CHAPTER 1 New World Beginnings
33,000 BCE- 1769
Peopling the Americas
 Many different theories
o Land Bridge
o Kayaks/boats, walking etc.

Massive diversity by 1492 (Columbian encounter)

Agriculture (some areas)= population/ civilization growth nation-states
The European World
 Crusades opens west to goods

Muslim middlemen, expensive

Marco Polo- China

1450 invention of the caravel – importance?

New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese)

New nation-state of Spain

Time was right for Columbus- perfect conditions

October 12, 1492 reached Bahamas (Arawaks)

Lasting effects- interdependent economic systems
Interdependence
 EUROPE= markets, capital, technology

AFRICA= slave labor

AMERICAS= raw materials, foodstuff
When Worlds Collide
 Foodstuffs= population explosion

European crops/animals

Sugar Revolution in Caribbean

Europeans= disease and epidemic
o up to 90% death rate effect?
Spanish Conquistadors
 Treaty of Tordesillas- Spanish/Portuguese “claim”

“God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in that order)

Precious metal increase in Old World (outcome on economic system)

Encomienda System
Mexican Conquest
 1519 Hernando Cortes left for Mexico

Local tribe unrest (Aztec tribute system)

Cortes= Quetzalcoatl?

Tenochtitlan

Noche triste (June 30, 1520)

Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small group of Spaniards (why?)

Assimilation/syncretism
Spanish America
 Spanish replace Aztec/Incans (Mexico, Peru) silver producing

Subjugation of native population

St. Augustine founded 1565

Conversion to Christianity Pope’s Revolt 1680
Chapter 2
The Planting of English America 1500-1733
Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth
 Protestant Reformation in England= increased rivalry with Spain

Sea dogs (Sir Francis Drake)

Defeat of Spanish Armada= birth of English naval superiority

National identity

Failed colony in Newfoundland and then Roanoke (Sir Walter Raleigh 1585)

Growth of population, depression

Joint stock companies
Jamestown
 Virginia Company of London (1606)

Wanted economic profit

May 24, 1607: Jamestown settled on James River in Virginia

Disease and starvation- looking for gold

1608 John Smith martial law
o Pocahontas

“Starving Time”

Lord de la Warr- harsh military regime, poor Indian relations
Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake
 “Powhatan Confederacy” strained relations with whites

De la Warr= Irish tactics
o 1st Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)
o Strained peace= “perpetual war without peace or truce”

2nd Anglo-Powhatan War (1644)- assimilation?

3 D’s: Disease, Disorganization, Disposability
European Influence
 Shock of European arrival= cultural/ demographic changes

Introduction of horses, firearms

Epidemics

Tribal competition

Inland tribes forced assimilation
Virginia and Tobacco
 1612 John Rolfe and tobacco

Huge demand- cash crop
o Destroyed soil, demand for labor

1619: 20 African slaves

1619: House of Burgesses

James I revokes charted 1624= royal colony
Catholic Maryland
 Maryland= Catholic refuge

Lord Baltimore

Sits on St. Mary’s on Chesapeake Bay

Protestant farmers surrounded by Catholic aristocracy

Tobacco and indentured servants

Act of Toleration 1649
The West Indies
 Spain relinquished some control in Caribbean- English acquires 1655

Sugar= rich man’s crop

Barbados Slave Codes

Non-sugar growers pushed out- export slave codes
Colonizing Carolina
 Land grant to “Lord Proprietors” by Charles II

Foodstuff for Barbados

Indian slavery

Rice cultivation= slavery increase

Landed gentry

Religious tolerance vs. Spanish in Florida
North Carolina
 Dissenters/religious outcastes

“Squatters” independent spirit

Royal colony of North Carolina 1712

Crushed native tribes
Georgia
 Georgia (1733)= buffer

James Oglethorpe- debtor’s (penal) colony

$ from crown for war with Spain

Reform and some tolerance
The Plantation Colonies
 Commonalities:
o Cash crops
o Slavery
o Aristocratic land owners
o Lack of cities
o Some religious tolerance
o Expanded into continent (contact with native tribes)
Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies
1619-1700
The Protestant Reformation
 Martin Luther- Wittenberg’s Cathedral 1517

John Calvin (Calvinists)= “predestined” visible saints

Henry VIII and the Church of England
o Puritans wanted to “purify”
Pilgrims (Separatists)
 Left for Holland 1608 Dutchification

Left for Virginia (1620), ended up in New England

Mayflower Compact (41 adult males- mostly non- Separatists)

Deadly first winter Thanksgiving

William Bradford (governor)
Massachusetts Bay Colony
 Charles I= crackdown on Puritans (1629)= new charter

Great Migration of 1630’s

John Winthrop (1st governor), “City Upon a Hill” mixed with economic prosperity

Suffrage= 2/5 of men (Congregationalists)

God’s Law, Protestant Work Ethic
Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth
 Social harmony, no dissenters

Quakers flogged, expelled, executed

Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams- banished

Rhode Island “Sewer”= all welcomed
o Chartered in 1644
Puritans vs. Indians
 ¾ of tribes dead before Pilgrims

Wampanoag= treaty (Chief Massasoit, Squanto- interpreter)

More settlers= hostile relations

1637 Pequot War

Pan Indian alliance

1675 Metacom (King Philip’s War)= last resistance
Colonial Independence
 New England Confederation 1643

Semi-autonomous

Restoration of Charles II= punishment for Bay Colony

Dominion of New England (London imposed) Navigation Laws

Sir Edmund Andros Glorious Revolution

“Salutary neglect” under William & Mary
Dutch Residue in NY
 New Netherlands ≠ 1st priority

Charles II granted land to Duke of York

Control down to Carolinas

Cultural holdovers (aristocratic)
Quaker Pennsylvania and Neighbors
 New Netherlands ≠ 1st priority

Charles II granted land to Duke of York

Control down to Carolinas

Cultural holdovers (aristocratic)
Chapter 4 American Life in the 17th Century
1607-1692
The Unhealthy Chesapeake
 Disease and colonists

Need for immigration for growth

Men outnumbered women 6 to 1 in 1650

Consequences?
Tobacco Economy
 Exhausted tobacco fields high supply

Indentured servants from England

“Headright System” for Virginia and Maryland

100,000 servants by 1700

Freedom= poverty, landlessness
Bacon’s Rebellion
 Growing numbers of freedmen

1676 Nathaniel Bacon led revolt in Virginia
o Killed Indians, ran out governor, burned capital
o Bacon died in middle
o Move toward slavery
Colonial Slavery
 10 million slaves brought over in 300 years (400,000 to North America)

Rising wages in England, fear of servants

Royal African Company

Middle Passage

Indentured servant vs. slave status
The New England Family
 Higher life expectancy

Family pattern differences
o Intergenerational stability

No property rights for women

Divorce near non-existent
Puritan Religious Changes
 Growth of colonies pushed outward

Lessening religious zeal- “jeremiad” sermons

Lack of conversions

Half Way Covenant

Traded religious purity for religious participation
Salem Witch Trials
 1692 young girls “bewitched”
o 19 hung, 1 crushed
o Changing community and Church
o Similar trials in Europe and in New England
o Witch hunt blind fear, scapegoating
New England Way of Life
 Less ethnically mixed

Indian ideas of land use reason to seize

Need for pastureland, natural harbors

Yankee Puritan ideals spread as colonists moved outward
Early Settlers
 Farmers tied to the seasons

Define roles for the sexes

Most were middle class (exception indentured servants)

Social hierarchy

Class resentment (Bacon’s Rebellion, Protestant uprising in Maryland)
Colonial Population Estimates
Population
1610
350
1620
2,300
1630
4,600
1640
26,600
1650
50,400
1660
75,100
1670
111,900
1680
151,500
1690
210,400
1700
250,900
1710
331,700
1720
466,200
1730
629,400
1740
905,600
1750
1,170,800
1760
1,593,600
1770
2,148,100
1780
2,780,400
Chapter 5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution
1700-1775
Growing Population
 Massive population growth in 13 original

Shifting balance of power

4 major cities; 90% lived in rural areas
Different Ethnicities
 Mostly English with small ethnic pockets
o 6% of population in 1775= German
o 7%= Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys protest)
o 5%= French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Swiss, Scots-Highlanders
o 20% = African slaves (African American traditions)
o Multicultural society
The Structure of Colonial Society
 Beginning of 1700’s= many opportunities

“Europeanization” of America

Limited amounts of land Allegheny barrier

Class discrepancy in South

Fear of slave revolts
Colonial Trade
 Triangular Trade

Manufacturing

Trade imbalance= need for new markets

Molasses Act 1733 smuggling and bribery
Official Churches
 2 tax supported churches (Anglican and Congregational)

Anglican= Georgia, N & S Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and part of NY
o Less fire and brimstone

Congregational= New England except RI

More religious tolerance
The Great Awakening
 The religious fervor weakening

Threat of liberal ideas (Arminians)

Full membership to battle “heresies”

Great Awakening of 1730’s-40’s spiritual revival with Jonathan Edwards
o “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

George Whitefield- emotional theatrics

“New Light” vs. “Old Light”

Awakening= revitalization, undermined old clergy, created breaks in Churches

Missionary work

True American solidarity
Colonial Education
 No longer just for wealthy boys

Good Christians (New England towns vs. Southern plantations)

