Procedures For
Scientific Diving
Sources
• American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Proc. of
Scientific Diving Symposia, aaus.org.
• Haddock, S.H.D., Heine J.N. 2005. Scientific Blue-Water
Diving. California Sea Grant Publ. No. T-057.
• Heine, J.N. 1999. Scientific Diving Techniques. Best
Publishing Company, Flagstaff, AZ.
• Joiner, J.T. (ed.). 2001. NOAA Diving Manual - Diving
for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. Best
Publishing Company, Flagstaff, AZ.
Objectives
• Upon completion of this module, the participant will be
able to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Describe the general history of scientific diving
List ten environments in which scientific diving has been conducted
list the types and recommended design of diving slates
Describe three methods of locating a dive site
Describe methods to mark a site, both above and below the water
Describe ways for a diver to collect sediments
Describe ways for a diver to measure temperature, water motion,
light and sound
• Discuss mapping for archaeology studies, including horizontal and
vertical offsets
• Discuss the trilateration method of mapping
• State how sediment is removed from archaeological sites
Objectives (cont)
• Upon completion of this module, the participant will be
able to:
–
–
–
–
List the activities for biological research dives
List the major areas of biological research
Discuss quadrats and transect sampling
Describe the advantages of photography and videography in
biological sampling
– Describe the tools and methods used for assessing aquatic
organisms
History of Scientific Diving
• Modern scientific diving began in the US in 1949 at the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography
• Scuba diving in support of science authorized at the University of
California in 1953
• The first research published using scuba:
• Aleem, Anwar Abdel. 1956. Quantitative underwater study
of benthic communities inhabiting kelp beds off California.
Science 123:183.
• NOAA established the first National Undersea Laboratory at the
West Indies lab
• The American Academy of Underwater Sciences was formed in 1977
– Currently has more than 100 organizational members
Scientific diving has been conducted
in a wide variety of environments…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coral reefs
Mangroves
Kelp forests
Rocky shores
Soft bottom habitats
Polar environments
Open ocean/blue
water environments
•
•
•
•
Offshore platforms
Estuaries
Hot springs
Hypersaline
environments
• Caves
• Lakes
• Rivers
…and been used in many
different sciences
• Chemical
• Geological
• Biological
• Paleontological
• Archaeological
Chemistry
• Diving has been used to
support research such as
determining the chemical
ecology of invertebrates and
collecting marine organisms
for the extraction of chemical
compounds
Geology
Divers may
obtain core
samples
of rock and
sediment or
dig holes to
examine
depositional
history
Scuba is very useful for visual identification of
sediments – and for collecting representative and
relatively undisturbed samples
Biology
Divers may perform a wide variety of
tasks such as measuring various
community structural parameters like fish
counts, algal counts, macroinvertebrate
counts, percent cover of benthic algae and
invertebrates, etc…, or measuring
physiological responses of organisms in
natural environments
Paleontology
Divers recover fossils from the
underwater realm…
Dinosaur fossils from the waters off
the Isle of Wight
Diving is integral to
the study of
underwater
archaeology
Archaeology
Excavation of 4th – 6th
century AD harbor site
in Malta
Serçe Liman1
excavation - 11th
Century Byzantine
Shipwreck - Diver
hovers above grid used
to mark locations of
artifacts
Serçe Limanl excavation –
Diver raises fragile hull
timber using a lifting box
Scientific Diving - General
• The diversity of disciplines involved in
scientific diving, and the varied
environments where this diving is
performed, has necessitated the
development of a wide variety of
techniques for observing and sampling
underwater
Recording Information - Slates
• Almost every scientific project requires that data be
recorded underwater; slates are a simple tool for
doing this
• The best material for a slate is a white polycarbonate
or acrylic
– This material is strong, waterproof, and negatively buoyant
– It will not corrode when exposed to salt water, and is
available in sheets, which can be easily cut to the desired
size
Diver using slate to record organisms found in artificial reef
Recording Information - Slates
• Slate size and form may vary - large or
small, single or multiple sheets, flat or
curved to fit around the wrist
Recording Information - Slates
• For archaeology, it is recommended that
the minimum dimensions of a slate
should measure approximately 10 in x 12
in x ¼ in, to 12 in x 14 in x ¼ in
• Much smaller and the diver has
inadequate space for detailed recording
• Larger slates are useful, but can be
difficult to handle under certain
conditions
Recording Information - Slates
• A wooden or mechanical pencil is attached to
the slate by a string, cord, or rubber tubing
• Bic brand mechanical pencils have been found to
work the best due to the hardness of the lead,
but the mechanics of the pencil are not always
reliable when repeatedly exposed to water
