New Service and Architecture
Requirements for the Future Internet:
The Wireless, Mobile and Sensor
Network Perspective
based on the
NSF WMPG
report, Rutgers, Oct 2005
CCW OCT 2005
Mario Gerla
CSD, UCLA
The Internet is becoming wireless

Laptop sales exceeded desktop PC sales in July 2003

2B mobile phones in use by the end of 2005 > ~1B Internet users
>~0.5B networked PC’s …most new phones also have packet data
capability

Overall, this means that by 2015, # wireless Internet terminals >> #
wired!


Laptops, cell-phones, PDA’s, iPoD’s ~ 10x PC’s/servers

Embedded devices (sensors, actuators, RFID,…) ~ 10-100x PC’s & growing
This has important implications for network architecture, both wired
and wireless:

Wireless access networks must scale and handle new types of devices (sensors,
etc.)

The Internet, which was designed in the 70’s for wired PC-PC/server
connections, needs to scale and evolve towards changing service needs
Wireless Internet Access Evolution
MSC
Internet
Public Switched Network
(PSTN)
Custom
Mobile
Infrastructure
(e.g. GSM, 3G)
Mobile/wireless service enhancements
BSC
BTS
WLAN
Access
Point
BTS
Infostation
cache
WLAN
Hot-Spot
VOIP
Ad-hoc
network
extension
CDMA, GSM
or 3G radio
access network
Broadband Media cluster
(e.g. UWB or MIMO)
Today
Future?
VOIP
(dual-mode)
Low-tier clusters
(e.g. low power 802.11 sensor)
Impact on Internet
Architecture
Internet Architecture: Caveats

Previous attempts at upgrading of IP spec have not had the
expected result:





Earlier attempts at utopian new network architectures mostly ended
in failure, in spite of technical merits




IPv6 standardized but not widely deployed...
Little progress with end-to-end QoS in the Internet
Mobile IP for first wave of wireless needs not implemented
IP’s lowest common denominator (best effort datagram) also its greatest strength!
B-ISDN/ATM did not take off (...complexity, lack of organic growth model)
Significant standards activity and community endorsement not sufficient to launch new network
architectures...
Problems with 3G wireless
This doesn’t mean that new networks aren’t needed, but
architectures needed to encourage bottom-up transformation without
loss of investment in legacy system:


Evolutionary strategies preferable
New approaches to protocol standards: hierarchies, modularity, open-source,..

Economic incentives for deployment
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

Evolutionary approach




Design a new wireless, ad-hoc and sensor “low-tier IP network profile to be “compatible” with
IP global network (e.g. IPv6, BGP routing, MPLS, etc.)
Identify critical hierarchy and core IP extensions needed and pass requirement to IETF, etc.
Evolve IP functionality via new RFC’s
As wireless service needs proliferate, new low-tier IP may replace current IP intra-network
New Interface Spec
GLOBAL INTERNET
Border
Router
for IPw
IP Wireless/Sensor
Access Network (IPw)
IPv6 extensions
Border
Router
for IPv4
Border
Router
for IPw
IP Wireless/Sensor
Access Network (IPw)
New Protocol Spec
IP Access
Network
(e.g. IPv4)
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

Overlay approach





Design new wireless, ad-hoc or sensor access net to work across global overlay network
Specify and build new overlay networks optimized for wireless needs
May include concept of an “IP knowledge plane” accessible by overlay
If successful, IP is pushed down to a “layer 3-” service, while overlay is “3+”
Permits significant flexibility in advanced service features, but tight optimization of packet overhead more
difficult due to IP encapsulation
new knowledge plane?
GLOBAL INTERNET
IP Tunnel
Border
Router
Overlay Net
Gateway
GLOBAL OVERLAY NETWORK
new wireless-specific services
Overlay Net
Gateway
New Wireless/Sensor
Access Network
Overlay Net
Gateway
New Wireless/Sensor
Access Network
New Design (non-IP)
IP Access
Network
Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change

Revolutionary approach




Specify a new “beyond IP” network optimized for mobile/wireless/sensor
Build a prototype nationwide network and offer it for experimental use
Use this network for emerging mobile data and real-time sensor actuator applications with
demanding performance and efficiency requirements
Most radical, risks being marginalized by Internet evolution and legacy staying power
Next-Gen GLOBAL INTERNET
optimized for
emerging needs including
wireless-specific services
New Designs (beyond IP)
New Access Network
optimized for
wireless, etc.
Border
Gateway
New Access Network
IP Access
Network
The NSF WMPG (Wireless
Mobile Planning Group)
Workshop Aug 2-3, 2005
NSF Wireless Mobile Planning Group (WMPG)
Workshop - Rutgers Aug 2-3, 2005

A group of about 30 researchers in the wireless area met at
Rutgers (under the leadership of Ray Dipankar) to discuss:

Unique requirements posed by wireless mobile users
 Potential impact on the Internet architecture
 Experimental facilities required to explore the new Internet architecture solutions

A report was issued in October:
“New Architectures and Disruptive Technologies for the Future
Internet:Wireless, Mobile and Sensor Network Perspective”
www.winlab.rutgers.edu/WMPG
The “wireless” requirements




Identify new requirements placed by wireless users on the Internet “network
layer”
These new requirements may trigger a “redesign” of the IP stack (or more
generally the way we do networking)
We were not concerned with SOLUTIONS at this point
Questions to be addressed:

What is the wireless scenario/application you are addressing?
 What is the problem to be solved?
 What are the new qualitative requirements on the network layer?
 What is the impact of these innovations on user performance?
The wireless scenarios
We identified three representative scenarios:

The individual mobile user, interacting only with Internet resources

The mobile “constellation”: the users equipped with several devices/interfaces,
interacting with the Internet, with environment (instrumented user) and with each
other (opportunistic ad hoc networking). This model applies to individuals while
they walk, drive cars, fly planes, ride trains etc.

