MIDYEAR REVIEW
• Natural resource - any natural material that is used
by humans
■ Renewable resource
■ Nonrenewable resource
■ Perpetual resource
– Resource depletion
– Tragedy of Commons
■ Pollution :
– Biodegradable
– Non-biodegradable
■ Developed Country
■ Developing Country
■ Positive and Negative
Impacts of Affluence
■ I=P x A x T
■ Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
■ Ecological Footprint
■ Sustainability
■ Cost-benefit analysis
■ Risk assessment
■ Scientific Theory
■ Scientific Law
■ Hypothesis
■ Scientific Method
■ Formulating an Experiment
■ Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general
statement/hypothesis and examine possibilities to reach
logical conclusion
■ Inductive Reasoning: (Opposite of Deductive Reasoning)
Make broad generalizations from specific observations
■ Matter
■ Elements
■ Compounds
■ Atomic Theory
– Subatomic particles
– Mass number
– Isotopes
– Ions
– pH
■ Acids, bases
■ Inorganic Compounds
■ Organic Compounds
■ Cells
■ Genes
■ Chromosomes
■ Law of Conservation of Matter
■ Kinetic & Potential Energy
■ First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy input always equals energy output
■ Second Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful
form when it changes from one form to
■ Negative Feedback Loop
■ Positive Feedback Loop
■ Time Delays
■ Tipping Point
■ Synergistic Interaction (Synergy)
Conversions:
1 Hectare = 10,000 m^2
1 km^2 = 1,000,000 m^2
Earth’s Land area = 150,000,000 km^2
Earth’s Water Area = 361,800,000 km^2
Earth’s Total Area = 511,800,000 km^2
Metric Conversions: KHD (g/m/L) DCM
Three major concentric zones of the earth:
■ Core
■ Mantle
■ Crust
■ Lithosphere
■ Asthenosphere
■ Mesosphere
■ Outer Core
■ Inner Core
Plate Tectonics (Mantle Convection)
■ Convergent Boundary
■ Divergent Boundary
■ Transform Boundary
■ Internal Geologic Processes
– Build up surface
■ External Geologic Processes
– Weathering
– Erosion
■ Volcanoes
■ Earthquakes
■ Richter scale
– Insignificant: <4.0
– Minor: 4.0–4.9
– Damaging: 5.0–5.9
– Destructive: 6.0–6.9
– Major: 7.0–7.9
– Great: >8.0
■ Foreshocks and Aftershocks
Tsunami
■ Mass Wasting
– Slow movement
– Fast Movement
■ Earth’s Crust
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic
– Igneous
■ Rock Cycle
■ Mineral resource
– Fossil fuels
– Metallic minerals
– Nonmetallic minerals
■ Ore
– High-grade ore
– Low-grade ore
■ Ore extracted by mining
– Ore mineral
– Gangue
– Smelting
■ Surface mining
– Shallow deposits removed
– Open-pit mining
– Strip mining
– Contour mining
– Mountaintop removal
■ Subsurface mining
– Deep deposits remove
Eco industrial Park
■ Soil Formation
– Physical Weathering
– Chemical Weathering
– Biological Weathering
■ Soil Properties (texture)
■ Soil Structure (How particles are organizes/clumped
together)
– Clay
– Silt
– Sand
■ Friability
■ Porosity
■ Permeability
■ Variability
■ Soil Horizons (properties of each)
■ Soil horizons for different ecosystems
■ Water Cycle
– Evaporation
– Condensation
– Precipitation
■ Ocean Water
– Salinity
– Temperature zones
– Regulating global temperature
■ Surface Currents – wind
■ Thermohaline Circulation
– Thermo = temperature
– Haline = salt
– Thermohaline circulation is density driven circulation
■ Freshwater
– Lakes, rivers, streams
– Most is found in icecaps and glaciers
■ River Systems
– A network of streams that drains
an area of land.
– Tributaries
■ Access to water is
– A global health issue
– An economic issue
– A women’s and children’s issue
– A national and global security issue
■ Water haves and water have nots
■ Ground Water
■ Zone of Saturation
■ Water Table
■ Aquifer
– Natural Recharge
– Lateral Recharge
■ Surface Water
– Surface runoff
– Watershed (drainage) basin
– Reliable runoff
■ 1/3 of total (2/3 of the surface runoff: lost by seasonal
floods)
■ 1/3 runoff usable
– Domestic: 10%
– Agriculture: 70%
– Industrial use: 20%
Water Hotspots in 17 Western U.S. States
■ Droughts
■ Long-term severe droughts increasing
– Extended period of below-normal rainfall
– Diminished groundwater
Groundwater Over pumping
■ Limits future food production
■ Bigger gap between the rich and the poor
■ Land subsidence
■ Sinkholes
■ Groundwater overdrafts
near coastal regions
Provides
irrigation water
above and
below dam
Flooded land
destroys forests
or cropland and
displaces
people
Large losses of
water through
evaporation
Provides
water for
drinking
Reservoir
useful for
recreation and
fishing
Can produce
cheap
electricity
(hydropower)
Reduces downstream flooding of
cities and farms
Deprives
downstream
cropland and
estuaries of
nutrient-rich
silt
Risk of failure
and
devastating
downstream
flooding
Disrupts
migration and
spawning of
some fish
■ Dams interrupt Hydrologic Cycle
– Colorado River Case Study
– Yangtze River Case Study
■ Desalination (Desalinization)
– Distillation
– Reverse osmosis, microfiltration
■ Water conservation
– Improves irrigation efficiency
– Improves collection efficiency
– Uses less in homes and businesses
■ Water transferred by
– Tunnels
– Aqueducts
– Underground pipes
■ May cause environmental
problems
■ California Water Project
Center pivot
Drip irrigation
(efficiency 90–95%)
(efficiency 80% with low-pressure
sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA
sprinkler)
Above- or below-ground
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) pipes or tubes deliver water
to individual plant roots.
Water usually comes from an
aqueduct system or a nearby river.
Gravity flow
Water usually pumped from
underground and sprayed
from mobile boom with
sprinklers.
Stepped Art
Fig. 13-18, p. 335
Three BIG ideas
1. One of the world’s major environmental problems is the
growing shortage of freshwater in many parts of the world.
2. We can increase water supplies in water-short areas in a
number of ways, but the most important way is to reduce
overall water use and waste by using water more sustainably.
3. We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste,
raising water prices, slowing population growth, and
protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that store
and release water.