Focus less on independent thinking

University of Pennsylvania
Pioneer Presses
 Too busy/poor to read books

Pamphlets, journals, leaflets, newspapers

Colonial grievances, European news

Zenger Case 1734-35

Some freedom of the press
Chapter 6 The Duel for North America
1608-1763
France in the New World
 Problems in France= started colonization later (Huguenots)

Samuel de Champlain and Quebec
o Allied with Hurons (enemies of Iroquois)

New France= royal colony

Slow growing
New France
 Focus on beaver trapping

Recruit Indians into trade

Alcohol, disease and weakened religion

Expanded north, west and south

Empire makers: Antoine Cadillac and Robert La Salle
George Washington
 Ohio Valley= desired by French and British

Virginian claim vs. French fort system (Duquesne)

George Washington 1754 Fort Necessity

Deportation of Acadians in Nova Scotia (coming war)
Colonial Disunity
 Albany Congress 1754

Maintain Iroquois alliance

Ben Franklin= colonial home rule
General Braddock
 General Braddock (Great Britain) tried to capture Fort Duquesne 1755

Used to European warfare, not guerilla

Braddock killed, Indians extend warpath
William Pitt
 William Pitt took over war effort (Great Commoner)
o Focus on Quebec/Montreal
o Quebec captured 1759, Montreal 1760
o Spain got Mississippi and Louisiana
o GB got Florida
o Treaty of Paris
o GB= dominant world power
Results of the French and Indian War
 Victory= military confidence, experience and officers

Arrogant British professionals vs. colonial amateurs

American shippers traded with enemy

Inroads made to fix colonial disunity
American Destiny
 Removal of French= sense of independence, new Indian policies

Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763

Westward expansion and permanent troops

Proclamation of 1763
Chapter 7 The Road to Revolution
1763-1775
Roots of Revolution
 Immigrants= independent spirit

Republicanism

Radical Whigs
Mercantilism
 Mercantilism- expansion of wealth= power

Colonies= raw material, guaranteed markets
o Buy from GB, supply necessaries

Navigation Acts

Led to currency shortage
o Paper currency, bankruptcy laws

Parliamentary veto right
Pros and Cons of Mercantilism
 Navigation Acts loosely enforced

Less competition for colonies
o Monopoly on tobacco

Strong army and navy

Dependent and stifling
The Stamp Act
 Seven Years War= empire and debt

Prime Minister George Grenville
o Navigation Acts and Sugar Act 1764

Quartering Act 1765

The Stamp Act 1765
o Needed $ for new army
o Necessary for protection vs. matter of principle (liberties)

Trial of offenders in admiralty courts

Reason for troops? No French!

“no taxation without representation”

Difference between legislation and taxation
o “virtual representation”
o Americans didn’t want represented in Parliament
Repeal of the Stamp Act
 Stamp Act Congress 1765 colonial unity?

Nonimportation agreements across colonies

Homespun clothes, no lamb (avoid British textiles)

Colonial solidarity- common person
o Spinning bees, boycott petitions

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty

Infrastructure broke down out of fear

British businessmen hurt economically

Protested to Parliament to repeal! (1/2 of shipping for American trade)
o 2 million Americans don’t have to pay for 1/3 of defense?

Repealed Stamp Act but passed Declaratory Act
o Absolute sovereignty (“bind” colonies)
Townshend Acts
 Charles Townshend= Chancellor of the Exchequer

Townshend Acts 1767
o Indirect duties (tea)
o Still seen as a tax
o $ on royal governors and judges
o Suspended NY assembly
o smuggling
The Boston “Massacre”
 1768 British troops sent to Boston

March 5, 1770: Boston Massacre
o Crispus Attucks
o Trial John Adams defended soldiers
Committees of Correspondence
 King George III and Prime Minister Lord North

Repeal of Townshend Acts (except tea)

Sam Adams= propaganda, rebellion
o “trained mob”

Committees of Correspondence
o Sedition?
Tea Parties
 British East India Company= monopoly on tea

Americans didn’t allow any of the tea in

Boston officials refused to back down
o Governor Hutchinson
o Boston Tea Party
o GB to punish Massachusetts
Intolerable Acts
 AKA Coercive Acts 1774
o Boston Port Act
o Massachusetts Government Act
o Quartering Act
o Justice Act

Quebec Act
Continental Congress
 Continental Congress 55 delegates to Philadelphia September 5- October 24, 1774
o Listing grievances for king
o Created The Association- complete boycott

Battles at Lexington and Concord
British Strengths
 Bigger population

naval power/army

wealth for hired soldiers

Loyalists/Indians allied
British Weaknesses
 France on America’s side

no organized leadership

American brothers

Whigs opposed Tories

distance problem

Poor quality of supplies

no major city to capture
American Strengths
 Leadership

Foreign aid/officers

Self-sustaining agriculture

Moral advantage
American Weaknesses
 Unification? Hierarchy?

No constitution until 1781

Sectional disputes

Depreciated paper $

Deserting soldiers, lack of guns
Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire
1775-1783
Second Continental Congress
 Recalled after Lexington and Concord

George Washington to head army
Early War
 April 1775-July 1776: fighting, but desired reconciliation

Battle of Ticonderoga

Bunker Hill (June 1775)

Olive Branch Petition

German mercenaries hired (Hessians)
Common Sense
 Contradictory Americans

Common Sense by Thomas Paine 1776

Independence and republic
o All public offices
o Corruption of power or vengeance
o Town meetings, Committees of Correspondences

Citizen “virtue”- attempt experiment in America

Conservative Patriots “natural aristocracy”

Hierarchy of society challenged social order
Declaration of Independence
 Richard Henry Lee June 7, 1776

Need for official document
o Foreign aid, British colonies aid

Thomas Jefferson, July 4, 1776
o Natural rights
o Outlined tyranny
o Inspiration for future revolutions
Patriots and Loyalists
 Loyalist (Tories), Patriots (Whigs)

“win the hearts and minds”

Loyalists= 16% of population, educated, wealthy, older, Anglican clergy (and congregations)

Patriots= young, energetic, less to lose, aristocratic Virginians (exception), New Englanders
General Washington
 Brits in NYC (35,000 vs. 18,000)

Washington escaped to NY
o General William Howe

Washington crosses the Delaware

Surprise attack on Princeton
Burgoyne’s Invasion
 Seize Hudson River Valley 1777

Plan- Burgoyne, Howe and Colonel St. Leger

Arnold held off (Lake Champlain)

Howe attacked Washington

Battle of Saratoga 1777
Blow and Counterblow
 6,000 French troops in 1780

Benedict Arnold turned traitor

British focus on the South
The Frontier
 1777= “Bloody Year”

Divided Iroquois Confederacy Brits restrain expansion

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Privateers= “sailors of fortune”
Yorktown
 Inflation!

Cornwallis at Yorktown

Washington from NY, French army and navy

Cornwallis surrendered 7,000 troops

“The World Turned Upside Down”
Treaty of Paris
 New Whig PM

Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay= diplomats

France balancing US and Spain

Jay = separate deal 1783
o Independent country, lots of land
o Can’t persecute Loyalists, return land?, recapture debts
Chapter 9 The Confederation and the Constitution
1776-1790
Pursuit for Equality
 Revolution idealism
o primogeniture

Beginning of separation of Church and State Anglican Church reform

Antislavery movement- not far enough

Lack of women’s rights
o focus on “civic virtue”
o Republican Motherhood
Economic Problems
 Loyalist/royal land= cheap, available

American manufacturing competition with British after war

Speculation, profiteering= inflation

Similarities to hold shaking country together?
Creating a Confederation
 Continental Congress= no constitutional authority

13 sovereign states

Articles of Confederation 1777, ratified 1781
o Western land dilemma= common benefit!
The Articles of Confederation
 1st government loose link of independent states to deal with common problems
o 1 house legislature, 1 state=1 vote
o No executive, only state courts
o 9 states for bills
o Unanimous ratification for amendments
o Reasons?

Congress couldn’t regulate trade
o Ask for tax contribution
o No control over states/citizens
o 1783 Congress fled Philadelphia
o Stepping stone
Land Laws
 2 important pieces of legislation
o For Northwest Territory
o Land Ordinance of 1785
o Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Anarchy
 No money= no international credit

Tariffs from other states, depreciated paper money

Shays’ Rebellion 1786

Wealthy property owners vs. debtor class

“mobocracy” rein in disorder

States’ rights vs. strong federal government?
Constitutional Convention Participants
 Interstate commerce problems= Annapolis Convention
o Articles needed revision!

55 delegates meet in Philadelphia May 25, 1787 (no Rhode Island)
o Secrecy
o “Demigods”
o Upper class, 19 owned slaves, focus on preserving US protect property rights
o Protect republican experiment, tariff enforcement, stop “mobocracy”
Constitutional Compromises
 Virginia Plan (large states)

New Jersey Plan (small states)

Great Compromise

Strong executive branch

Electoral College House of Representatives if no majority

3/5 Compromise

Abolish slave trade after 1807
Fear of the Mob
• Delegates had more in common
o Strong money, protection of property
o Strong central government, 3 branches
o Feared “the mob”
•
Safeguards against the people
o Appointment of federal judges for life
o Indirect election of President and Senators
o Property requirements for voting for House of Reps
o Still founded on republicanism
Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
 No unanimous ratification necessary

Antifederalists
o Wealthy class stealing power, bill of rights?