• Regardless of the pencil chosen, always carry at
least one spare
• A pencil may be used to write directly on the
plastic of a slate, or to write on material attached
to a slate
Recording Information - Slates
• Underwater paper is available for use on
slates (e.g., Xerox “Never-Tear”)
• Can be used in copiers and printers to
duplicate data sheets
• Sheets can be secured to slate with binder
clips, surgical tubing, or a wing-nut bar
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
• Locating, relocating, and adequately marking a
study site are critical
• Many methods may be employed
– Compass bearings
• Use compass bearings towards readily identifiable
objects on land
• For greater accuracy, use shore lineups, where
pairs of objects that are in a straight line can be
used to triangulate a position
– Disadvantage – shore markers may not always be visible
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
– Global Positioning Units (GPS)
• Relatively inexpensive, portable, and accurate
• Can store multiple points (waypoints), give the
heading, distance, time to each waypoint from
your present position and store multiple routes
with many legs on each route
– Sonar (depth finders)
• Tell water depth, or distance underwater to
structures
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
• Buoys
– Perhaps the best and easiest method for relocating a site from
the surface
– May be inexpensively made from plastic bottles
– Torpedo shaped buoys minimize chances of entanglement
with kelp
– May be connected to the bottom with chain, cable, or lines
– May be tied to structure on bottom – length of garden hose
may help to avoid chafing – or weighted on bottom
– In sandy or soft-bottom areas, sand, earth, or fence anchors
can be screwed into the bottom
– Disadvantages – take time to install correctly, and are subject
to loss from storms, theft, entanglement in boat propellers, or
mauling by marine animals
• May also require a permit from a management agency
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
• Underwater marking – may be necessary once the surface location
of a site is established
• May also require a permit from a management agency
– Variety of items may be driven into the substrate
• Nails
• Tent stakes
• Rebar
• Railroad spikes
• Pitons
– Marking tags may be placed on these
• Cable ties
• Vinyl roll flagging tape
• Pieces of PVC
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
• To properly mark an area, it may be
necessary to drill holes
– Star Drill – hammered in by hand
• The drill is held with pliers and is rotated slightly
with each blow of the hammer
• Time consuming and tiring; not practical if large
number of holes must be drilled
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
– Pneumatic drill or hammer – good for making
numerous holes, especially in hard rock - or for more
permanent fastening
• May be fitted to work off a scuba tank
• Disadvantages:
– May use a great deal of air
– Very loud
– Require considerable maintenance after use
– Hydraulic systems
• Advantages - Quieter and more efficient than pneumatic
tools
• Disadvantages – More expensive – requires a link with
control station on surface
Locating, Relocating, and
Marking Sites
• Cement and epoxy may also be used to adhere items to the
substrate
–
–
–
–
Generally work best on a clean substrate
May be packed into cracks, crevasses, or drilled holes
Marine putties or underwater patching compounds have been used
A mixture of four parts Type II Portland cement and one part molding
plaster combined with seawater may be carried underwater in plastic
bags
• This mixture can be packed into holes before placement of eyebolts or stakes
Geological Measurements and
Collections
• Collection of sediments - Coring devices – useful for
stratigraphy determination or grain size analysis
– A wide variety of corers are available:
– Coffee can with plastic lid
• Remove bottom and replace with fine mesh screen
• Insert corer into substrate and push lid under lip of corer to seal it
before removing
• Very inexpensive
– Piston corer
• May be constructed from PVC, designed to collect a complete and
undisturbed sample
Geological Measurements and
Collections
– Small Ekman grabs and box corers
May be manually inserted and
tripped by divers, insuring
proper and complete samples
are collected
Geological Measurements and
Collections
Box corers may be fitted with a slide
hammer for driving into the
sediment
• Some corers also have sliding
doors – grooves along the open
side of the corer guide the
removable door down the open
face once the corer is in place in
the sediment
• This eliminates the need to
excavate and expose the lower
surface of the corer to install a
lower plate before removing a
sample from the sediment
Sliding
door
Slide
hammer
Box corer filled
with sediment
Geological Measurements and
Collections
– Vibrocoring (vibracoring) – collecting cores
of unconsolidated material by driving a tube
with a vibrating device (vibrohead)
• Three types of vibrators:
– Pneumatic
– Hydraulic
– Electric
Pneumatic vibrocorers –
can be made to work
underwater with very few
adjustments and don’t
involve the use of electrical
current. They work best in
relatively shallow water
because of increased air
consumption at depth. They
also require a cumbersome
compressor, and the hose
becomes an impediment in
swift or choppy waters.
