in paragraph (f), ("ENTRY
PERMIT") of the standard
Prohibited Condition
Any condition in a permit space that is not
allowed by the permit during the period
when entry is authorized
Requirements
General
The Employer will decide if the
workplace contains Permit
Required Confined Spaces
(PRCS)
If workplace contains Permit
Required Confined Spaces, the
Employer must inform
employees of their existence,
location and dangers
If the Employer decides
employees will enter permit
spaces, the Employer shall
develop and implement a
written entry program
The Employer may use
alternate entry procedures
provided certain conditions and
requirements are met
When there are changes in use
of configuration of a nonpermit confined space that
might increase the hazards to
entrants, the Employer shall, if
necessary, reclassify as a permit
space
If there are no actual or
potential atmospheric hazards
and if all hazards within the
space are eliminated without
entry, space may be reclassified
for as long as the nonatmospheric hazards remain
eliminated
If entry into a confined space is
required to eliminate hazards,
it shall be according to
regulations and the confined
space may be reclassified for as
long as the hazards remain
eliminated
The Entry Supervisor shall
certify in writing that all
hazards in Permit Required
Confined Space have been
eliminated and make this
document available to each
entrant
If hazards arise in Alternate
Entry Permit Space or NonPermitted Space, employees
shall exit the Confined Space
and the Entry Supervisor shall
determine whether to reclassify
the Confined Space
When the Employer arranges
for contractor to perform
Permit Required Confined
Space entry work, the
Employer shall:
• Inform contractor of the Employer's
Permit Required Confined Space Entry
Program
• Apprise contractor of particular PRCS
hazards, precautions and procedures
implemented for protection of employees
in or near the Permitted Spaces
• Coordinate entry operations with
contractor when both will be working in
or near Permitted Spaces and debrief
contractor after entries
Contractors shall comply with
the Employers Permit
Required Confined Space
Entry Program during
combined employee entries and
coordinate multiple entry
operations
Requirements for
Alternate Entry
• Any condition making it unsafe to
remove an entrance cover shall be
eliminated before the cover is removed
• When entrance covers are removed,
opening shall be promptly and effectively
protected
• Before entry, internal atmosphere shall
be tested with a calibrated direct-reading
instrument, for the following conditions
in the order listed:
Oxygen content
Flammable gases and vapors
Potential toxic air contaminants
A confined space entered using
Alternate Entry Procedures
may not have any hazard until
after the space is vacated
Major utility companies often
use alternate entry procedures
Procedures for using continuous
forced air ventilation
• Entry will not be permitted until hazardous
atmosphere is eliminated.
• Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas
where employees are or will be present and
shall continue until employees have left space.
• Air supply shall be from a clean source and
may not increase hazards in space.
• Atmosphere within space shall be continuously
tested.
Procedures when a hazardous
atmosphere is detected during entry
• Each employee shall leave the confined
space immediately
• Permit Space shall be evaluated to
determine how hazardous atmosphere
developed
• Measures shall be taken to protect
employees from the hazardous
atmosphere before a subsequent entry
• The Entry Supervisor shall certify in
writing that the confined space is safe for
entry and that all of the above
requirements have been met
• The Entry Permit will be available to
each employee before entry
Permit Entry Confined Space
Procedure
Use of the Permit Entry Confined Space
Program:
• Prevents unauthorized entry
• Identifies and evaluates hazards before
entry
•Establish safe practices, such as:
Isolation
Purging
Inerting
Ventilation
Barricades
Lock out/tag out
• Provide and maintain equipment
necessary for safe entry, including testing
and monitoring, ventilation,
communications, personal protection,
lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and
rescue
• Test Permit Space and document results
• Maintain acceptable conditions in Permit
Space
• Provide at least one attendant outside the
Permitted Space for the duration of entry
operations
• Identify duties of each employee and
provide training
• Establish a written system for
preparation, issuance, use and
cancellation of Entry Permits
• Coordinate entry operations during
multiple employer entries
• Review entire program at least annually,
unless previously reviewed at conclusion
of a specific entry
Entry Permit System
The Entry Supervisor, through the permit
system, shall ensure:
• All PRCS Entry Permits are issued and
posted at the entry portal
• That the duration of the Permit does not
exceed the time required to complete the
task
• That all PRCS Permits are appropriately
canceled in a timely manner
The Entry Permit must provide
the following information:
• Permit Space(s) to be entered
• Purpose of entry
• Date and authorized duration of entry
permit
• Authorized entrants
• Attendants
• Entry Supervisors, by printed name and
signature
• Hazards of the permit space
• Measures required to control hazards of
the space
• Acceptable entry conditions
• Test results with signature or initials of
tester(s)
• Rescue services, and the means to
summon them
• Communication procedures and
equipment are on site
• All special equipment and procedures,
including personal protective equipment
and rescue equipment
• Any other information needed to ensure
safe entry
• Any additional permits needed for
welding, cutting, and brazing.