Federalists= power and influence
o Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Jay, Madison)
o Federalist #10
Chapter 10 Launching the New Ship of State
1789-1800
President Washington
 Unanimously elected 1789

Strong character

Created framework and expectations
Bill of Rights
 Ratified Constitution with promise of a bill of rights

Amendment process

James Madison feared another convention

1st Congress Judiciary Act 1789

John Jay= Supreme Court Chief Justice
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
 Federalists led by Hamilton
o “those who own the country ought to govern it”
o Protect wealth and property
o Merchants, manufacturers and shippers
o Pro British

Democratic Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson
o Middle class, farmers, laborers, artisans and small shopkeepers
o “the best government is the one which governs least”
o States rights, strict interpretation
o Educated yeomen farmers- needed slavery
o Newspapers stop tyranny
Hamilton at Treasury
 Goal= powerful nation, needed public confidence
o Favorable policies for wealthy
o Congress to assume debt
o Virginia deal with capital city
Collecting $
 $75 million debt= “national blessing”

Pay off debt with customs duties (tariffs)

Created international trade and protection for American manufacturing

Excise tax passed 1791 (whiskey)
The Bank of the US
 Hamilton= create Bank of the US
o Private bank, America= stockholder

Jefferson opposed Bank reserved for states!
o Literal or strict construction

Hamilton= “necessary and proper” clause
o Loose or broad construction, elastic clause

North vs. South over Bank
Whiskey Rebellion
 Whiskey Rebellion 1794 in southwestern Pennsylvania

Primary “crop” liberty polls and tarred/feathers collectors

Washington raised army actually came!

Whiskey Boys disbanded before arrived

Strong federal government
Neutrality Proclamation
 Franco-American Alliance= forever

Democratic-Republicans= join France (revolutionary fervor)

Washington= avoid war, we are too unsteady

Neutrality Proclamation 1793 (self-interest)

Continued trading with French West Indies
Jay’s Treaty
 Jay sent to London to deal with impressment of sailors issue

Jay’s Treaty
o Brits leave NW, pay damages for seized US ships, Americans repay debts

Southerners vs. Northerners

Pinckney’s Treaty

Washington’s Farewell Address
John Adams
 Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans 1796 election

Adams with 71, Jefferson with 68= VP

Left with Washington’s cabinet
XYZ Affair
 French seized US ships (angry at Jay’s Treaty)

XYZ Affair-Talleyrand

“millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”

Undeclared war with France 1798-1800
Alien and Sedition Acts
 Anti-French feelings (Dem Rep)

Alien Laws- increased residency

Sedition Act- violated speech and press
o Federalist Supreme Court upheld
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
 Jeffersonians fearful of Federalist abuses

Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions
o Compact theory
o States can nullify
o Federalists say Supreme Court has right to nullify
o Used for Southern secession
Chapter 11 The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic
1800-1812
Federalists vs. Antifederalists
 Federalists= Alien and Sedition Acts
o Lack of war with France
o Hamilton split with Adams

Jefferson’s character
o Religious attacks
Revolution of 1800
 Jefferson with Aaron Burr
o South, West and NY
o Tie between Burr and Jefferson! House of Representatives
o Lame Duck

Revolution of 1800
o Federalists betrayed ideals
o Peaceful transfer of power
Mild Reforms
 Pardons for Sedition Act

Return residency requirements to 5 years

No more excise tax

Albert Gallatin= reduce debt and balance budget

Continued many Hamilton programs
Marbury vs. Madison
 Judiciary Act 1801- midnight judges
o Life time appointments!
o Some not delivered/repealed

William Marbury= justice of the peace?

Chief Justice John Marshall

Created power of judicial review
Impeachment
 Attempted impeachment of associate justice Samuel Chase
o Open opposition to Jeffersonians

“high crimes and misdemeanors?”
o Maintained independence of judiciary
Barbary Pirates
 Jefferson reduced army

Pirates of North African Barbary Coast
o Federalists had bought protection

1801 Tripoli undeclared war with US (Tripolitan War)

$60,000= peace treaty 1805
Louisiana Purchase
 France seized Louisiana Territory (Napoleon) right of deposit on Mississippi

James Monroe and Robert Livingston

Sold all of Louisiana
o Needed money to recapture Santo Domingo
o Yellow fever
o War with Great Britain looming
o $15 million for 828,000 square miles; constitutional?
Lewis and Clark
 “Valley of Democracy”

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
o Sacajawea guided along Missouri from St. Louis through Rockies, down Columbia to
Pacific
o 2 ½ years= overland expansion
Aaron Burr
 Aaron Burr dropped as VP in 2nd term

Conspiracy with Federalist extremists= Hamilton found out
o Hamilton killed in duel

New scheme with James Wilkinson of Louisiana Territory

1806 tried for treason no overt actions

Escaped to Europe
Britain and France
 Jefferson reelected 1804= war between Britain and France

Acted as neutral merchant

British- naval supremacy, French- land supremacy; trade disallowed

6,000 Americans impressed by British
The Embargo Act
 Weak army and navy Embargo Act 1807
o Peaceful coercion
o Hurt American economy more
o Revived Federalist party

Congress repealed for Non-Intercourse Act March 1, 1809
o Trade allowed except with France and GB

Foreign reliance of US goods, empires to supply

US manufacturing restarted
James Madison
 James Madison 1809

Macon’s Bill #2
o Allowed Europe to choose ally

Napoleon lifted his trade restrictions knowing Great Britain wouldn’t
Tecumseh
 War hawks in new Congress 1811

Tecumseh and brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet)
o Indian Confederacy, tribal unity
o Brits in Canada agitating?
o William Henry Harrison and Battle of Tippecanoe
Start of War of 1812
 Take out Canada= Indian base
o Defend republicanism

Close declaration of war June 1812
o Partisan and sectional
o New England against war with Great Britain
Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812-1824
American Strategy
 Lack of military, old generals= no national unity
o 3 prong attack on Canada

1813 naval battle more successful

“Old Ironsides”

Oliver Hazzard Perry

Brits attack via Lake Champlain= Thomas Macdonough
British Strategy
 3 prong attack- Chesapeake landing, burned DC
o Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key)
o Attack on New Orleans
o Defender of New Orleans= Andrew Jackson= national hero
o Treaty of Ghent already signed!= restored honor and nationalism
The Treaty of Ghent
 Tsar Alexander I wanted a peace treaty (British ally)

American envoys 1814

British demands stalemate

Victory on Champlain+ war weary British= compromise

Treaty of Ghent= armistice

“not 1 inch of territory ceded or lost”
The Hartford Convention
 New England Federalists
o Separate peace or secession

Hartford Convention: list of grievances

Announced demands as victory of New Orleans/ Treaty of Ghent announced
Second War for Independence
 Unimportant internationally, important in US
o Military strength
o Disapproved of sectionalism
o Indian policy
o American manufacturing
o Canadian nationalism: who controls Great Lakes?
o Isolationism
The American System
 British dumping Tariff of 1816
o Mostly for protection

Henry Clay and the American System
o Banking system
o Tariff
o Roads/canals network

Madison vetoed states responsibility

New England opposed
Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings
 Election of 1816 end of Federalists

Monroe= old and new generations in government

Era of Good Feelings

Problems below the surface
Slavery
 Missouri (slave state) 1819

Tallmadge Amendment fear in South

Disturb political balance (Senate divided between slave and free)

House of Representatives dominated by wealthy, populous North
Missouri Compromise
 Missouri and Maine
o No more slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30’
o Maintain peace for 15 years
o Jefferson: “we have a wolf by the ears and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go.”

Monroe reelected 1820
John Marshall
 McCullough vs. Maryland 1819
o Implied vs. enumerated powers
o Federalism

Cohens vs. Virginia 1821
o US Supreme Court can review state supreme courts

Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824
o Commerce clause

Fletcher vs. Peck 1810 property rights

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward 1819
o Contracts
Florida
 Andrew Jackson and 1st Seminole War

Entry into Florida

Monroe’s Cabinet alarmed

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
o $5 million
o Western boundary set at 42°
The Monroe Doctrine
 Monroe Doctrine 1823
o No European interference in Western Hemisphere
o US wouldn’t interfere in European affairs
o Spheres of influence
o British navy backing up doctrine
o US worried about ourselves
o Not a law, a statement used and discarded as needed
Chapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy
1824-1840
The Corrupt Bargain
 4 candidates in 1824 election

Andrew Jackson winner, but no majority House of Reps

Henry Clay= Speaker of House

John Quincy Adams wins

Henry Clay named Secretary of State!
Campaign of 1828
 Split in Republican party

Adams (oak) vs. Jackson (hickory)

Campaign portrayals not reality

Mudslinging

Jackson= South and West (178 electoral votes); Adams= New England (83 electoral votes)
The Spoils System
 Spoils System (patronage, cronyism)

“to the victor goes the spoils of war”

Jackson= no aristocratic bureaucracy , new blood

“what has he done for the party?”