Hydraulic vibrocorers – Do
not share depth limitations
with pneumatic corers, but
do require a hydraulic
power plant and an
umbilical hose.
Hydraulic corer
Electric vibracorers – are more efficient (have a
better force/weight ratio) than other types, and do
not require umbilical hoses or large compressors
or power plants.
Geological Measurements and
Collections
• Heavy cores may be
brought to the surface
with lift bags
Measuring Temperature
• Hand-held thermometer
– Generally encased in stainless steel or plastic
• Temperature data loggers
– Long term
– May be downloaded to computer after retrieval or
in situ
• Fouling organisms may be issue – users often wrap
download connection points with tape or encase
thermometer in PVC
Multiparameter Instruments
• Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth
units (CTDs)
– May measure other parameters such as
salinity, fluorescence, pH, turbidity and
oxygen and may take water samples from
different depths
– May be small enough for divers to swim with
them underwater to collect discreet data from
precise locations
Niskin Bottles for water
sample collection
CTD instrument
underneath
Measuring Water Motion
• May be difficult and complex to measure
– Plaster
• Blocks of plaster are weighed, affixed to some sort of
framework and deployed
• The plaster dissolves in water – faster or slower depending on
water velocity
• After recovery, the plaster is dried and weighed again;
differences in weight give a relative measure of water motion
Plaster attached to cards (referred to as “Clod
cards”). The one on the left has not been deployed –
the other two have. Note the size difference
Measuring Water Motion
– Fluorescent dye
• useful for determining current direction and velocity may be released and visually tracked and timed, or
recorded on a video camera with a timer
Measuring Water Motion
• Current meters
– Small hand-held flow meters
• Different rotor size for different water velocity
ranges
Measuring Water Motion
• Current meters may also be attached:
– Taut- line mooring – current meter is attached to a
line that is weighted, anchored, or fixed to a sand
anchor in soft sediment
• Under a strong current, however, the meter will be
deflected
– Rigid mooring – will prevent deflection of current
meter
• Inexpensive option: concrete block with four outriggers for stability, and a vertical pole with a
swivel on top for the current meter
Rigidly moored current meter
on tripod
Measuring Light
• A variety of light meters are available
– Divers may use hand held light meters for
measuring light in precise locations
– Light meters may also be deployed for long periods
of time in specific locations
Light meter
collector
Diver uses handheld light
meter to determine level
of light reflected from
coral
Sound
• Measuring sound underwater often
requires the deployment of transducers
(for transmitting sound) and hydrophones
(for listening to sound emitted from both
biological and physical sources) – these
are sometimes quite large
Diver
deploying
transducer
Biologist using video and
hydrophone to record fish sounds
Chemical Measurements
• May range from simply collecting water in
a plastic container to using sophisticated
collection techniques and analyzing
devices
Van Dorn Bottle –May
be mounted on scuba
cylinders and tripped by
diver at precise time and
location to collect
discrete water sample for
analysis
Sediment oxygen demand
chamber – may be positioned
by divers at specific locations –
used to measure sediment
oxygen demand
Underwater Archaeology
• Underwater
archeologists locate,
draw, excavate, and
recover material
objects in order to
better understand
history and culture
• Divers are integral to
this process
Archaeology
and Low Visibility
• Because many sites of archeological
interest are located in coastal
environments, estuaries, or rivers, a great
deal of underwater archaeology takes
place in locations with poor water
visibility
Dredging during 1992
Maple Leaf expedition
Low Visibility - Measuring
• Clear ziplock plastic bags (“Brody Bags”)
filled with water may be used to view
