In 1922, this Irish author wrote Ulysses, in which the
episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in an array of
contrasting literary styles, including stream of
consciousness. The novel takes place on a single day in
1904 Dublin and explores the squalor and monotony of
life in a Dublin slum with characters paralleling Odysseus
(Ulysses), Penelope and Telemachus.
Thomas Mann
 James Joyce
George Bernard Shaw
Ernest Hemingway
In 1900, he pioneered the Quantum Theory of Energy
which stated that energy is a series of three discrete
(separate or unconnected) quantities (or packets) rather
than a continuous stream.
Max Planck
In 1905, this German scientist published three
papers on the Theory of Relativity in which he
contended that there is no single spatial or
chronological framework in the universe – that is,
that space and time are relative and depend on the
observer as well as what or who is being observed.
Albert Einstein
His seminal work, Principles of Geology (published
1830-1833 in three volumes), embraced the idea
of Uniformitarianism or the idea that the earth
was shaped by processes that are still in operation
today.
William Paley
Herbert Spencer
Charles Darwin
 Charles Lyell
The German psychoanalyst, Karen Horney (1885 - 1952),
who practiced in the United States during her later
career, questioned some of Freud’s views, particularly
instinctual orientation of
sexuality and the ___________________
psychoanalysis. She disagreed with Freud about
inherent (_______________)
built-in; inborn differences in the
_________
psychology of men and women, and she traced such
differences to society and culture rather than to _______;
biology
and is credited with founding _________
Feminist Psychology.
Feminists believed that marriage should be
a union of equals with men and women sharing
responsibility for their children
Helene Stöcker
In 1905, the feminist and pacifist, ______________
founded the Mothers’ Protection League which
argued for state support for both married and
unmarried mothers, including maternity leave and
child care.
Theodor Herzl who was shocked at the anti-Semitic
____________
prejudice in the French military and court system
Dreyfus Affair called for the
during the _____________,
Palestine
establishment of a separate Jewish state in ________.
He is best known for his book The Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which he proposed
that ascetic (austere) Protestantism, was one of
the major reasons that created both market-driven
Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution
Graham Wallas
Alexis de Tocqueville
Charles Darwin
 Max Weber
In the 1870s, parallel to ____________________,
Realism and Naturalism a
new multifaceted movement that touched all the arts
began to grow called Modernism. Like Realism,
modernism was critical of middle-class society and
morality but Modernism was not as deeply concerned
social issues What inspired the modernists
with ____________.
the beautiful
was a concern for the aesthetic or ____________.
Across the spectrum (all) of the arts, modernists tried
to break the forms they had received and create new
ones.
Which of the following statements best describes the
school of Impressionism? Impressionists
mostly portrayed religious, mythological and historical
subjects
sought the Platonic ideal of perfection
were inspired by imagination, folklore, fairy tales,
dreams and other phenomena in opposition to that of
empirical reasoning
recorded ordinary people at dance halls, cafes, beach
 parties, working in the fields or picnicking in the
country
He was elected pope in 1846 by cardinals sympathetic
to political liberalization and he himself began his
pontificate with dreams of giving a constitution to
Rome and the Papal States. But in 1848-1849, after the
ill-fated Roman Republic was proclaimed and he had
been forced to flee to Naples, he became skeptical of
liberalism and embittered by Italian unification.
 Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Pius X
Pope Pius XI
Who painted Dance at Le moulin de la Galette?
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
What style is it? Impressionism
Which two eighteenth century nations were a century
ahead of the rest of Europe in teaching literacy?
Prussia and Austria
Under what two great leaders were these
accomplishments achieved?
Frederick the Great in Prussia
Maria Theresa in Austria
Which of the following was not a member of the
Bloomsbury Group, important advocates of
Modernism in England?
Vanessa Bell
Virginia Woolf
Duncan Grant
 Thomas Arnold
Lytton Strachey
Mary Ann Evans was an English novelist. Under her pen
name, she wrote detailed descriptions of her characters
and hauntingly about social outsiders and small-town
persecution. One of her best works was the 1861 novel,
Silas Marner, which tells the story of a simple weaver
betrayed by a friend and disgraced by his village but who
finds a lost child and in raising her finds contentment.