Scandalous appointments; Party loyalty
Tariff of Abominations
 Protectionism of industry (New England, middle states)

Tariff of 1828 South feared further interference

“The South Carolina Exposition” by VP John C. Calhoun
o Proposed nullification
Nullification Crisis
 Tariff of 1832 still protective

South Carolina (Palmetto state) adopted nullification

Jackson against nullifiers

Henry Clay compromise with Tariff of 1833

Force Bill
Trail of Tears
 Tribes treated as separate nations since Washington

“civilization” and assimilation movement

Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole (5 Civilized Nations)
o Cherokee= private property, tribal government

Georgia declared Cherokee council illegal seize land, jurisdiction

Appealed to Supreme Court
o “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”

Indian Removal Act 1830
o Resulted in forced migration (4,000 died)
o Bureau of Indian Affairs
Other Indian Resistance
 Black Hawk War 1832
o Exchange land for land west of Mississippi River

Second Seminole War 1835-42
o Most expensive/longest until Vietnam
o Osceola
Bank War
 Jackson hated the Bank

Not bound to people, but to investors

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster’s renewal bill in 1832

Use as a campaign ploy

Bank veto= expansion of executive power

Clay’s plan backfired
Jackson vs. Biddle
 Choke Bank before 1836

Remove all federal deposits, shrink current deposits

Biddle called in loans (mini Panic)

Boom and bust cycles

Federal $ put in “pet banks” and “wildcat banks”

Specie Circular 1836 Panic of 1837
Whigs
 Opposition to Jackson
o Executive usurpation

Diverse groups of opposition

Felt they were party of common man
o Democrats for cronyism and corruption
Panic of 1837
 Land speculation, Bank War, Specie Circular, crop failures
o British loans called in

Collapse of hundreds of banks

Closed factories, unemployment, less public land sold, lack of customs

Whig solution vs. Divorce Bill

Independent Treasury Bill
The Lone Star Republic
 Mexican independence land grant to Stephen Austin

Adventurers and crooks

Texas vs. Mexico on slavery, immigration and local rights

Santa Anna raised army, jailed Austin

1836 Lone Star Republic

“Remember the Alamo”= rallying US cry

Houston lured Anna to San Jacinta counterattacked
o Anna captured: 2 treaties

US aid vs. “neutrality”

Recognition of Lone Star Republic

Annexation of Texas?
o Slavery issue
Log Cabin and Hard Cider
 1840 election

Insult to Whigs log cabins and hard cider
o Whigs adopted as symbol

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!

All about perception

Harrison= major victory 1840
Chapter 14 Forging the National Economy
1790-1860
Immigration and Growth
 Westerners= “rugged individualism”

Population still doubling every 25 years

Growth of cities urban problems

Immigration explosion

“land of opportunity” made possible by steamships
The Irish
 2 million- Potato famine in 1840’s

Crowded in eastern cities

“No Irish Need Apply”

Political power- Tammany Hall machine in NYC
The Germans
 1 ½ million- crop failure, war, autocracy in Germany

More wealth than Irish

Education, art and music

Opposed slavery

Enclosed communities to retain culture/language
Nativism
 Fear of foreigners (Irish and German Catholics) Catholic schools

Know Nothing Party
o Restrict immigration and naturalization
o Deport poor foreigners
o Violence and riots (1844 in Philadelphia)
Mechanization
 British textile machines
o Modern factory system, transportation and communication (Industrial Revolution)

US reluctance cheap land, lack of investments, undeveloped raw materials
o British competition
The Cotton Gin
 Samuel Slater

Lack of cotton= labor intensive

1793 Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin (engine)
o King Cotton
o Resurrected slavery

New England factories
Manufacturing
 Phases of US manufacturing tied to GB

Eli Whitney- interchangeable parts

Limited liability

Samuel Morse
Factory System
 Factories ended master-apprentice

“spindle cities”
o Long hours, low pay, no benefits, unsanitary conditions
o Unions banned
o Child labor

Jacksonian democracy; Commonwealth vs. Hunt 1842
Factory Girls
 Textile mills replaced homespun

Lowell, Massachusetts Factory Girls

Cult of Domesticity

Domestic Feminism
o Changes in child rearing
Western Farmers
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois= breadbasket

John Deere; Cyrus McCormick

Change from subsistence to large scale; businessmen
Transportation
 Lancaster Turnpike opposition

Cumberland Road

Steamboat, Robert Fulton
o 2 way navigation

Erie Canal (1825) DeWitt Clinton

New cities along canals and Great Lakes
Transportation Revolution
 Transportation Revolution natural flow of commerce
o Canals, railroads and communication equalized; NYC= major port

Continental system establish with specializing regions
Market Revolution
 Market revolution= national network of industry

Wage system

Dream of social mobility realities
Chapter 15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture
1790-1860
Religion

Enlightenment, rationalism influences

Deism, Unitarianism

Second Great Awakening
o Methodists and Baptists
o Peter Cartwright
o Charles Grandison Finney
o Role of middle class women
Denominations
 Burned Over District

Adventists

Class and region differences in Awakening
Mormons
 Joseph Smith

Brigham Young escape persecution, Utah
o 1846-47
o Irrigation
o Immigration
o Army vs. Mormons
o Polygamy and statehood
Free Schools
 Upper classes against free education

Manhood suffrage (Jacksonian era)

Industrial Revolution

Problems in education

Horace Mann

Noah Webster- Schoolmaster of the Republic

William McGuffey
Higher Learning
 State colleges- federal land grants
o University of Virginia

Women’s education
o Common views
o Women’s colleges established

Lyceum Lecture associations
Reform Movements
 Role of Second Great Awakening

Debtors prison, criminal code

Dorothea Dix= mentally ill reform of asylums

American Peace Society 1828
Temperance
 American Temperance Foundation
o Temperance vs. teetotalism

Maine Law of 1851
Women’s Movement
 Subordinate roles for women

Keepers of morality

National Women’s Suffrage Association

Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention 1848
Utopia Societies
 Robert Owen 1825

Brook Farm 1841

Oneida Community 1848

Communalistic societies
Transcendentalism
 Golden age of literature 1825-1850’s

Transcendentalism
o Self-reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Walt Whitman
Literary Dissenters
 Not all focused on human goodness and progress

Edgar Allan Poe

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Herman Melville
Chapter 16 The South and the Slavery Controversy
1793-1860
“Cotton is King!”
 Cotton Kingdom
o Gulf states= quick profits
o Northern states tied to cotton production
o ½ of American exports in 1840
o Great Britain
The Planter Class
 South= oligarchy

1850: 1,733 families owned over 100 slaves

Class division in South
o Feudal idealism or “sham society?”

Gender division no desire for abolition
Southern Makeup
 Land butchery

Small farmers pushed out one crop economy

Slave speculation= risky, could die/run away

No manufacturing

No immigration South= WHITE
The Whites
 Small Southern minority= large slaveholders
o ¼ of South= slave owners
o Smaller slave owners= worked along side

¾ of whites owned no slaves “snobocracy”
o “Poor white trash”
o Still fought to preserve slavery why?
o Isolated mountain whites in Appalachians
o “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Free Blacks
 1860: 250,000 free blacks in South
o Revolutionary War idealism, mulattoes, bought freedom
o Practically no rights, served as a reminder of emancipation= hated

1860: 250,000 free blacks in North
o No rights, competition, racism
Slavery’s Profits
 4 million slaves by 1860
o Importation outlawed 1808, still smuggled
o Natural reproduction

Slaves= focus of wealth use Irish for dangerous work

Deep South

Psychological effects- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Life in Bondage
 Life in slavery varied

Minimal legal protection- couldn’t testify

Lack of a wage incentive

Illegal to read or write

“Black Belt” of the Deep South
o Cultural and family ties
o Combined Christian and African traditions
Rebellion
 Rebellion in small ways on a day to day basis

Few armed rebellions
o Gabriel in 1800 Virginia
o Denmark Vesey in 1822 Charleston, SC
o Nat Turner in 1831 Virginia

Created white fear
Early Abolitionism
 Abolition after Revolution

The American Colonization Society
o Republic of Liberia

1830’s: reform movements, 2nd Great Awakening
o Theodore Dwight Weld and the Lane Rebels
Radical Abolitionism
 William Lloyd Garrison

The American Antislavery Society 1833

o Wendell Phillips (white- no sugar or cotton clothes), David Walker (black- militant,
end to white supremacy), Sojourner Truth (black- women’s rights too), Martin
Delaney (black- recolonization)
Frederick Douglass- runaway slave, orator

Abolitionist political parties
Southern Reaction
 Southern antislavery movements stopped 1830’s

White apologists and proslavery movement began to defend “peculiar institution”
o Good of slavery contrasted to Northern “wage slaves”

Gag Resolution 1836
Northern Reaction
 Garrison seen as a radical

Bargain made in Constitution

North tied to South economically

Mobs attacked abolitionists

Growing numbers did see slavery as an evil
o Free Soilers
Chapter 17 Manifest Destiny and its Legacy
1841-1848
The Lone Star Republic
 Province in rebellion?

