Describe and evaluate (including strengths and weaknesses) two
from each approach
from Units 1 and 2 and one contribution from health, criminal and clinical
Unit 1 =
and
Approach
CBT – Bradshaw (1998) Carol – Development of cognitive therapy
Cognitive Interview Geiselman (1984) –better information from eye witnesses
Revision techniques –how to improve = LOP Craik and Lockhart
Family therapy – Lock and Le Grange (2001) Maudsley hospital
Understanding obedience, prejudice and discrimination. Tajfel SIT
Unit 2 =
,
and the
Approaches
Development of talking therapies –treating people with dignity. Dream analysis, free association/psychoanalysis
Understanding the importance of early childhood experiences.
Understanding the role of the unconscious mind.
Understanding defence mechanisms like denial and repression.
Understanding the biological mechanism of drug addiction so that we can overcome it.
Understanding the biological mechanism for anorexia/schizophrenia so that we can treat people with it.
Development of drug therapies. Blatter (2002)
Testing the effectiveness of drug treatments. Meltzer (2004)
Increased understanding of how the brain works/localisation of function/lateralisation.
Development of PET and MRI scanning techniques. Raine (1997) DeBellis (2001)
Aversion Therapy.
systematic desensitisation.
Token Economy; Hobbs & Halt (1976) Sonoda (1974)
Unit 3 =
Explaining addiction
Therapies for treating drug addiction – drug therapy/token economy/aversion therapy
Development of Anti-smoking campaigns/talk to FRANK etc
Testing the effectiveness of Anti-smoking campaigns/talk to FRANK etc
Rehabilitation programmes for criminals – token economy; Hobbs & Halt (1976) /anger management Ireland (2000)
Improved interviewing of Witnesses/cognitive interview
Unit 2 =
Understanding the biological mechanism for anorexia/schizophrenia so that we can treat people with it
Development of drug therapies to help people with mental disorders etc
Increased understanding of how the brain works/localisation of function/lateralisation
Development of PET and MRI scanning techniques
Development of therapies like; Aversion Therapy /systematic desensitisation /Token Economy/CBT – Bradshaw
(1998) Carol /Family therapy – Lock and Le Grange (2001) Maudsley hospital
Describe five ethical guidelines in psychological research relating to humans
D
R
I
P
P
Big C
Describe five ethical principles relating to use of animals.





Replace with another method if possible
Reduce the number of animals used
Reduce discomfort to the animal, suitable caging/anaesthetic
Premises need to be licensed
Cost-benefit analysis i.e Bateson’s cube
 Big C
competent researchers suitably qualified
Describe and evaluate ethical issues in research in psychology, both regarding humans and regarding animals.Describe and
evaluate (including strengths and weaknesses) two studies in terms of ethical considerations e.g. Milgram, Hoffling, Bandura,
Nagaraja, Skinner, Pavlov.
Describe and evaluate the following research methods and know one study for each method:
Lab study – e.g Loftus and Palmer (1984)
Field – e.g Hofling (1966)
Natural experiments – e.g Charlton (2000), Holland (1984), Money (1975)
Observations – e.g Bandura –Bo Bo doll (1961); Freud Little Hans; Watson and Rayner – Little Albert; Milgram (1963)
Self-report, questionnaires, interviews – Yuille and Cutshall (1986), Ennett (1994), Morgan and Grube (1991)
Content analysis – Cumberpatch and Gauntlett
Correlations – De Bellis (2001)
Case studies - Little Hans by Freud, Dibbs by Axline, Carol by Bradshaw; – Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Be able to
a piece of research when given a context, giving aim, hypotheses, design, procedure, ethical considerations,
and how results would be analysed (including choice of statistical test as appropriate), be able to evaluate the study with
reference to methods, including suggestions for improvements(e.g. improving controls, changing the chosen method,
improving reliability or validity). Note: a study may be given as stimulus material for evaluation. Remember to
how selected? how allocated to conditions?
participants do?
put in place?
used?
what did the
Describe and explain using concepts, theories and research (as appropriate) the key issues studied for each of the
approaches in Units 1 and 2, for their two chosen applications in Unit 3, and for clinical psychology in Unit 4. Note: students
should use their knowledge of the approaches, applications, research method issues, and ethical issues when commenting
on these key issues as appropriate.
Is eye witness testimony reliable? Does it matter?
Can we understand football violence, things like the Mai Lai Massacre? Holocaust?
Dream analysis
Is autism extreme male brain? Are transgender operations ethical? Drugs in pregnancy
The effect of media in advertising, increased female violence, anorexia
How we can help people to understand a mental health disorder – you made a leaflet
Is eye witness testimony reliable? Does it matter?
How can we prevent people becoming drug abusers or smokers? We looked at health campaigns
Describe and evaluate issues of
in psychological research, including the potential effect of cultural bias in the
interpretation and application of cross-cultural studies.
Describe the debate over
Compare the five approaches from Units 1 and 2 according to how scientific their content and methods are:





Cognitive YES….methods used = lab…Loftus & Palmer, Craik & Tulving etc Field…Godden & Baddley
Social YES…methods used Lab…Milgram, Meeus, Tajfel. Field…..Hofling, Sherif
Psychodynamic…No…untestable, subjective BUT Freud tried to support his theories with evidence from case studies
Biological…Yes…methods used Lab with humans and animals.
Learning…Yes…observable behaviour .. methods used Lab with humans and animals.
Describe issues related to the use of psychological knowledge as a means of
implications of such control. ‘who should say what normal is?’
and assess ethical and practical
Use of drug therapy – the chemical strait jacket
Use of token economy – power over people
Use classical conditioning…like Aversion therapy
Influence of the practitioner in treatment/therapy –too much power over the person
Describe and evaluate the role of
in explaining human behaviour, draw on material (including content
and methods) studied in psychology; explain differing emphases placed on nature and nurture by various
approaches/applications studied.
 Cognitive - Both nature (structure of memory) and nurture
 Social Nurture/environment/situational factors
 Psychodynamic Both nature (psychosexual stages are the same for everyone so is the structure of the mind –Id, ego,
superego, conscious, preconscious, unconscious) and nurture – the effects of upbringing/parenting styles.
 Biological – mostly nature but the stress diathesis model recognises the role of the enviromnet as a trigger for
certain innate tendancies like schizophrenia etc
 Learning – Nurture – we are ‘born blank slates’ says Watson – everything we are is a consequence of our relationship
to the environment.
You need to be able to evaluate previously unseen stimulus material concerning an issue using psychological concepts,
theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the different approaches and/or applications (as appropriate).