measuring tapes in low visibility situations
• The bag is placed on the tape and a flashlight
is used for illumination
– The bag may be made more secure by applying
duct tape to the sealed portion of the bag
• Before recording measurements, it is always a
good idea to have a diver swim the tape to
ensure it is not snagged somewhere
Archaeology – Mapping
• Mapping is the process of representing the arrangement of
objects in two- or three-dimensional space - this is done by
taking measurements
– Site maps are two dimensional plan views looking down
from above, using an X and Y coordinate system
– The third dimension, or Z coordinate, provides depth or
elevation data (profile views use the Z coordinate to record
cross sections that show the vertical components of a site)
A 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional
coordinate system
Archaeology – Mapping
• Establish a number of fixed points (datums) across the
site – measurements are taken from these datums
which are used as reference points
• An intact wreck may have only two datums – bow
and stern
• Datums:
• Must not move
• Must be precisely located (if using more than one datum, and you
usually are, they must be precisely located in reference to each other
in order for your site map to be accurate)
• Datums should be high enough not to be obstructed when taking
measurements
Archaeology – Mapping
• Fix a baseline (usually a tape or line marked in
regular increments) between datums
• Baselines allow three things to be done:
1) Mapping of features that fall under the baseline
2) Making measurements away from the baseline
3) Creating a mapping grid over the site
2)
1)
3)
Archaeology – Mapping –
Horizontal Offsets
• Involves taking measurements at right
angles to the baseline
• This method is best suited to document
objects located near the baseline
– The accuracy of this method relies on judging right
angles. A useful technique is to place the zero end of the
tape on the point to be plotted and to move the other end
along the datum line until the shortest distance is noted,
thus giving a line perpendicular (i.e., 90 degrees) to the
baseline
– Offsets must be taken in the horizontal plane
Archaeology – Mapping –
Horizontal Offsets
1) Taking an offset measurement from the baseline to a
target object; 2) Establishing a 90-degree right angle; and 3)
Plotting the offset measurement on the site map
Archaeology – Mapping –
Vertical Offsets
• Vertical offsets are generally taken from a level baseline. The
baseline can be made level using a simple and inexpensive
mason’s line level. A tape positioned close to, and parallel to,
the baseline proper provides a reference for vertical
measurements. Vertical measurements are taken from the level
baseline, not the reference tape. A tape can not be adequately
leveled. Vertical measurements can be taken by using a plumb
bob and scaling rod dropped from the baseline along the
reference tape to take measurements down to the object to be
documented.
Archaeology – Mapping –
Vertical Offsets
Diver recording vertical offset measurements from a horizontal baseline
Archaeology – Mapping Trilateration
– Trilateration (or triangulation) involves using the
sides of a triangle to map
Distance measurements are taken from fixed datum points 1
and 2 to the target to be surveyed; a third measurement is taken
from datum point 3 for precision accuracy
Archaeology – Mapping Trilateration
• Distance measurements are taken from two datum points
whose positions are known (Previous slide) to the target being
mapped (for best results – datum points should surround the
object). When plotted by hand, the intersection of these two
distance lines (arcs centered on the datum points) locates the
target point. For precision surveying a measurement from a
third known point should be taken, as this will provide an
immediate check. If an error is made using two measurements,
the two arcs drawn as described above will nonetheless still
usually intersect, but with three arcs plotted they cannot
intersect unless accurately measured and drawn.