Threats to US

Great Britain wanted an independent Texas
o Slavery issue
Texas Annexation
 Presidential election 1844

“Texas or Disunion”

James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay

Polk victory= popular mandate
o Joint resolution by Tyler 1845
o Texas= 28th state
o Mexican reaction
Oregon Fever
 Boundary disputes
o Spain
o Great Britain
o US

Occupation of the Willamette River Valley 49°
o “Oregon Fever”
Manifest Destiny
 1844: Clay vs. James K. Polk (“the dark horse)
o Manifest Destiny empire building
o Democrat slogans vs. Whig slogans
o Polk victory (Liberty party= spoiler) mandate for Texas?
Polk’s Accomplishments
 1. Walker Tariff of 1846

2. Restore an independent treasury

3. Reoccupation of Oregon (compromised boundary line) northern anger

4. Acquisition of California
Problems with Mexico
 California coveted (Manifest Destiny!)

Money owed to US

Texas annexation

Boundary disputes between Mexico and Texas- Nueces vs. Rio Grande

John Slidell
The Mexican-American War
 General Zachary Taylor

April 25, 1846: “American blood shed on American soil”

Double crossing Santa Anna

General Stephen W. Kearny

Captain John C. Fremont- California Bear Flag Republic

Zachary Taylor- “Old Rough and Ready”, “Hero of Buena Vista”

General Winfield Scott Mexico City 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo negotiated by Nicholas P. Trist

Problems back home with “Mexican Whigs”
Pros and Cons
 13,000 Americans died

Mexican Cession

War experience to future leaders- American military power

US= bad image to Mexico and Latin America

Slavery issues enflamed
o Wilmot Proviso
Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle
1848-1854
1848 Election
 Spread of slavery= possible rift for both Democrats and Whigs

General Lewis Cass (Democrat)
o Popular sovereignty

General Zachary Taylor (Whig)

Third party- Free Soil Party (Martin Van Buren)
o Diverse group of supporters
California Gold Rush
 Gold in 1848= hordes of people
o Need for law and order

1849 Constitution (no slavery!) avoid Territory stage

New Mexico and Utah California precedent?
Angry Southerners
 1850= balance between North and South
o South= majority on SC, in cabinet, president
o Outnumbered in House, equal in Senate
o Afraid of a free California, New Mexico and Utah had been won with Southern help!
o Border dispute between Texas and NM
o North demanding a free soil DC
o Underground Railroad new Fugitive Slave Law?
o Resentful towards abolitionist attitudes
The Compromise of 1850
 Southern “fire eaters” demanding secession compromise needed

1850: Taylor died, Millard Fillmore= more open  series of laws passed= Compromise of 1850
o California
o NM= disputed territory for $10 million to Texas
o Slave trade abolished in DC
o Popular sovereignty for Mexican Cession
o Stronger Fugitive Slave Law

North= better deal

Opposition to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
o Nullification?
o South= bitter

1850’s= necessary decade to cement northern Unionists
Pierce and Expansion
 Pierce= Southern sympathizer (Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War)
o Look to Latin America for expansion (Manifest Destiny and slavery)
o Canal through Nicaragua?
o William Walker
o Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
o Commodore Mathew Perry “open” Japan
Cuba

Cuba= Manifest Destiny!

Polk offered $100 million- refused

1850-51: filibustering expeditions attempted to seize Spain reacted by seizing steamship
Black Warrior

Ostend Manifesto= justification
o North= angry, domestic unrest
Railroads
 Need for a transcontinental railroad North or South?
o Gadsden Purchase
o Fear of a free soil Nebraska
Kansas-Nebraska Act
 Stephen A. Douglas split Nebraska into 2 territories

Nebraska= west of free soil Iowa, Kansas= west of slave state Missouri

Popular sovereignty with Kansas-Nebraska Act
o Violated Missouri Compromise of 1820!
o Passage= breach of faith
Lasting Effects
 Kansas-Nebraska Act= downhill slide to Civil War no more compromising

North= denied enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act

Democratic Party= split

Creation of Republican Party
Chapter 19 Drifting Toward Disunion
1854-1861
Stowe and Helper
 1852: Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
o Angered by Fugitive Slave Act
o 2nd Great Awakening
o International popularity

1857: The Impending Crisis by Hinton R. Helper
o Effects on non-slaveholding whites
Battle for Kansas
 Popular sovereignty= call to action

Henry Ward Beecher and New England Emigrant Aid Company

South=angry Kansas-Nebraska Act meant to make Kansas slave!

1855 election for territorial legislature- border ruffians

Shawnee Mission vs. Topeka= who’s in charge?
Bleeding Kansas
 1856 free soil town of Lawrence burned

John Brown- Osawatomie to Pottawatomie Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856
o 5 killed (proslavery?)
o Bleeding Kansas= civil war in Kansas!

Lecompton Constitution 1857 free soilers avoided polls
o Buchanan supported, Douglas= real popular sovereignty division in Democratic party
Brooks Attacks Sumner
 1856 Senator Charles Sumner
o South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler

Congressman Preston Brooks insulted

May 22, 1856: Brooks attacks Sumner

House couldn’t expel Brooks, resigned and reelected!

Sumner’s speech sold tens of thousands
Dred Scott Decision
 Dred Scott= slave in Illinois and Wisconsin in 1857
o Sued for freedom
o Supreme Court ruled not a citizen
o Chief Justice Taney to undermine free soilers
o Slaves= private property (5th amendment)
o Missouri Compromise= unconstitutional!
o Can’t deny slavery even with popular sovereignty!
o Democrats split, antislaveryites ignored decision
Lincoln vs. Douglas
 1858 Senatorial elections in Illinois

Stephen Douglas (Dem) vs. Abraham Lincoln (Rep)

Douglas challenged to 7 debates (Lincoln-Douglas Debates)

Freeport Doctrine- popular sovereignty vs. SC decision?
o Douglas= if people don’t want it, it won’t happen

Douglas elected Senator (indirect election by state legislature)

Lincoln became a national name

Douglas= presidential bid squashed (against Lecompton Constitution and Freeport Doctrine)

Democratic party split North vs. South
John Brown
 Moved to Virginia October 1859

Plan= attack federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry+ slave revolt

7 innocent people killed, 10 injured

Robert E. Lee and Marines

Brown convicted of murder and treason insane?

Execution= martyred, South= angry
Election of 1860
 Democratic Convention at Charleston
o Southerners against Douglas, walked out

Democratic Convention at Baltimore
o Douglas nominated by Northern Dems.
o John C. Breckinridge nominated by Southern Democrats
o Constitutional Union Party= moderate Democrats with John Bell

Republican Convention at Chicago
o Seward= too divisive, Lincoln nominated
o Platform geared toward all Northerners
o South declared a victory for Lincoln=secession
o Lincoln won with 180 electoral votes, election split perfectly between N and S
Secession
 December 1860: South Carolina

Within 6 weeks, 6 more states seceded (4 more to secede later)

February 1861: Confederate States of America (CSA)
o Jefferson Davis: president

Lincoln stuck in lame duck time!
Compromise?
 Crittenden Amendments (James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky)
o 36°30’= no slavery north
o South of 36°30’= federal protection of slavery (including future territories)
o When statehood came, all territories could choose
o Lincoln rejected compromise
Reasons for Secession
 11 Southern states seceded
o North= more populous= power
o Feared Republican party
o Sick of free soilers and abolitionists
o Secession would be peaceful economic ties between North and South
o Secession= opportunity, right to self-determination (linked to Revolution!)
o Had voluntarily entered Union, now leaving
Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and South
1861-1865
Lincoln’s Inaugural Address
 Lincoln sworn into office March 4, 1861

Inaugural address= impossible to divide
o No geographic boundaries
o National debt?
o Western territories?
o Need unity against European interference
South Carolina
 Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC

Union to send provisions seen as aggressive

April 12, 1861: CSA attacked Fort Sumter

“Remember Fort Sumter”

Volunteers for war called up 4 more states secede
Border States
 5 Border States remained (slave)

West Virginia seceded from Virginia

Border states= large population and manufacturing

Strategic location

Lincoln suspended habeas corpus worried about border states
Division
 5 Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma (Indian Territory)= Confederacy

Plains Indians= Union

Civil War= brother against brother

50,000 mountain whites and 300,000 from South Union
CSA Strengths and Weaknesses
 South’s Advantages
o North had to invade and conquer
o Superior officers
o Accustomed to guns and horses

South’s Disadvantages
o Lack of factories
o Breakdown of infrastructure
North’s Strengths and Weaknesses
 North’s Strengths
o Manufacturing and agriculture
o More wealth and railroads
o Union navy= blockade, trade with Europe
o Larger population (more immigration)
o Border States

North’s Weaknesses
o Lack of quality officers
Davis vs. Lincoln
 Problems with Confederate Constitution

Davis= strong central government
o not popular with Congress
o Focused on civil and military

Lincoln= less problems
o Stable government
o USA= prestigious; Financially okay
Civil Liberties Violations
 Lincoln= defy Constitution (abuses only temporary)
o Ordered blockade
o Increased army size
o Ordered $ to private citizen
o Suspended habeas corpus
o “supervised” voting in Border States
o Suspended newspapers and arrested editors
Volunteers and Draftees
 Each state= quota for volunteers

1863: Federal Conscription Law
o Abuses
o NYC Draft Riot
o Bounty Brokers and Bounty Jumpers
o 200,000 deserters

“Cradle to grave” in CSA, slave owners exemption from service
South’s Economic Destruction
 War destroyed Southern economy

War destroyed Southern infrastructure
o Destruction for the war effort

Post-Civil War= triumph of northern capitalists/industrialists, destruction of slavocracy
(agrarian society)
Chapter 21 The Furnace of Civil War
1861-1865
Bull Run
 90 day war- “no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with slavery where it exists”

Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Defeat for Union
George McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
 George McClellan (Army of the Potomac)

Peninsula Campaign (James and York Rivers)

Robert E. Lee (Army of Northern Virginia)
o 7 Days’ Battles: June 26- July 2, 1862
o McClellan pushed back to the sea

Total War 6 part Union plan
Union Strategy
 1. Blockade coasts Anaconda Plan

2. Take Mississippi River (cut CSA in ½) Anaconda Plan

3. Liberate slaves (undermine economy)

4. Troops to Carolinas and Georgia

5. Capture Richmond

6. Engage enemy and force submission
Antietam
 Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30, 1862) moved to Maryland Campaign
o Lee vs. General John Pope

The Battle at Antietam Creek (near Sharpsburg, Maryland)- September 17, 1862 stop CSA
advance

Antietam= CSA near victory

Lincoln issued preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
 Official document released January 1, 1863

Slaves “forever free” in states in rebellion
o Border states and conquered CSA not affected
o Strengthen moral cause
o 13th amendment
o Mixed emotions in North
o South saw it as an attempt to start slave revolt
Gettysburg
 General AE Burnside= new general of Army of the Potomac

Launched attack at Fredericksburg, Virginia

Replaced by Joseph Hooker

Chancellorsville, Virginia (May 2-4, 1863)
o Jackson killed by friendly fire

Lee moved towards Pennsylvania

George G. Meade- 3 days before battle

Union army of 92,000 vs. CSA army of 76,000 at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)

Unsuccessful Pickett’s Charge- “high water mark of the Confederacy”

Gettysburg Address- November 1863
Western Theater
 Ulysses S. Grant
o February 1862: captured Forts Henry and Donnelson
o Kentucky tied to Union, opened GA and Tenn.
o Battle at Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862): southern Tennessee

Admiral David G. Farragut- captured New Orleans spring 1862

Area between Vicksburg, Mississippi and Port Hudson, Louisiana= CSA movement

Grant attacked Vicksburg surrendered July 4, 1863

July 9th= fall of Port Hudson
o Union control of Mississippi River
o Stop demands for peace from Butternut Region
o No foreign intervention
Sherman’s March to the Sea
 Grant sent to eastern Tennessee liberate Union troops at Chattanooga
o Georgia open to invasion
o Grant= general in chief

General William Tecumseh Sherman
o Burned Atlanta by November 1864
o 60,000 troops to Savannah (Dec. 22, 1864)
o Total War= weaken CSA morale
o Turned north toward South Carolina
1864 Election
 Problems within Republican party
o Salmon P. Chase
o Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War
o Expanding presidential power

Split within Democrats
o War Democrats vs. Peace (Copperhead) Democrats

Union Party formed

Democrats nominated George McClellan

Union victories= favor for Lincoln
o Farragut seized Mobile, Alabama, Sherman (Atlanta), General Sheridan destroyed
Shenandoah Valley in Virginia
o “Bayonet votes”, voting on the front

Lincoln= 212 EV vs. 21 for McClellan (popular vote closer)
o Defeat for Lincoln= last chance for South
War of Attrition
 Grant brought in from West to oversee Meade push forward regardless of casualties
o Destroy the enemy 1 piece at a time
o Overland Campaign (push towards Richmond)
o Battle at Cold Harbor (Grant seen as a butcher!)

Hampton Roads Peace Conference (failed)

April 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia (cornered by Union)
Lincoln’s Assassination
 April 14, 1865: Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater died the next morning
o Death= forget Lincoln’s shortcomings
o South now had to face vindictive North (Lincoln would have protected them)
o Andrew Johnson now president, opposition from Congress
o Reconstruction=struggle
Aftermath of the Civil War
 600,000 Americans KIA or by disease
o Destroyed an entire generation of young men

$15 billion

Ended the fight between strong federal government and states righters

Inspired British democracy

Destroyed slavery, North and South still split
Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction
1865-1877
Questions after the War
 How would the South be rebuilt?

What about the new freedmen?

How do we bring the South back to Union?

Who was in charge of Reconstruction?

Jefferson Davis

Southern devastation destroyed infrastructure

“The lost cause”
The Freedmen’s Bureau
 Freedmen’s Bureau March 3, 1865
o Union General Oliver O. Howard
o Intergenerational education
o Corruption of Bureau
Presidential Reconstruction
 Lincoln’s 10% Plan (1863)

Congress counteracted with Wade-Davis Bill (1864) pocket vetoed
o 2 factions in Congress- Radical and Moderate Republicans

Johnson’s Reconstruction Proclamation- May 29, 1865
Black Codes
 November 1865 Black Codes in Mississippi
o White control subservient population
o Labor force (Cotton Kingdom) contracts signed for 1 year service
o Few rights
o Created generations of sharecroppers
o North= what did we fight for?
Congressional Reconstruction
 December 1865: new Southern members of Congress (ex Confederates!)

Fear of Democrat take over

Black population= whole person, more power to South!

February 1866: Johnson vetoed Freedmen’s Bureau extension
o Republicans in Congress= Civil Rights Bill

Future Congress might undo Civil Rights Bill- needed 14th amendment
o Citizenship rights to blacks
o Reduced representation of state if black voting denied
o Denied office to former Confederates who had sworn to uphold US Constitution before
o Repudiated Confederacy’s debts

1866 midterm elections= veto proof Republicans

Radicals= Charles Sumner (Senate), Thaddeus Stevens (House)
o Saw South as conquered provinces
o Use federal power to revolutionize

Moderates= more states rights, ensure citizen rights with little federal intrusion
Military Reconstruction
 Reconstruction Act March 2, 1867
o South= 5 military districts (martial law)
o Readmittance to Union= ratify 14th amendment, guarantee black voting in state constitutions
o Usurped President’s power as commander in chief
o Ex parte Milligan case
o Needed 15th Amendment to ensure Southern compliance
o Return to “Redeemer” governments (Solid South)
Freedmen Organization
 Lincoln and Johnson= gradual suffrage

Moderate Republicans unsure of 15th amendment many Northern states denied voting to blacks

Union League formed
o Civic education, black schools/churches, militias
o Universal manhood suffrage 14 Congressmen/ Senators between 1868-1876
Angry White South
 “Scalawags”: white Southerners helping new regimes (Republicans) thieves

“Carpetbaggers”: white Northerners who came to South for personal profit
o New regimes reformed system

KKK formed in Tennessee 1866
o Terrorism to “put blacks/white Republicans in place”
o Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
Johnson’s Impeachment
 Too many clashes with Congress wanted to replace him with Ben Wade of Ohio (pres. pro tempore)

Tenure of Office Act 1867
o Fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

Impeached by House 126 to 47 Senate heard case for removal

Johnson’s argument avoided removal by 1 vote

Precedent?
Purchase of Alaska
 Russia wanted to sell Alaska 1867

Secretary of State William Seward bought for $7.2 million
o “Seward’s Folly”
o Didn’t want to offend Russia, future economic opportunity?, flank GB
Reconstruction- Failure?
 Too difficult to change South socially, politically, racially

No clear picture of what Reconstruction should have been from beginning- piecemeal

Black rights soon denied for over 100 years

Too much desire for white dominance vs. not enough desire to force South
Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age
1869-1896
US Grant
 1868 election: Grant (Republican) even without political experience

Focus on Military Reconstruction

Republicans “waved the bloody shirt”= victory for Grant
Financial Corruption
 Jim Fisk and Jay Gould= stock speculation to control Erie Railroad

Wanted to corner gold market
o Paid off Grant’s brother in law
o Began buying up gold summer 1869
o Federal government released $4 million in gold= Black Friday
Political Corruption
 Boss William Marcy Tweed in NYC’s Tammany Hall
o Democratic political machine
o Bribery, graft, cronyism and election fraud
o NY Times and Thomas Nast
o NY attorney, Samuel J. Tilden
The Liberal Republicans
 Liberal Republican party formed 1872

“Turn the Rascals Out”

Horace Greeley nominated, Democrats backed Greeley too!