Employee's duties
CONFINED SPACE INCIDENT ENTRY PERMIT/CHECKLIST
LOCATION OF INCIDENT
TIME OF INITIAL ALARM
TIME OF ARRIVAL OF 1ST RESPONDERS
STAGING AREA AT LEAST 150 FEET FROM TRENCH
RESOURCES
REQUESTED
Sample
Permit
for
Rescue
Team Call-Out
enroute
arrived
Trailer
enroute
arrived
Team Ambulance
Victim Ambulance
enroute
enroute
arrived
arrived
Squad 4
enroute
arrived
two 4-gas
monitors
enroute
arrived
Manpower
enroute
Safety Chief
enroute
RESCUE BRANCH LEADER ESTABLISHED
RESCUE SAFETY OFFICER APPOINTED
WITNESS(ES) INTERVIEWED & BY WHO?
OBTAIN PERMIT FROM WORKERS, IF AVAILABLE
EXAMINE
CONFINED
LOCATE/ESTIMATE VICTIM POSITION
SPACE FROM
OUTSIDE
NOTE PIPES OR CABLES
DETERMINE ELECTRICAL/ MECHANICAL HAZARDS
DETERMINE VICTIM STATUS: DECIDE RESCUE OR RECOVERY MODE
MONITOR AIR USING MSA 4-GAS METER
LOCATION
LEL
AIR MONITORING PERFORMED BY:
O2
CO
OUTSIDE
SPACE
AT OPENING
INSIDE SPACE
HALF-WAY
AT VICTIM
RULE OUT HAZ-MATS
CEASE ALL UNSAFE ACTIVITY
ESTABLISH
OPERATIONS/APPROVED RESCUERS ONLY
ZONES
CONTROL/STAGING OF MEMBERS
EXCLUSION/APPARATUS AND MEDIA ONLY
BEGIN DEWATERING, IF NECESSARY
VENTILATE, IF NECESSARY
PERFORM LOCK-OUT/TAG-OUT, IF NECESSARY
PERMIT
RESCUE BRANCH LEADER
arrived
H2S
arrived
Personnel Duties
Authorized entrants
• Know the hazards that may be faced
during entry, including mode, signs or
symptoms, and consequences of exposure
• Properly use all required equipment
• Communicate with attendant as
necessary to enable attendant to monitor
status and to alert entrants of need to
evacuate
• Alert attendant whenever any warning
sign or symptom of exposure to a
dangerous situation or a prohibited
condition is detected
• Entrant recognizes any warning sign or
symptom of exposure to a dangerous
situation
Entrant exits from the permit space as
quickly as possible whenever:
• Order to evacuate is given by attendant
or entry supervisor
• Entrant detects a prohibited condition
• Entrant recognizes any warning sign or
symptom of exposure to a dangerous
situation
• Entrant detects a prohibited condition
• Evacuation alarm is activated
ALL RESCUERS MUST BE
TRAINED TO THE
ENTRANT LEVEL
Authorized attendants
• Know the hazards that may be faced
during entry
• Know the possible behavioral effects of
hazards
• Continuously maintains accurate count of
entrants
• Remain outside of permit space during
entry operations until relieved by another
attendant
• Communicate with entrants as necessary
to monitor status and alert of need to
evacuate space
• Monitor activities inside and outside the
space to determine if it is safe for
entrants to remain in space and order
evacuation when necessary
• Summon rescue and emergency services
when emergency exit from permit space
is necessary
• Take the following actions when
unauthorized persons approach or enter
a permit space while entry is underway
Warns them to stay away
Advises them to exit immediately if they have entered
Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor if
unauthorized persons enter space
Perform non-entry rescues
• Perform no duties that might interfere
with attendant’s priamry duty to
monitor and protect authorized entrants
Entry supervisors
• Know the hazards that may be faced
during entry
• Verify that acceptable conditions for
entry exist
• Terminate entry when operations are
completed or a prohibited condition
arises
• Verify rescue services are available
• Remove unauthorized persons who enter
or attempt to enter permit space during
operations
• Determine, whenever responsible and at
appropriate intervals, that acceptable
entry conditions are maintained
Rescue Services
Ability to restore an airway and circulation
to the victim in 3 to 4 minutes
NOTE: The time is for restoration of
airway and circulation, not simply arriving
on the scene.