Archaeology – Mapping Trilateration
• Trilateration may also be done from the
baseline
Distance measurements are taken from the baseline to four points
along the mast labeled A, B, C, and D
Archaeology – Mapping Trilateration
• The angle of intersection for the distance lines is
generally best kept between 60 and 120 degrees – not
too obtuse or acute
• Advantages of Trilateration
– Accurate over greater lengths than other types of
measurements
• Disadvantages of Trilateration
– All measurements should be taken in a horizontal plane
(problematic given that most sites are uneven)
– A commonly used method to deal with this is to establish a
horizontal line using a mason’s line level, and stretch a tape
along the line; a plumb line can then be used to line up the
object to be surveyed
Archaeology – Combining
Trilateration and Vertical Offsets
• Mapping objects usually requires the use of both
trilateration and vertical offset techniques
• Distance measurements are taken from two or
three fixed datum points to the target to be
surveyed
• When plotted by hand, the intersection of these
distance lines (arcs centered on the datum points)
locates the target
• The measurements should be taken horizontally
to ensure that a true distance is recorded
Archaeology – Combining
Trilateration and Vertical Offsets
• To document the target’s vertical position, a plumb bob
(weighted tape measure or scaling rod) is dropped from
the intersection of the datum measurements down to the
surface of the target itself
• It is imperative for an accurate vertical measurement that
the horizontal datum measurement lines are kept as level
as possible
• Each target point measured should yield two (or three)
distances from datum points and one vertical offset
distance (see following slide)
Archaeology - Combining
Trilateration and Vertical Offsets
Archaeology – Removing
Sediment
• Tools such as trowels,
shovels, brushes, etc…
are impractical
underwater
• Hand fan - can move
loose sediments but is
slow
Archaeology – Removing
Sediment
• Water induction dredge (see diagram on
following slide) - good for moving large amounts
of sediment
– It consists of a long tube with a bend at one end
– High-pressure water (from a water pump) is injected
into the tube
– The flow of water along this pipe causes an induced
suction at the working end
• A flexible tube may be added to the suction end
to increase mobility of the dredge
Water Induction Dredge
Induction Dredging
Archaeology - Removing
Sediment
• Airlift (see diagram on following slide) - also good for moving
large amounts of sediment. Pressurized air is introduced into
the bottom of a tube. As the air rises up the tube, it expands
and this expansion causes suction at the lower end of the tube.
The greater the volume of air and the greater the vertical rise
from one end of the pipe to the other, the greater the suction
(shallow water requires greater volume). Because the airlift is
buoyant when in operation, the lower end will have to be
anchored or weighted down.
Airlift
Air compressor
Weighted induction tube
Valve – allows diver to control
airflow
Airlifts
Biological Research
• Before the advent of scuba in the 1940s, marine
biologists relied solely on technologies such as
trawls, dredges, grabs, and plankton nets for research
– Somewhat akin to putting your hand into a dark sack and
pulling out an unknown sample
• These techniques made it:
– Hard to sample specific areas
– Hard to assess variability
– Impossible to manipulate/ do controlled experiments
• Scuba made possible what was heretofore difficult or
impossible
Biological Research
• Activities of biologically oriented divers include:
– Observation – making raw or semi-processed
recordings of biological phenomena (behavior,
abundance, etc…)
• Counting, measuring, observing individuals etc…
– Collection – obtaining specimens (dead or alive) for
examination/experimentation
• For observing behavior in lab, fecundity estimates,
physiological experiments etc…
– Manipulation – altering the marine environment for a
controlled experiment
• Territories, cages, outplants, etc…
Biological Research
• Major areas of underwater biological interest:
– Ecology – the factors influencing the distribution and
abundance of organisms
– Behavior – actions and responses of organisms to
stimulation
– Physiology – internal functions of organisms and
their responses to internal and external influences
– Other fields – biochemistry, pharmacology, evolution
Biological Research
- Observation
• Semi-processed observations – The
diver makes counts or size
measurements while underwater
– Sampling Schemes
• Quadrats – used to intensively analyze a fixed
area
• Transects –rectangles/strips used for
measuring abundance in a set area
Biological Research - Quadrats
• Typically used for small, non-motile or
slow moving organisms that are
reasonably abundant within a
manageable quadrat size
– Size – typically 0.1 m2, 0.25 m2 , or 0.5 m2
– Construction – aluminum, welded rebar, or
PVC pipe
• Typically 4 sided, but 3 sided are good if
dealing with thick algal cover
Quadrats
Diver using 3 sided quadrat –
note transect line
Typical rectangular quadrats arrayed on a
transect line
Biological Research - Quadrats
• Point contact quadrats (% cover)
– Strung with lines creating squares
• Where the lines cross – record the species under
that point
• Circular quadrats
– Use a weight attached to a line
– to circumscribe an area
• Effective in areas of high algal cover
Biological Research - Quadrats
• Random point contact
– A weighted bar with a string of knots tied to
each end is dropped in a quadrat
– Each species or group under the string, or
above it to a specified height, is recorded
Biological Research Transects
• Typically used for larger, more mobile or less abundant
organisms
• Materials
– Fiberglass transect tapes
– Nylon line marked with tape, heat shrink tubing, lead
sleeves
– Permanent leaded core lines secured with anchors
• Transects may be laid ahead of survey - or distance of transect
may be assessed after completion
A diver moves along a
transect
Diver counting lobsters found within
2 m of a 150 m transect
Biological Research -Transects
• Determining the dimensions of a transect (length
x width = area) is done by measuring, using a
stiff rod, or estimation
– The length and width of the transect must be scaled
according to the abundance and size of the organisms
in question
• Observations can be biased by organisms that
avoid divers or are attracted to them
• Timed observations:
– Record the number of target individuals passing by a
specific point
– Record the arrival of target species
Biological Research
- Observation
• Raw Observations – Observations (e.g.,
counts, size) are recorded underwater and
summary calculations (e.g., sums, means,
densities) are done later
• Photoquadrats
– Application – Most useful for documenting
the abundance of non-motile or slow-moving
organisms
Divers using
photoquadrats –
note framers made
of PVC
Photoquadrat images
Biological Research – Observation –
Photo Quadrats
• Framers – Underwater framers allow reliable,
repeatable pictures. The framer usually supports
the camera and flash and indicates the area
being filmed
– May be made from aluminum stock or even PVC pipe
– Often have scale bars to allow absolute measurements
to be made
• Strategies for analysis
– Analyze digital images with computer programs for:
• Counts
• Random point intercept (% cover)
• Measurements of area
Biological Research – Observation
– Underwater Video
• Most often used for documenting the abundance of motile
organisms
• Methodology – video may be shot along a fixed transect
for a fixed amount of time
• Concerns:
– Visibility must be measured
– Some mobile organisms avoid divers, others are
attracted
• Analysis:
– Analyze digital video with computer programs
Divers recording video
along transect lines
Still from video transect – images may
be quantified
Assessing Aquatic Populations
• Non-mobile organisms
– Corers for soft sediments
• Coffee can corers
–
–
–
–
–
Cut off both ends
Drive into sediment
Put one lid on the top
Dig out one side and slip another lid on the other opening
Good for large area samples
• Suction corer
–
–
–
–
–
Use 1 –2 inch internal diameter PVC tubing
Sharpen the edge
Drive into the sediment
Plug the exposed end with a rubber stopper
Pull the tube from the substrate, place into plastic bag
Assessing Aquatic Populations
• Airlifts for hard-substrate organisms
– Airlift design
• Typically a long PVC tube (4-8 inch internal diameter)
connected to a separate air tank via a first stage and a low
pressure port
• Air enters the tube near the opening and expands as it rises,
creating suction at the opening
• A sample bag is attached to the far end
– This bag must be secured to the end, but be easy to release and
seal
– Procedure
• Mark out area with a quadrat
• Go over the area quickly to remove loose material and semimobile organisms
• Scrape the surface with a wire brush
Assessing Aquatic Populations
• Mobile organisms
– Traps
• Baited and unbaited traps can be laid out and
then recovered after a set period of time
– Slurp guns
• Effective when capturing small fish or
invertebrates
Assessing Aquatic Populations
– Spear guns/pole spears
• Spear guns are effective for larger fish, multi prong pole
spears are more effective with smaller fish (easy to rearm if
you miss)
– Hand nets
• Made from seine material – rugged, but high drag and slow
• Made from gill net mesh – less rugged, but less resistance
and faster
Assessing Aquatic Populations
• Anesthetics/Poisons
– Poisons include Rotenone (root of South American
plant), pronox and chem fish
– Anesthetics include
• MS-222 – dissolves in water
• Quinaldine – dilute to 10% with EtOH or acetone or
isopropanol
– Hard to get rid of smell
• Benzocaine
• 2-phenozyethanol
– Mix a dye (flouroscene) so that the target area can be
monitored
– Application
• Place in plastic bag – puncture and squeeze
• Place in several large syringes
• Plastic squeeze bottle
Study Questions
• Use the following study questions to
review some of the information presented
in this self study module. When you are
finished you can print out your study
questions results.