Mudslinging campaign, forced the Republicans to pass some reforms
Panic of 1873
 Jay Cooke and Company went bankrupt
o Created a domino effect unemployment, bankruptcies, banks closed

New debtor class (agrarian)= want greenbacks for inflation

Soft Money vs. Hard Money

Resumption Act 1875: withdraw greenbacks and pay off in gold contraction

Debtors focused on silver now
o Silver mines out west, inflationary tactic

Depression worsened, but US credit rating improved
Republicans vs. Democrats
 All elections in Gilded Age close= politicians focused on keeping jobs

Extreme party loyalty and high voter turnout

Republicans= Puritan lineage, government should regulate economy and morality
o Midwest, rural and small towns in New England, freedmen, GAR

Democrats= immigrants, no government interference
o South and industrial cities (political machines)
Stalwarts vs. Half Breeds
 Division in Republican party in 1870’s-80’s over patronage
o Stalwarts: trade civil service jobs for votes (Roscoe Conkling)
o Half Breeds: civil service reform (James G. Blaine)
Hayes vs. Tilden
 1876 election: Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio (unknown)

Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden of NY received 184 electoral votes (needed 185)
o 3 Southern states contested

Electoral Count Act: electoral commission voted along party lines (Republican)
Compromise of 1877
 Backroom deal to let Hayes have victory would give Democrats concessions if didn’t
oppose
o Remove federal troops from South
o 1 Southern Democrat in Cabinet
o Transcontinental railroad
o Industrialized South

Official end to Reconstruction Redeemer governments in South
o Civil Rights Act 1875 last attempt to help blacks
Jim Crow
 Solidly white South= Redeemer state governments
o Intimidation of blacks
o Share cropping or tenant farming crop lien system
o Jim Crow laws, lynchings
o Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896
Chinese Immigrants
 1880: 75,000 Asians in California
o Gold and transcontinental railroad
o Outcastes, no children to help with assimilation, most menial jobs
o Denis Kearney
o Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
o US vs. Wong Kim Ark 1898 (jus soli vs. jus sanguinis)
Garfield and Arthur
 1880 election: James A Garfield (Half Breed) and Chester A. Arthur (Stalwart)

Charles J. Guiteau shot Garfield
o “I am a Stalwart and now Arthur is President”
o Insanity plea convicted and hung

Chester A. Arthur= reform spoils system
o Pendleton Act 1883
o Led to marriage of politics with big business
Grover Cleveland
 Democrat Grover Cleveland won 1884 election
o Bourbon Democrat- believed in laissez faire economics, gold standard, against
imperialism and boss politics
o Wanted to lower the tariff to get rid of $145 million surplus (small government)
o Lost 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison over tariff issue ($ from business to
Harrison to buy votes!)
The Populists
 1892 The People’s Party (Populists)

Adopted Omaha Platform at Convention
o Inflation free and unlimited coinage of silver
o Graduated income tax
o Govnt. ownership of RR, telegraph, telephone
o Direct election of Senators
o 1 term limit on president
o Initiatives and referendums (grassroots)
o 8 hour work day
o Immigration restrictions

Homestead Steel Plant (Carnegie)- workers went on strike
o Pinkerton detectives sent in summer 1892
o 10 dead, 60 wounded, troops needed

Populists hoped to link agrarian movement to labor, but mostly seen in west and midwest
o South failed to join because of racism
Panic of 1893
 Cleveland reelected 1892 (2 nonconsecutive terms)

Panic of 1893= worst downturn of 19th century
o Overbuilding, speculation, decrease in agriculture, labor problems
o Legal tender notes issued redeem for gold or silver= run on gold!
o Needed to repeal Sherman Silver Purchase Act- Treasury dropped below $100
million in gold

Needed to get past silverites (supported bimetallism) William Jennings Bryan

By 1894, still losing too much gold down to $41 million
o Loan from JP Morgan in 1895 of $65 million with a $7 million commission
o Seen as a deal with the devil by silverites
Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age
1865-1900
Growth of Railroads
 35,000 miles of track in 1865 vs. 192,556 miles in 1900

US government subsidies

Land grants= $ for railroad companies

Railroads brought “civilization” to the West

1862= transcontinental railroad

Union Pacific Railroad= west from Omaha, Nebraska (Irish)

Central Pacific Railroad= east from Sacramento, California (Chinese)

“Big 4” financed

2 lines met at Ogden, Utah= western growth

4 other transcontinental RR by 1900
o Northern Pacific Railroad
o The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
o The Southern Pacific
o The Great Northern

Cornelius Vanderbilt= replaced iron ties with steel
o Standardized rails
o Westinghouse air brake
o Pullman Palace Cars

Linking US with RR= new markets and raw materials
o New settlements along RR
o Ecological problems
o Time Zones established
Government Intervention
 Common people devoted to free enterprise
o Panic of the 1870’s= farmers began protesting RR corruption (The Grange)
o Wabash case 1886

Interstate Commerce Act 1887
o Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Captains of Industry
 Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel)
o Vertical integration= cartel

John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)
o Horizontal integration= monopoly

JP Morgan (JP Morgan and Company)- financier and banker
Steel Industry
 “Steel is King!”= heavy industry

1870’s: Cornelius Vanderbilt and his NY Central RR

By 1890’s= US producing 1/3 of world’s steel
o Bessemer Process
o US had all the right ingredients for steel making

Andrew Carnegie in Pittsburgh
o Eliminated middlemen
o By 1900= ¼ of US’s steel ($25 million/year)

JP Morgan= deal to buy Carnegie Steel for $480 million
o Created US Steel in 1901= 1st billion dollar company
o Carnegie retired to philanthropy
Oil Industry
 1859: first oil field kerosene

Internal combustion engine= oil revived

John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil
o Eliminate middlemen and competition
o By 1877 controlled 95% of oil refineries
o Forced rebates from railroads, spies in other companies

Other trusts formed- Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?
The Gospel of Wealth
 Wealthy class saw wealth as helped by divine intervention

Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth 1889

Most subscribed to Social Darwinism

Emerging Plutocracy class divide widening
o Used Constitution to protect business
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
 Federal government needed to step in to curb monopolies

1890 passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act
o No combinations in restraint of trade
o Failed to stop monopolies in early days- actually used against unions
o Would be used in future successfully
Changing America
 Wealth and standard of living increasing

Immigrants- no longer a society for “yeomen farmers”

Women in “female friendly” jobs= economic and social opportunities
o Delayed marriage and children, paid less
o The Gibson Girl image

Class division= socialist/radical criticism

US= nation of wage earners- tied to economy more
Labor Movement
 1872: 32 national unions

National Labor Union 1866
o 8 hour work day, arbitration
o Hurt by the Panic of 1870’s

The Knights of Labor 1869 took over as leader in labor movement
o Led by Terence V. Powderly
o Skilled and unskilled
o Safety codes, arbitration, 8 hour work day
The Haymarket Riot
 May Day strikes 1886 Chicago had socialists and anarchists
o Police killed 4 strikers rally called for at Haymarket Square
o Police about to advance on strikers when a bomb was thrown (May 4)- opened fire
o Anarchists arrested- 5 sentenced to death, 3 to life in prison
o 1892 Governor John P. Altgeld
o Haymarket Riot hurt Knights
o Knights divided between skilled and unskilled- left for AFL
The American Federation of Labor
 AFL 1886 led by Samuel Gompers= federation of unions
o Wanted closed shop agreements
o Skilled labor union (craft)- 50,000 by 1900 (only 3% of workers)

Faced problems between 1886-1900
o 23,000 strikes, 6,610,000 workers affected, $450 million lost
o Some industries accepted unions, most still focused on destroying
Chapter 25: America Moves to the City
1865-1900
City Living
 Population in cities tripled after war

1900: NYC= 2nd largest city in world

Skyscrapers and Louis Sullivan

Mass transit= commute all over the city and suburbs

City life comforts and culture of consumerism draw many from rural areas
o City life= wasteful sanitation issues

Slums and tenement housing vs. wealthy in the bedroom communities
New Immigrants
 Starting 1880’s, immigration going up with 5 million people/year
o Old Immigrants: easier to assimilate
o New Immigrants (after 1880) from southern and eastern Europe
o Ethnic ghettoes, harder to assimilate

Europe’s population exploding (foodstuff)
o European industrialization= draw for farmers- kept going to US with cheap travel
o Letters home, no religious persecution (pogroms)
o Jewish immigrants= skilled urban workers (nativists resented)
o Focused on keeping Old Country traditions
Assimilation
 No one to help assimilate but the political machines

Washington Gladden; Christian socialists

Jane Addams and Hull House= settlement house in Chicago
o Ease transition into US
o Prompted new settlement houses elsewhere
o Settlement houses= women’s social reform social work as a profession

Women’s work segregated by race, class, ethnicity and marital status
Nativism
 Nativist resentment toward New Immigrants (American Protective Association)
o High birth rate, low standard of living
o Cheap unskilled labor, radical ideas
o Often acted as scabs and were difficult to unionize

Immigration restrictions in 1882

Literacy tests proposed but not adopted until 1917 (keep out New Immigrants)

1886: Statue of Liberty
Urban Religion
 How to adapt to urban life?

Churches= wealthy patrons- focus on materialism and $

New era of revivalists (Dwight Lyman Moody)

Catholicism= #1 denomination in 1900

2 new denominations formed- Salvation Army and Christian Scientists

YMCA and YWCA
Public Education
 Tax supported elementary schools (patriotism, literate voters)
o By 1870: most states required elementary
o 1880’s and 1890’s: tax supported high schools
o Normal schools
o Parochial schools

Chautauqua Movement 1874
Booker T. Washington vs. WEB Dubois
 Booker T. Washington head of Tuskegee Institute 1881
o Focused on trade- didn’t challenge white supremacy
o Economic advancement= key
o George Washington Carver- student

WEB Dubois- Washington= Uncle Tom!
o Focus on equality
o Helped start NAACP 1910
o “Talented Tenth”
Libraries and Newspapers
 Libraries forming, including Library of Congress 1897

$60 million from Carnegie all around US

9,000 libraries by 1900

Newspapers and linotype

Sensational journalism- scandals, sex etc.
o Yellow journalism
o Joseph Pulitzer: New York World
o William Randolph Hearst: New York Journal
o Circulation wars

Associated Press 1840’s
Morality Issues
 Victoria Woodhull- Woodhull and Claflin’s

Anthony Comstock

Comstock Laws 1873

Battle in society over sexuality and morality
Women and Families in the City
 Family structure in danger at end of century in the city

Divorce rate increasing, delayed marriage, smaller families

Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and Politics

National Women Suffrage Association 1890

Taken over by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1900

Women granted right to vote in Wyoming Territory 1869

Black women denied from suffrage movement
Temperance and Social Reform
 Temperance= middle class assault on working class?