On-site team
• Must be properly trained in entry
procedures, rescue procedures and PPE
equipment
• Permit space rescues must be practiced at
least annually from similarly configured
spaces
• Must be trained in basic first-aid and
CPR, and have at least one member
currently certified
Off-site
• Inform rescue service of hazards they
may confront
• Provide rescue service with access to all
permit spaces so they can develop
appropriate rescue plans and practice
rescue operations
• If injured entrant is exposed to substance
with a required MSDS, it shall be made
available to medical facility treating
entrant
Hazards
The Incident itself
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•
•
•
Configurations
Locations
Height
Depth
• Difficult rescues can be stationary or
mobile
• May be above grade, below grade or at
grade level
• Can narrow at the bottom and/or the top
• Can be in an area difficult to get
equipment to
Containment hazards
(Engulfment)
• Coal, sand, grain, pellets, you can sink
like quicksand or fall 20' threw a hole
• Water - you can drown
Biological / health hazards
•
•
•
•
•
•
MSD plants and sewers (Human waste)
Hepatitis B
Infection
Storm sewers and Contaminated water
Rats and Insects
Plants that work with biological
specimens and hazardous materials
Mechanical hazards
• Electrical, augers, backhoes, welding
equipment
• Difficulty with isolation - the process
where the space is removed from service
by
• Lock out, Tag out procedures, preferably
at disconnect switches remote from the
equipment
• Removing belt and chain drives,
mechanical linkages when possible
• A computer from a remote location can
turn on equipment or release a product
• Blanking and bleeding - pneumatic and
hydraulic lines
• Securing - mechanical moving parts
within a confined space with chains, bars,
chocks, blocks and other devices
• Double block and bleed
Lock-Out/Tag-Out Kit
• Padlocks
• Hasps & tags
• Plug &valve covers
• Chain
• Electrical Tester
Padlocks & Hasps/Tags
Covers & Limiting Devices
Locking Out a Plug
Lock-Out &
Tag-Out of
Electrical
Disconnect
Switch
Use of limiting device on
quarter-turn valve
Use of chain
to limit
operation
When Lock-Out is not possible
Dissipation of:
Stored energy
Static electricity
Weather
The environment for time of season and
day is extremely influencing
Examples
• Rain
• Snow
• Heat
• Cold
• Low and high humidity
Air Contaminants present the
most problems and hazards
Terms
Related
to
Toxicity
TLV - TWA
Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average
The amount of exposure a person can
receive in an eight hour day, forty hours a
week
EEL or STEL
Emergency Exposure Limits or Short Term
Exposure Limit
The amount of exposure a person can
receive in fifteen minutes during a rescue
IDLH
Immediately Deadly to Life and Health
The amount of an exposure a person
receives that is immediately life
threatening
LEL - UEL
Lower Explosive Limits and Upper
Explosive Limits
Between this range, combustible gases can
burn and explode.