Self-study Questions
Which of these tools are good for
distance measurement in direct
surveys?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Ropes
Lines
Steel Tape
Vinyl measuring tape
All of the above
Self-study Questions
Which of these tools are good for
distance measurement in direct
surveys?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Ropes
Lines
Steel Tape
Vinyl measuring tape
All of the above
Self-study Questions
Which type of camera lens can permit
detailed photography to cover large
areas?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wide-angle
Short-angle
Normal-angle
None of the above
Self-study Questions
Which type of camera lens can permit
detailed photography to cover large
areas?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wide-angle
Short-angle
Normal-angle
None of the above
Self-study Questions
This method of underwater survey is
the acoustic equivalent of direct
trilateration.
a. Phase Measurement
b. Acoustic Grid
c. None of the above
Self-study Questions
This method of underwater survey is
the acoustic equivalent of direct
trilateration.
a. Phase Measurement
b. Acoustic Grid
c. None of the above
Self-study Questions
What is the simplest method for
recording data under water?
a. Using a graphite pencil
b. Using a white-double sided plastic
board
c. Using a lead pencil
d. A and B
Self-study Questions
What is the simplest method for
recording data under water?
a. Using a graphite pencil
b. Using a white-double sided plastic
board
c. Using a lead pencil
d. A and B
Self-study Questions
The best equipment configuration for
communications is a full-face mask
equipped with a microphone.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
The best equipment configuration for
communications is a full-face mask
equipped with a microphone.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Baseline studies must be designed
without monitoring them at
prescribed intervals.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Baseline studies must be designed
without monitoring them at
prescribed intervals.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
What can the diver use to capture
larger, less motile zooplankton?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plastic containers
Nets
Glass containers
A and C
Self-study Questions
What can the diver use to capture
larger, less motile zooplankton?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plastic containers
Nets
Glass containers
A and C
Self-study Questions
Can organism density and distribution
be determined photographically
without disturbing the aggregation?
a. Yes
b. No
Self-study Questions
Can organism density and distribution
be determined photographically
without disturbing the aggregation?
a. Yes
b. No
Self-study Questions
Direct in situ observation of lobsters is
the most effective way to study
lobster ecology and behavior.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Direct in situ observation of lobsters is
the most effective way to study
lobster ecology and behavior.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Which of these are basic tools that
geologists should carry?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Compass
Depth gauge
Ruler
Noteboard
All of the above
Self-study Questions
Which of these are basic tools that
geologists should carry?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Compass
Depth gauge
Ruler
Noteboard
All of the above
Self-study Questions
Which of these mapping methods can
be used in water or on land, using
plane tables?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Peterson’s Wheel-Meter Tape Method
Meter Tape Triangulation Method
Plane Table Triangulation Method
Dumas Measuring Frame Method
Self-study Questions
Which of these mapping methods can
be used in water or on land, using
plane tables?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Peterson’s Wheel-Meter Tape Method
Meter Tape Triangulation Method
Plane Table Triangulation Method
Dumas Measuring Frame Method
Self-study Questions
Does underwater surficial mapping
require only identification of
materials and features that compose
the area?
a. Yes
b. No
Self-study Questions
Does underwater surficial mapping
require only identification of
materials and features that compose
the area?
a. Yes
b. No
Self-study Questions
During experimentation, which
processes are explored in their
interrelationships?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Geological
Biological
Physical
Chemical
All of the above
Self-study Questions
During experimentation, which
processes are explored in their
interrelationships?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Geological
Biological
Physical
Chemical
All of the above
Self-study Questions
During which phase does the most
important aspect of the relocation
process of instruments occur?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Inspection
Deployment
Cleaning
Recovery
Self-study Questions
During which phase does the most
important aspect of the relocation
process of instruments occur?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Inspection
Deployment
Cleaning
Recovery
Self-study Questions
Bulk water samples can be obtained by
swirling large plastic bags through
water until filled.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Bulk water samples can be obtained by
swirling large plastic bags through
water until filled.
a. True
b. False
Self-study Questions
Which of these can be used for animal
capture techniques?
a. Nets
b. Trawls
c. Seines
d. Grabs
e. Dredges
f. All of the above
Self-study Questions
Which of these can be used for animal
capture techniques?
a. Nets
b. Trawls
c. Seines
d. Grabs
e. Dredges
f. All of the above
Self-study Questions
Where is most scientific diving carried
out?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Deep waters
Shallow waters
Nearshore waters
None of the above
Self-study Questions
Where is most scientific diving carried
out?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Deep waters
Shallow waters
Nearshore waters
None of the above
Self-study Questions
Which of these is a method for tagging
marine organisms?
a.
b.
c.
d.
In situ
Electroshocked
Captured and brought to the surface
A and C
Self-study Questions
Which of these is a method for tagging
marine organisms?
a.
b.
c.
d.
In situ
Electroshocked
Captured and brought to the surface
A and C