SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
CHAPTER 8
Deviance and Social Control
Section 1: Deviance
Section 2: Crime
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Objectives:
 Explain the nature and social functions of
deviance.
 Compare the theories that have been proposed
to explain deviance.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Nature of Deviance
 Because there are so many norms governing
behavior, occasional violations are
unavoidable
 What is considered deviant varies from society
to society
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Social Functions of Deviance
1. Clarifying Norms – defines the boundaries of
acceptable behavior
2. Unifying the Group – serves to draw the line
between conforming members of society and
“outsiders” – the nonconforming members
3. Diffusing Tension – acts that allow individuals to
relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of
society
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Social Functions of Deviance
(continued)
4. Promoting Social Change – can help prompt social
change by identifying problem areas
5. Providing Jobs – provides legitimate jobs for a wide
range of people
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 1: Deviance
Theories of Deviance
 Functionalists – as the natural outgrowth of the
values, norms, and structures of society
 Conflict Theorists – as a result of competition and
social inequality
 Interactionists – as either natural in people with weak
ties to the community (control theory), as a learned
behavior (cultural transmission theory), or as a label
(labeling theory)
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 1
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Deviance
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Perspective
Theory
Questions
Functionalist
Strain
How do individuals respond to culturally
approved goals and the legitimate means of
achieving them? (conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism, rebellion)
Conflict
Conflict
What is the result of competition and
social inequality? (deviance) Who decides
what is deviant? (ruling classes)
Interactionist
Control
Why do people conform to norms? (The
strength of social ties determines conformity.)
Cultural
Transmission
How do people learn conformity or
deviance? (through socialization, or
interaction with others) Where does this
learning mainly occur? (primary groups)
Labeling
How do people become identified as
deviant? (through secondary deviance, or
being labeled as deviant)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Objectives:
 Identify the principal types of crime in the
United States.
 Explain the characteristics of the American
criminal-justice system.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types
of Crime in the U.S.
 Violent Crime – includes murder, robbery; most victims are
African Americans
 Robbery- larceny from the person or presence of another by violence or threat.
 Crime Against Property – includes burglary, larceny,
vehicle theft; more common than violent crimes.
 Burglary- the act of breaking and entering a dwelling at night to commit a felony
 Felony- a crime for which the punishment in federal law may be death or imprisonment for
mote than one year.
 Larceny- the unlawful taking and removal of another person's property.
 Victimless Crime – includes prostitution, gambling, illegal
drug use; offender is the only victim
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Section 2: Crime
Principal Types
of Crime in the U.S.
(continued)
 White Collar Crime –
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committed by high-status
individuals in the course
of their professions;
includes fraud, tax
evasion, embezzlement
 Organized Crime – the
pursuit of crime as a big
business
Bernie Madoff
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
Question:
What are some
characteristics of the
American criminal-justice
system?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police
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1.
Have the most control over who is arrested
for crimes.
2.
The use of police discretion, has raised the
controversial issue of racial profiling
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Courts
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1.
Determines the accused’s guilt or innocence
in a court trial.
2.
The court assigns a punishment.
3.
90 percent of cases are actually settles
through plea bargaining.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Corrections
1.
Includes probation, imprisonment, and parole,
which serves four functions:
Retribution- Revenge for the victims and for society.
Deterrence- Discourage offenders and non offenders
from committing future crimes.
Rehabilitation- Serves to reform criminals so that they
can return to society as law abiding citizens.
Social protection- Limit the freedom of criminals so
they cannot commit additional crimes.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile-Justice System
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1.
Applies to offenders younger than 18.
2.
Guarantees juvenile defendants the same
legal rights and privileges as adults.
3.
Often provides more services.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 2
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Crime
AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM
16
Police
have the most control over who
is arrested for crimes; use
police discretion, which has
raised the controversial issue of
racial profiling
Courts
determines the accused’s guilt
or innocence in a court trial and
then assigns a punishment;
actually settles 90 percent of
cases through plea bargaining
Corrections
includes probation,
imprisonment, parole; serves
four functions—retribution,
deterrence, rehabilitation, and
social protection
Juvenile-Justice System
applies to offenders younger
than 18; guarantees juvenile
defendants the same legal rights
and privileges as adults; often
provides more services
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
CHAPTER 8
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
Chapter Wrap-Up
1. What are the functions of deviance?
2. How does labeling theory differ from other
theories of deviance?
3. Describe the five general categories of
crime. Be sure to list the types of crime in
each category.
4. What purposes does the corrections system
fulfill? How does the juvenile-justice
system meet these same purposes?
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON