CLARK UNIVERSITY
College of Professional and Continuing Education
(COPACE)
Lection 02

• Hardware:
– architecture;
– classification;
– basic devices.
• Software:
– classification;
– system software;
– application software;
– instrumental software.

Personal computer and
Electronic computer machine
• Computer – a programmable electronic device capable of processing data and computation, as well as performing other tasks of symbols manipulation.
• Electronic computer machine – complex of technical and software tools, designed for the automation of the preparation and decision of users’ tasks.

Architecture
Computer arrangement
Arrangement
Structure

Computer structure
– the combination of its functional elements and links between them.
Elements:
From the main logical nodes of the computer until the simplest schemes.
Graphical representation:
The structural scheme, with the help of which you can give a description of the computer on any level of detail.

Computer structure
We distinguish the structure of hardware, software and hardwaresoftware.
Choosing a computer for the solution of our problems, we are interested in the functional capabilities of the hardware and software modules.

The characteristics of the computer, determining its structure
Technical and operational characteristics :
– performance and productivity,
– indicators of reliability, validity, accuracy;
– the capacity of the RAM and the external memory,
– overall dimensions,
– the value of technical equipment and software,
– the features of the operation, etc.

… of computer:
– the speed of the processor
– throughput of the bus or the exchange rate to external hard drives
– frequency of the images shift on display
… of CPU - the speed of execution of operations by processor.

Productivity of processor is measured :
• by the speed of execution of commands over numbers with a floating point (flops);
• By the speed of execution of commands
"register-to-register";
• clock rate of processor.

Reliability
– property of computers to perform the functions for a set period of time necessary to solve the task.

- malfunction of the individual elements or the connections between them.

Sudden fault mechanical destruction of elements
Faults
Gradual refusal degradation of the parameters of the computer

Computer accuracy
– possibility to distinguish almost equal values:
32-, 64-, 128-bit

– property of the information to be correctly perceived by the user.
Characteristics: probability of receiving accurate (correct) results.

Possible methods of control of reliability of:
1. To solve standard tasks
2. To repeat calculations
3. To control decisions on other computers and to compare the results.

Computer architecture
– multilevel hierarchy of hardware and software tools.
The specific implementation of the levels determines the specifics of the structure of computer.

Single processor computer

Multi-processor architecture
If a computer has multiple processors then there may be organized many streams of data and many streams of commands.

Multi computing system
Multiple processors, entering into a computer system, don’t share a common memory, and have each its own (local).
Each computer in the multimachine system has a classical architecture.

Classification of computers powerful machines and computer systems
Net computers
Role of computer in the network clusters workstation s servers

The memory is a set of devices that serve to memory, storage and issue of information.
Some devices, included in this set, are called mass-storage device (RAM).

Storage devices with random access
RAM - random access memory
Access time does not depend on the location of the area of the memory (for example, RAM).
Types:
SDRAM,
DDR SDRAM
DR DRAM
The hardware implementation: the SIMM, the DIMM

Storage devices with direct access
Due to the continuous rotating, the possibility to appeal to a certain area of the storage device cycle is repeated.
Access time depends on the mutual arrangement of the site and read/write heads and is determined by the speed of rotation of the storage device

Storage devices with serial access
Consistently reviewed areas, while we does not take a position opposite the read/write heads
Magnetic tapes

Иерархическая организация памяти в современных ЭВМ

Processor – crystal grown according to the special technology of silicon.
It contains many millions of separate elements – transistors: processor, co-processor, cash I, cash II

Processor
Main computing device
Cache I
На кристалле процессора расположены
Special unit for floating point operations. Maintenance of high-precision and complex calculations, work with a number of graphical programs.
Small (a few tens of Kilobytes) ultra-fast memory that is used to store intermediate results of calculations
Cache II
More slow, size from
128 КB to 2048 KB

Processor features
• the architecture type (CISC, RISC)
• Bit-depth: internal (registers) and external
(data bus)
• the presence of the cache-memory
• clock rate (MHz)
• the degree of integration

Hard drive

Tracks and sectors of the hard disk

The logical structure of a hard disk

File systems
File system - part of the operating systems, which defines a way to organize, store and naming data to the information media.
The file system determines the format of the physical storage of the information, which is grouped in the form of files.

a set of programs, systems of information processing and program documents, necessary for their operation
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a set of programs, systems of information processing and program documents, necessary for their operation
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System software
Base software
Operation systems
Network operation systems
Operating shell
Service software
Drivers
Programs for disk service
Programs for efficiency diagnostics
Anti-virus programs
Archiver
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Applications
Programs of general purpose
Multimedia software
Problemoriented software
Intellectual software
CAD
Desktop publishing systems
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• Clipboard
• DDE
• OLE
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Clipboard
The start and ending of the programs don’t affect on the contents of the buffer.
One and the same fragment can be used in the documents several times: when you insert the contents of the clipboard does not change .
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OLE
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Component Object model (COM)
Component Object Model is a technical specification, representing a strict set of rules by which objects are created and destroyed, interact with each other and show their functions
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Drag&Drop
Drag&Drop specifies the visual, oriented on the use of the mouse way of exchanging information using the clipboard
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Compound documents
Compound documents integrate objects created in a variety of applications that support OLE.
Such documents can contain many objects of other documents. For example, the Microsoft Word text editor that supports OLE, can receive the tables and graphs from processing program Microsoft Excel spreadsheets
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Embedding
Embedding - the possibility to insert an item in a multiple-document without saving the references to the data source object. For example, you can embed an Excel spreadsheet to a Word document.
Then the object, which is located in a compound document, will be completely independent from the original source. Then change the primary object will not affect the embedded object
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Binding
Microsoft Word document can contain a link to the
Excel spreadsheet. The table and all its data are completely in Excel, but can be used in a Word document. If the initial data of the table are changed, these changes are automatically displayed in the Word document
Binding depends on the location of the objects. In other words, if the Excel table move to the new folder, the link is broken.
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Immediate activation of objects
If you need to change or edit the object, created in another application, library OLE will cause the necessary application
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Intrumental software
Programming languages
Algorithmic programming languages
Programming
Declarative systems programming languages
Instrumental user environment
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