 George Eliot
Charles Dickens
George Bernard Shaw
Walter Horatio Pater
Freud’s theory that a child represses his or her desire
to possess the parent of the opposite sex is called
The Oedipus Complex
In the area of dreams Freud did what the Romantics
had done: as the Romantics took dreams seriously,
Freud
examined them scientifically
In 1883, Ernst Mach (1838-1916) published The
Science of Mechanics, in which he
explained his theory of X-Rays
urged scientists to consider their concepts to be
 descriptive not of the physical world but of the
sensations the scientist experiences
suggested that concepts of science should be
considered “as if” descriptions of the physical world
explained the cause of radiation through the
disintegration of the atoms in radioactive materials.
In France, between 1878 and 1886, ___________
Jules Ferry
(the French Prime Minister who advocated an
overseas expansion of French colonies) sponsored a
religious instruction
series of laws that replaced ____________________
in public schools with civic training (i.e., morals and
ethics). These laws also expanded the number of
public schools and French Catholic clergy were
Dreyfus Affair
forbidden to teach in them. After the ____________,
the French Catholic Church again paid a price for its
rigid, reactionary policies as the radical
_________________
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau suppressed
government of _____________________
the religious orders. In 1905, the Napoleonic
Concordat of 1802 was terminated (ended), and
church and state were legally separated.
In his book, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche claimed
that
 to limit human activity to strictly rational
behavior was to impoverish human life.
the study of Socrates and the ancient
philosophers held the key to understanding
human societal evolution
accommodations with modernism were possible
the certainty of a better life was possible
The key descriptive word to describe the revolutionary
effect of Cubism is
Abstraction
He was a French realist writer; the author of J’accuse;
the author of Thérèse Raquin, a novel lacking any
hope of a happier life, Christian virtues or loving
romance.
Émile Édouard Zola
In 1871, Darwin published this book in which he
applied the principle of evolution to human beings.
The Descent of Man
He was the most famous advocate of evolutionary
ethics.
Herbert Spencer
Who - under the
influence of folk art
and Japanese prints –
painted the Yellow
Christ in 1889?
Notice that the artist
is evolving towards
Cloisonnism, a
method of painting
with flat areas of
color and bold
outlines.
Paul Gauguin
In a 1920 essay, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud
suggested that the human psyche (conscious and
unconscious mind) could be divided into three parts:
The Id (which means the “it” in Latin) is the basic
animal instinct; that which amoral, irrational,
aggressive and seeks its own pleasure.
The Ego (which means “I” in Latin) is devoted to
giving the Id what it wants but within the bounds
rationality and reason.
The Superego (which means “above the Ego” in Latin)
is the moral component which imposes the moral
imperatives and expectations of society and culture.
Like the Enlightenment, it was a model
(explanation) that viewed life as part of a machine
with no guiding hand at its origin or providing
support.
Positivism
 Natural Selection
Social Darwinism
Kulturkampf
The damage derived from the advancement of science
was particularly cruel to many Church leaders and laity
because many eighteenth century writers had
contended that a truly scientific examination of nature
would lead Christians to a ______________in
the
stronger belief
principles of their faith. For example, ____________,
William Paley an
Utilitarianism
English Christian apologist and advocate of ___________
(the philosophy of maximizing happiness and minimizing
suffering for the greatest number of people), argued for
the existence of God in his treatise, Natural Theology, in
which he used the ___________Argument.
Like Darwin,
Teleological
he used a mechanistic argument or analogy and used
examples from astronomy arguing that the regular
movements of the solar system resembled the workings
of a giant clock
______________.
Up unto 1850
most education in Europe took place in church
 run schools
literacy was widespread in all of Western
Europe
Romanticism was more important in scientific
thought that Rationalism
the popes refused to have any dialogue with
the Italian government
In the May Laws of 1873, which only applied to Prussia,
Bismarck
required that priests be educated in German schools
and universities and pass state examinations.