Above the UEL the concentration is too
rich and below the LEL the
concentration is too lean
Recognize overexposure to
yourself and co-workers
•
•
•
•
•
Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Smell or rotten eggs
Euphoria
Oxygen ranges
19.5% to 23.5%
Can be displaced oxygen in a space from
decaying plants, rust, introduction of
another gas, inert gas cleansing and more
Carbon Monoxide displaces
oxygen in the human body,
even when plenty of good air is
available. (35 ppm TLV.)
Odorless, colorless, tasteless gas
Hydrogen Sulfide
•
•
•
•
•
Extremely poisonous and flammable
10 ppm is the TLV
IDLH is 300 ppm
Flammable range is 10% of the LEL
Has an odor of rotten eggs and
immediately deadens your senses
• If you smell it, get out
Explosive gases - flammable
hydrocarbons
•
•
•
•
Methane
Gasoline
Acetylene
Carbon monoxide
Combustible dusts
Electrical and other
energy sources
Poor lighting
&
Poor footing
(slips, falls)
Improper
(or a lack of)
training
Retrieval systems or
methods shall be used
whenever entry is made,
unless the retrieval
equipment would increase
overall risk of entry or
would not be of value
Each entrant shall
use chest or full
body harness, with
retrieval line
attached at the
center of their
back near
shoulder level, or
above their head
Wristlets may be used in lieu of
the chest or full body harness if
employer can show use of chest
or body harness is not feasible
or creates a greater hazard and
that use of wristlets is safest
and most effective alternative
Other end of retrieval line shall
be attached to a mechanical
device or fixed point outside
permit space for immediate use
Mechanical device
shall be used to
retrieve personnel
from vertical type
permit spaces more
than 5 feet deep
hazards associated
with Confined
Spaces
Protective Actions
Monitor use
Time needed to
intake atmosphere
• Electric pump: 1
second per foot of
tubing
• Hand bulb: 3 pumps
per foot of tubing
• Time needed for monitor to evaluate
• If you move too fast you can walk into or
through a hazard
• Test in 4 foot intervals for potential
stratification of gases
• Test 4 feet in all directions in front of you
Your test equipment must
monitor what you’re searching
for
What various scales on the
meter mean:
LEL How close you are to LEL
Percentage (%)
PPM 1 PPM = .0001%
Types of monitors
• Direct reading insturments
–Gas analysers
–Explosive meters
• Gas detectors
• Particulate detectors
• Drager (Colormetric) tubes
Calibration per manufacturer's
recommendations
Bump testing
Fresh air calibration
Maintenance
• Department procedures
• Manufacturer's recommendations
SHOULD USE TWO
MONITORS
When your alarm goes off - believe it
Testing must be continuous for
the outside and inside of the
Confined Space
This makes sure that old
problems don't reoccur and
new ones don't arise
Use meter to check air quality.
• Monitor air outside space first.
• Monitor air at confined space entry point
second.
• Monitor air inside entry point third.
• Monitor air at half-way point (half-way
between entry point and farthest point
inside confined space) fourth.
• Monitor air at farthest point (where
victim is located) last.
Use of ventilation
to control
the situation
Definition
The planned and systematic release and
removal of gases and the replacement of
these gases with a supply of fresh air
The same objective as at a structure fire
Consider characteristics of
gases
• Vapor densities
• Stratification
Reasons for ventilation
• When the type of construction is
unsuitable for natural ventilation
• To remove dangerous gases
• To reduce LEL's to safe levels
• To produce a work environment with a
temperature conducive to human
habitation
When to ventilate
Prior to and during entry of confined space
Where to ventilate
In the area where the confined space is
occupied
During a rescue, the ventilation hose should
be directed at the victims face when
possible
Ventilation must be
continuous
Ventilation equipment should
be intrinsically safe if dealing
with flammable gases
Tubing should be sized so
escape air can be released
around it from the opening
Use upwind
Area outside the Confined
Space should be clear for
dangerous expelled gases
Make sure you're not purging
your Confined Space with
contaminated air from the
outside
Car exhaust, small engine exhaust
Always operate the ventilator
in the positive pressure mode
An exhaust mode can draw
flammable gases into your
equipment and BOOM!
How long to ventilate?