The “dynamic” pervasive sensor fabric”: this concept includes the traditional
environment sensor fields as well as the mobile sensor fields (people, car sensor
fabrics). This latter scenario is clearly connected with the instrumented
constellation scenario
Wireless Service
Requirements
Summary of Network Requirements and Architecture
Challenges










1. Naming and addressing flexibility
2. Mobility support for dynamic migration of end-users and network devices
3. Location services that provide information on geographic position
4. Self-organization and discovery for distributed control of network topology
5. Security and privacy considerations for mobile nodes and open wireless
channels
6. Decentralized management for remote monitoring and control
7. Cross-layer support for optimization of protocol performance
8. Sensor network features such as aggregation, content routing and innetwork processing
9. Cognitive radio support
10. Economic incentives to encourage efficient sharing of resources
Wireless Requirements: Mobile Data

Fast growth of (conventional) mobile data terminals with wireless access
link implies a need for new services on the Internet:





Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff)…mobile IPv6
Multicasting …IP multicast
Security …e.g. protection against AP spoofing
Efficient transport layer protocols (..non TCP)
Major topic in research & standards during 90’s, but limited use..
INTERNET
Access
Point (AP)
High packet
Error rate
Mobile data
terminal
Roaming,
handoff
mobility
Radio multicasting
Wireless Requirements: Mobile P2P

P2P, 7DS, Infostations, etc. represent another emerging category
of mobile applications on the Internet

Router mobility
 Network may be disconnected at times …delayed delivery?
 Caching and opportunistic data delivery …. In-network storage
 Content- and location- aware data delivery
Internet
Mobile Infostation
Infostation
Data
Cache
Opportunistic
High-Speed Link
(MB/s)
Ad-Hoc
Network
Infostation
cell
Low-speed wide-area
access
Opportunistic
High-Speed Link
(MB/s)
Mobile User
Roadway Sensors
Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc Nets

Ad-hoc nets with multiple radio hops to wired Internet useful for various
scenarios including mesh 802.11, sensor, etc.





Discovery and self-organization capabilities
Seamless addressing and routing across wireless-wired gateway
Geographic routing options
Support for end-to-end cross-layer protocol approaches where needed
Privacy and security considerations
Best sensor-to-mobile path via wired network
(needs unified routing)
Wired Internet
IP-Ad-hoc Net
Protocol Conversion
Gateway
Wireless link with
varying speed and QoS
Access
Point
Local Interference
and MAC Congestion
Ad-Hoc
Network
Sensor
Relay Node
Dynamically changing
Network topology
Wireless Requirements: Sensors

Sensors and actuators with size/power constraints






Limited CPU processing & memory (?)
Communication speed may be low
Intermittent connectivity (power saving modes)
Relatively unreliable components
Very different application requirements
Important new paradigm, since # sensors potentially
in the billions
MIT DVS

Protocols & system designs still at an early stage
 First sensor nets for simple measurement applications
 More complex “closed-loop” sensor/actuator in future
UC Berkeley MOTE
Sensor Applications: Highway Safety

Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in cars



Opportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and cars
Ad-hoc network with dynamically changing topology
Closed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints
The Experimental
Facilities
Experimental Infrastructure for Future
Wireless Network Research

Techniques for Flexible Experimental Wireless Networks

Virtualization of Wireless MAC

Cognitive Radio

Wireless Network Monitoring and Measurement




Measuring and characterizing mobility.
Measuring heterogeneous networks overlapping in space.
Measuring cellular and DTN networks.
Cooperative sharing of measurements

Wireless Network Repository

Emulation and Simulation Testbeds for Wireless

Wireless Networking Platforms

Platform Software and End-to-End Architecture
Experimental Infrastructure for Future
Wireless Network Research (cont)

Wireless Network Repository

Emulation and Simulation Testbeds for Wireless

Wireless Networking Platforms

Platform Software and End-to-End Architecture
Virtualized Multi-MAC
Experimental Wireless Networks
Integration of Existing Testbeds
Ad Hoc Mesh Networks
Summary of Recommendations

Recommendation 1: the Internet will undergo a fundamental transformation over
the next 10-15 years; invest in research programs aimed at creating necessary
technical foundations.

Recommendation 2: Increase research focus on central network architecture
questions related to future mobile, wireless and sensor scenarios.

Recommendation 3: Invest in development of flexible wireless technologies and
platforms necessary to implement programmable and evolvable experimental
networks.

Recommendation 4: Fund development of large-scale experimental wireless
networks for effective validation and competitive selection of new architecture and
protocol concepts.
Recommendation 5: Encourage collaborative research that would result in end-toend deployment and evaluation of future wireless/mobile and sensor networks and
applications over the global Internet.

Examples of Research enabled by the new
testbed platforms

Vehicle Grid Applications
 Car Torrent
 Ad Torrent
 Car to Car Games
 Vehicle Sensor Network
Co-operative Downloads: Car-torrent, Ad
torrent
Internet
Vehicle-Vehicle Communication
Exchanging Pieces of File Later
Car2Car Games: Game Server Architecture +
Car-networking Scenario
Vehicular Sensor Network (VSN)

Applications

Monitoring road conditions for Navigation Safety or Traffic control
 Imaging for accident or crime site investigation
Infostation
1. Fixed Infrastructure
2. Processing and storage
Car to Infostation
1. On-board “black box”
2. Processing and storage
Car-Car multi-hop
Thank you!