National Prohibition Party 1869

Anti Saloon League 1893 18th amendment

American Red Cross 1881- Clara Barton
Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution
1865-1896
Culture on the Plains
 360,000 Native Americans in 1860

Cheyenne and Sioux used horses- nomadic hunters now

Whites= disease, decimate buffalo

Bureau of Indian Affairs Indian wars
Indian Wars and Massacres
 Captain Fetterman and Bighorn Mountain

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868

Colonel George Custer Battle at Little Bighorn 1876 vs. Sioux

Sitting Bull

Nez Perce and Chief Joseph

Surrendered and forced onto reservation in Kansas

Reservation system= destruction on Native American traditions and culture
o Railroads, disease, extermination of the buffalo
o 15 million at end of Civil War- near extinction by 1885

Helen Hunt Jackson

2 sided argument with Native American policy- humanitarians vs. hard liners

Sun Dance ritual outlawed 1884

Rise of the Ghost Dance started by Paiute

Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890
o Great Sioux Reservation being split up
o Ghost Dance frightened BIA agents- army called in
o Sitting Bull killed= rumors
o 200 Sioux killed, 29 soldiers (battle?)
Indian Policy
 Dawes Act 1887
o 160 acres
o Destroyed native social structure
o Freed up land for railroads and white settlement
o Indian Reorganization Act 1934

Carlisle Indian School
o “Kill the Indian, save the man”
Cowboys
 Longhorn cattle in Texas= hides
o Railroad Long Drive to Cow Towns
o Meat packing dominated by trusts
o Cowboys need

Homesteaders and barbed wire= closing off open range

Cattle ranches- The Wyoming Stock Growers’ Association
Farmers
 Homestead Act 1862
o 160 acres for 5 years, small fee
o Plains prone to drought
o Fraud of Homestead Act
o Cultivation of Plains, barbed wire (Joseph F. Glidden)

1870’s- push west of 100th meridian (semiarid)
o Dry farming; Federal irrigation system
End of the Frontier
 1890 census

1893 Frederick Jackson Turner- The Significance of the Frontier in American History
o Frontier Thesis
o Frontier= romantic symbol, allowed mobility, “safety valve”

National parks created
Organized Farmers
 Weather and natural disasters 1880’s-1890’s

Over taxation as compared to wealthy easterners
o Had tariff for protection, Western farmers= competition in global market
o At the mercy of the trusts

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry 1867
o Social activities organize farmers for betterment
o Granger Laws

Greenback Labor Party 1878= 14 Congressmen, 1880= James B. Weaver
Populism
 Farmers’ Alliance- cooperatives
o 1 million members by 1900
o Excluded African Americans, sharecroppers, tenant farmers etc.

The People’s Party (Populism) formed 1890’s
o Free and unlimited coinage of silver
o Federal “sub treasury”
o Mary E. Lease
o James B. Weaver
Labor Unrest
 Jacob Coxey 1894 Coxey’s Army with 100 unemployed workers marching to DC
o Wanted inflation, public works projects

American Railway Union formed by Eugene V. Debs 1894

Pullman Strike- cut wages, not rent
o Rail service west of Chicago stopped
o 2,000 soldiers sent in (disrupted postal service)
o 13 strikers killed, 57 wounded- Debs to jail for contempt of court (no jury trial!)
1896 Election
 Republicans- William McKinley (Ohio) with Mark Hanna as campaign manager
o platform: gold standard, tariff, anger at Democrats for Panic of 1893

Democrats split (Cleveland hated)- nominated William Jennings Bryan (Nebraska)
o Cross of Gold speech
o Platform: unlimited coinage of silver (16 to 1 ratio)
o “Gold Bugs” left Democratic party, Populists also endorsed Bryan

Bryan= campaigner with 600 speeches in 26 states

Bryan victory= fear from industrialists= $16 million
o Business contracts contingent on McKinley victory, paid off employees, threatened
pay in silver dollars if Bryan won

McKinley= 271 EV vs. 176 (east and upper Mississippi Valley)

Bryan= South and West (no labor or landless farmers)

Election= turning point (end agrarian power)
Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion
1890-1909
Imperialism
 America wanted to expand

Spurred by yellow journalism and missionaries

Social Darwinism

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan 1890

James G. Blaine and the Big Sister Policy- Pan American Conference 1889
Hawaii
 Hawaii= long been desired by US

1887: naval base at Pearl Harbor

Problems arose with McKinley Tariff 1890 bad for US sugar companies

Annexation! Blocked by Queen Liliuokalani and Grover Cleveland

Would remain a “republic” for 5 years before annexation in 1898
Cuba

1895: Cuban revolt against Spain

Insurrectos used scorched earth

US business!= $50 million + $100 million/year in trade

Spanish General Weyler (Butcher)

Cleveland= anti-imperialist, anti-jingoist
The Maine
 Yellow journalism- Hearst and Pulitzer

1898 the Maine sent to Havana harbor

February 15, 1898: Maine exploded in Havana harbor

2 investigations= Spanish and American conclusions

“Remember the Maine!”
War with Spain
 2 demands met by Spain- Americans still called for war

Jingoes: “Wobbly Willie”

McKinley reluctant towards war- couldn’t deny public opinion

April 11, 1898: war message sent to Congress- war declared

Teller Amendment

Civil War veterans commanding army in tropics

28,000 soldiers and 2,100 officers vs. 200,000 Spanish

Only real friend= GB

US had a strong steel navy (Navy Secretary John D. Long and assistant Secretary TR)

Commodore George Dewey Philippines
Philippines
 Dewey waited in Manila Bay harbor for US soldiers- possible problems with Germans

Emilio Aguinaldo

Annexation of Hawaii- July 7, 1898 territorial status 1900
Cuba

Spanish navy= Admiral Cervera at Santiago

US strategy led by General William R. Shafter

Rough Riders- TR

17,000 man army on transports from Tampa mid June

Shafter landed at Guantanamo Bay pushed toward Santiago

July 1st: Battle of El Caney and San Juan Hill
Puerto Rico
 Surrender of Santiago after entire Spanish fleet destroyed

May 12th: navy attacked at Puerto Rico followed by General Nelson A. Miles June 25 th

Help from Puerto Ricans

Major killers- malaria, typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever = evacuation of 80%
End of the War
 Armistice called for August 12, 1898

Treaty of Paris (again!)= Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico

Technicality over Philippines Americans unsure if they wanted it too

Missionaries and business= pay Spain $20 million
Questions of Imperialism
 Philippines= un-assimilatable

Anti-Imperialist League formed

Expansionists= Philippines is an opportunity White Man’s Burden

Treaty of Paris helped passed by William Jennings Bryan! (anti- imperialism)

Puerto Rico- Foraker Act 1900

Insular Cases- does the Constitution follow the flag?

US military government in Cuba under General Leonard Wood eradicate yellow fever

Abided by Teller amendment with 2 insistences Platt Amendment and Guantanamo Bay

Spanish-American War: 113 days, low casualties, big payout

“splendid little war”

Naval power proven (Mahan)

Growth of jingoism, healing of North-South divide
Philippine American War
 Philippines angry over lack of independence

Warfare and guerrilla warfare led by Emilio Aguinaldo

Reconcentration camps and torture

US opposition from Anti-Imperialists

Philippine Commission
Open Door Policy
 Economic imperialism in China following Sino-Japanese War

Secretary of State John Hay’s Open Door note (policy)

Boxer Rebellion 1900 international coalition to put down

Indemnity to be paid by China

Extension of Open Door to include territorial integrity
1900 Election
 Republicans= William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt (VP)
o Platform: gold standard, “full dinner pail,” successful war, expansion

Democrats= William Jennings Bryan (silver and anti-imperialism)
o TR sapped many midwestern votes
o “Bryanism” could hurt prosperity= McKinley victory 292 vs. 155 EV
TR and Big Stick Diplomacy
 September 6, 1901: McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz

TR: “that damned cowboy” big personality and popular with regular people

Big Stick Diplomacy- “Walk softly and carry a big stick”
Panama Canal
 Spanish-American War= renewed interest in canal
o The Oregon

US bought rights to canal from French (Philippe Bunau-Varilla)

Colombia stood in way

1904 election approaching!

Panama Revolution November 3, 1903 Colombia blocked by US navy

US recognized new Panamanian “government” 3 days later

Hays- Bunau-Varilla Treaty (same price, 10 mile area)

US- Latin American relations ↓ (Big Brother)

TR= “mandate from civilization”

Canal building started 1904 (labor, landslides, sanitation issues)

Finished 1914 (WWI soon)
Roosevelt Corollary
 Debt ridden Latin America= nervous TR

Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)

Regional police force (economic) and soon turned to military to intervene

“Bad Neighbor Policy”
US vs. Japan
 Racism and lack of citizenship for Japanese immigrants

“the yellow peril,” segregated San Francisco schools= Japan angry

Gentlemen’s Agreement

The Great White Fleet 1907= 43,000 miles to show off US navy

Root-Takahira Agreement 1908