Until the confined space is free of toxic gases
and the LEL is at a safe level
MONITOR
• Minimum of 5 minutes or
• 6 air exchanges in the space
Blower should be operated for one minute
prior to putting hose in confined space
Blower considerations
• CFM (usually stamped on blower)
• The length of blower hose and the
number of bends will affect the CFM
achieved
• Tubing in hole should not obstruct
exhaust gases, should allow one person to
enter and exit
• The blower should not be closer than 5
feet to confined space opening
Placement of blower hose
• In a vertical confined space: with a 90
degree bend, blow against the wall, at
least one foot below the surface, and two
feet above the floor
• In a horizontal confined space: lay hose
on the floor with the end of the hose at
least two feet from the end wall. Be sure
blower is out of the path of the purged air
Blow Air Across Manhole
Personal protective equipment
Components
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hard hats
Lights
Radios
Boots
Eye and Hearing protection
Splash protection
SCBA
Turn-outs (fire gear)
Hazardous materials protection
Does equipment need to be
intrinsically safe?
Is yours?
SCBA and Supplied Air Units
Compatible air system with supplied air
systems
Supplied air system
• 10 minute escape bottle recommended
• One person with the main system
• Keep short distances for possible kinking of
hose
• 300 foot maximum
Standard SCBA enables us
greater freedom of movement
but air supply is limited
Must be positive pressure
Physicals are required yearly
for all BA users
Full body harnesses,
Life lines, Tripods,
Descent & Retrieval Systems
all need to be
APPROVED
Tri-Pod Retrevial Systems
Commercial
Make-Shift
Little Giant Ladder (300# SWL)
A-frame using two ladders
Life Line Retrieval Systems
Block & Tackle Set-up
Industrial Hand Winch
20 mule Team
Tools/equipment
• Non-sparking
• Air driven tools, intrinsically safe (drills,
saws, cleaning equipment)
Electrical equipment
• Electrical is a source of ignition
• Should be on surge protectors and/or
ground faults
• Needs to be grounded
• Should be low voltage
Methods of communication
Radios
•
•
•
•
Won't turn corners
Difficulty in thick cement structures
Difficulty underground
May need to be intrinsically safe
Life Line
“OATH”
O - OK, 1 pull of rope
A - Advance line, 2 pulls of rope
T - Take up slake, 3 pulls of rope
H - HELP! 4 or more pulls of rope
Hand signals
Sight
Voice
Identification /
accountability system
•
•
•
•
Name of attendant
Name and number of entrants
Time in and out of confined space
Time on and off air system
Record keeping
Types of records
•
•
•
•
Training
Permits
Incidents
Medical surveillance - can use OSHA's
Hazardous Materials Regulations for this
• Equipment maintenance
Record retention
• Must be kept for a minimum of one year
• Exposure records must be kept for 40
years or for 30 years after employment
termination
THE WORK DAY ISN'T
OVER UNTIL THE
PAPERWORK IS
COMPLETE
Fire/Rescue
Emegency
Response
Procedures
Initial Operations
• Activate response plan
• Summon MABAS Special Rescue Team
confirming incident exists
• Institute Incident Command System
• Prevent unauthorized personnel from
entering area
• Prepare permit or S.O.P.
Set-up zones
Cold
Warm
Hot
Hot = Operations zone is within 15 feet of
victim. No person allowed except
rescuers approved by operations officer.
Warm = Control zone is within 50 feet of
victim. All rescuer staging occurs in this
area. No apparatus allowed in control
zone.
Cold = Exclusion zone is 150 feet of victim.
Apparatus and media are staged in this
area. Public is held outside exclusion
zone.
Perimeters
designated by
barricade tape
or rope and
police guard
Cold
Warm
Hot
Zone
distances may
be adjusted as
appropriate or
circumstances
allow
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visually check for hazards
Monitor air quality with meter
Ventilate confined space
Set-up tri-pod or other fixed point
Set-up retrieval system and tag lines
Have all entrants and back-up personnel
in full body harnesses
• Provide adequate lighting
• Establish communications methods
• Personal protective equipment is worn
and used: Helmets, SCBA, etc.
