Wind characteristic in the wind corridor in Southern
Pakistan, the effect of the monsoon
N. Memon (1), S.E. Gryning (2), S. Anwar Khan (1), E. Batchvarova (2,3)
memonnaeem@hotmail.com, sveg@dtu.dk
Coastal and inland sites, Measurements and Wind resource
Wind energy in Pakistan
The measurements reveal very generous
conditions for harvesting of wind energy. Wind
power depends not only on the mean wind but
also on the variability of the wind which can be
described by the Weibull distribution.
12
Wind speed [ms-1]
Any help is welcome in Pakistan’s perpetual
electricity shortage. The daily shortfall is an
estimated 4,000-5,000MW, with a peak demand
of 17,500MW during the summer. Resultant load
shedding
(blackouts)
severely
hampers
business, industry and agriculture. However the
country has vast potential for wind power
production, about 50,000 MW of electricity on
the 65km-long Gharo-Keti Bandar Wind Corridor
in the southern part of Pakistan.
(1)Alternative Energy Development Board,
Ministry of Water and Power, Government of Pakistan
(2) Technical University of Denmark,
Wind Energy Department, Roskilde, Denmark
(3) National Institute Meteorology and Hydrology,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
8
4
Hawks Bay
FFC
0
-0
M ar
7
S ep
07
-0
Ma r
8
S ep
08
-0
M ar
9
S ep
09
-1
M ar
0
S ep
10
-1
Ma r
1
Sep
11
-1
M ar
2
Weibull A parameter [ms-1]
16
12
8
4
Hawks Bay
FFC
FFC mast - inland
0
-0
Ma r
The wind corridor of Pakistan
7
-0
Sep
7
-08 ep-08 ar-09 ep-09 ar-10 ep-10 ar-11 ep-11 ar-12
r
a
M
M
M
M
M
S
S
S
S
8
Weibull k parameter [-]
Hawks Bay
FFC
Weibull distribution
The two-parameter Weibull distribution can be
6
4
2
expressed as
Hawks Bay mast - coastal
0
-07 ep-07 ar-08 ep-08 ar-09 ep-09 ar-10 ep-10 ar-11 ep-11 ar-12
r
a
M
M
M
M
M
M
S
S
S
S
S
The measurements reveal a strong seasonality in both the scale (A) and shape (k) parameter.
During the monsoon period both the scale and the shape parameter are large as compared to
mid-latitude (European) conditions (Gryning et al. 2013a, b), indicating a high mean wind but with
a narrow distribution. The effect can likely be attributed to the monsoon as similar seasonal
behaviour and values in this range are observed at all 8 meteorological masts in the region of the
wind corridor.
where f(u) is the frequency of occurrence of the
wind speed u, the scale parameter A has units
of speed and k is the non-dimensional shape
parameter.
The Asian winter and summer monsoon
The meteorological conditions are controlled by
the monsoon, and therefore exhibit a
considerable annual variability (Zubair et al.
2013).
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter
from December through February; a hot, dry
spring from March through May; the summer
rainy season, or southwest monsoon period,
from June through September; and the
retreating monsoon period of October and
November. The onset and duration of these
seasons vary somewhat according to location.
Winter monsoon of the region, northeasterly wind
Summer monsoon of the region, southwesterly wind
Conclusions
References
Zubair A., A. Farhan Khan and M. Umer Khan (2013). Elements
of Monsoon Circulation and its Behavior Impact over Pakistan.
European Academic Research, Vol. 1, Issue 5. ISSN 2286-4822,
www.euacademic.org
Gryning, S.-E., Batchvarova, E., and Floors, R. (2013a). A study
on the effect of nudging on long-term boundary-layer profiles of
wind and Weibull distribution parameters in a rural coastal area.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 2(5):1201–
1207
Gryning, S.-E., Batchvarova, E., Floors, R., Peña, A., Brümmer,
B., Hahmann,A. N., and Mikkelsen, T. (2013b). Long-term
profiles of wind and Weibull distribution parameters up to 600 m
in a rural coastal and an inland suburban area. Boundary-Layer
Meteorology. DOI: 10.1007/s10546-013-9857-3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
The wind speed inland is stronger than at the coastline
throughout the year for the period of the
measurements.
The wind direction at both masts is primarily SW.
The Weibull distribution provides a good fit to the
measured wind speed distribution.
The scale parameter (A) in the Weibull distribution is
larger than the wind speed and shows the same
behaviour.
The shape parameter (k) in the Weibull distribution
shows a clear change with season. The larger values
during the summer monsoon period reflect smaller
variability in the wind speed .
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by the Danish Council for Strategic
Research, project number 2104-08-0025 named “Tall Wind”,
the Nordic Centre of Excellence CRAICC - TRI-NCoE and the
COST ES1002 Action (WIRE);
We express our deep sense of gratitude to AEDB and FFC
Energy Limited for sharing the wind data with us.
EMS 2013, 9-13 September 2013, Reading, UK - ASI13 Energy Meteorology