• Provide for rescue services (back-up)
• Protect portal
• Post permit or S.O.P. at portal
• All entrants or rescuers are trained to
compete assignment
• Make entry, perform assigned work
• Cancel permit
Planning
• Establish a confined space training program
• Make personnel aware of hazards
• Train personnel in tasks that your department
can perform safely
• Preplan a confined space rescue response
• Develop a procedure for first in companies
• Develop a response plan with local area fire
departments and industry
In Review...
A Confined Space means a
space that:
• Is large enough and so configured that an
employee can __________ and perform
__________; and
• Has limited or restricted means of
__________; and
• Is not designed for
_________________________
Permit Required Confined
Space (PRCS)
A confined space that has one or more of
the following characteristics
• Contains, or has a potential to contain, a
____________________
• Contains a material that has a potential
for __________________
• Has an internal configuration such that
an entrant could be trapped or
asphyxiated by
___________________________________
_____________
• Contains any other recognized
_______________________
Types Of Confined Spaces
Reasons for entering
confined spaces
Confined Space Requirements are
detailed in OSHA Standards
29 CFR 1910.146
Permit-Required Confined Spaces
for General Industry - Final Rule
&
29 CFR 1910.147
Control of Hazardous Energy
(Lock-out/Tag-out)
Definitions
Permit Required Confined
Space (PRCS)
Acceptable Entry Conditions
Entry
What constitutes an entry?
Contractors shall comply with
the Employers Permit
Required Confined Space
Entry Program
Requirements for
Alternate Entry
Procedures when a hazardous
atmosphere is detected during entry
Permit Entry Confined Space
Procedure
Entry Permit System
A permit is simply a checklist
The Entry Permit must provide
what information?
Roles
• Authorized entrants
ALL RESCUERS MUST BE TRAINED TO THE
ENTRANT LEVEL
• Authorized attendants
• Entry supervisors
Rescue Services
• On-site team
• Off-site
Hazards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electrical
Mechanical hazards
Stored energy
Static electricity
Containment (Engulfment)
Biological / health
Weather
Air Contaminants present the
most problems and hazards
Terms
TLV - TWA
EEL or STEL
IDLH
LEL - UEL
Recognize overexposure to yourself and
your co-workers
Ranges
•
•
•
•
Oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Explosive gases - flammable
hydrocarbons
Other hazards
• Combustible dusts
• Electrical and other
energy sources
• Poor lighting & poor footing (slips, falls)
• Improper training
Retrieval systems/methods
shall be used whenever entry is
made
• Entrant shall use chest or full body
harness
• Wristlets may be used
• Use mechanical device with vertical type
permit spaces more than 5 feet deep
Monitor use
Your test equipment must monitor what
you’re searching for
• Types of monitors
• Fresh air calibration
• Maintenance
Use of ventilation
to control
the situation
Consider characteristics of gases
• Reasons for
• When
• Where
• How long
Personal protective equipment
• SCBA and Supplied Air Units
• Approved full body harness,
life line, tripods, descent and
retrieval systems
• Clothing
• Helmets, gloves, eyewear
Methods of communication
Radios
Life Line
“OATH”
Hand signals
Sight
Voice
Does equipment need to be
intrinsically safe?
Is yours?
Record retention
• Must be kept for a minimum of _____
year
• Exposure records must be kept for _____
years after employment termination
Procedures for Initial
Operations
• Activate response plan
• Summon MABAS Special Rescue Team
confirming incident exists
• Institute Incident Command System
• Prevent unauthorized personnel from
entering area
• Set up control zones: Hot, Warm, Cold
• Prepare permit or S.O.P.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Visually check for hazards
Monitor air quality with meter
Ventilate confined space
Set-up tri-pod or other fixed point
Set-up retrieval system and tag lines
Have all entrants and back-up personnel
in full body harnesses
• Provide adequate lighting
• Establish communications methods
• Personal protective equipment is worn
and used: Helmets, SCBA, etc.
• Provide for rescue services (back-up)
• Protect portal
• Post permit or S.O.P. at portal
• All entrants or rescuers are trained to
compete assignment
• Make entry, perform assigned work
• Cancel permit
The End