The May Laws allowed Prussia to veto the appointment
of ________
priests of which it disapproved and abolished the
disciplinary authority of the Catholic Church and
transferred it to the state. When many clergy refused to
obey, Bismarck arrested them and expelled all Catholic
bishops from Prussia. Bismarck’s policies were called
________
Kulturkampf and even went so far as to put marriages
____________
under state control but the resentment of the Catholic
population made it __________________________.
one of Bismarck’s few blunders By
1880, Bismarck had retreated from his culture war.
The Enlightenment principle that right knowledge
would lead to right action led to increased
numbers of
 schools
newspapers
scientists
magazines
William Whewell of Cambridge University in
England first coined the word _____________
to describe those who studied the physical
world in growing numbers in French, German
and British Universities.
literacy
Positivism
 scientist
phisiocrat
After 1850, European writers demonstrated that the moral
absolutes of ____________________
middle-class Europeans had changed just as
much as their concepts about the universe. On one hand,
Realist Movement stressed the depiction of
the _________________
contemporary life and society as it existed and portrayed
the hypocrisy, brutality and dullness that lay beneath
bourgeois (the wealthier middle-class) life. On the other,
Naturalist Movement used detailed realism to
the ___________________
suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment
had an inescapable force in shaping human character.
He was a playwright who used realism to portray real
life and strip away the illusory mask of middle-class
morality. In A Doll’s House, the chief character, Nora
leaves her narrow minded husband because she feels
she has been treated like a doll for all her married life
and her first duty ought to be to herself.
Lytton Strachey
Leonard Woolf
 Henrik Ibsen
Joseph Ernest Renan
To what school of Art does this painting belong?
Pointillism
He was a racialist writer who in 1899, wrote The
Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, in which he
championed the concept of biological determination
through race but also believed that through genetics
the human race could be improved and that even a
superior race could be developed.
Theodor Herzl
Karl Lueger
 Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Paul Lagarde
He argued that over time Islam, which had arisen
six hundred years after the birth of Christianity,
would eventually produce thought processes and
cultural developments as had modern as Europe.
Max Weber
 Jamal al-din Al-Afghani
Henri Poincaré
Joseph Ernest Renan
In his book, Reflections on Violence, George Sorel
stated that
bureaucratization (the creation of bureaucracies)
was alien to the modern way of life
people do not pursue rationally perceived goals
 but a led to action by collectively shared ideals.
bureaucracies constitute the most efficient and
rational way in which human activity can be
organized
race was the most important index of human
potential
August Comte’s Positivism had three stages:
The Theological Stage in which nature was explained
in terms of gods or spirits.
The Metaphysical Stage in which abstract principles
[basic truths or facts about nature] were regarded
as the operative agents [units] of nature
The Positive Stage in which explanations of nature
became matters of exact description of
phenomena, without reference to unobservable
operative principles.
The Descent of Man
removed God from the origin and purpose of

mankind
was an attack on the Catholic Church
explained how to maximize happiness and
minimizing suffering for the greatest number
of people
led Europeans to value human feelings,
imagination and nationalism
What is populism?
Populism is the ideology that favors the people over
the elite.
Who countered Freud’s Oedipus Complex with the
Electra Complex to explain a girl’s instinctive
competition with her mother for possession of her
father
Carl Jung
He and his Marie were two of the most important
scientists in the development of physics and chemistry
and received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics in
recognition of the extraordinary services they have
rendered … on the radiation phenomena. They were also
credited with coining the expression radioactivity.
Hans Vaihinger
 Pierre Curie
Henri Poincaré
Joseph Ernest Renan
He was elected pope at sixty-eight and reigned for 25
years. He sought to make accommodations with the
modern age and address the great social questions of
the time. He defended private property, condemned
socialism and Marxism and said that employers were
obligated to treat their employees fairly. His most
important work was Rerum Novarum.
Pope Pius IX
 Pope Leo XIII
Pope Pius X
Pope Pius XI
The English classicist, Renaissance scholar, essayist and
Walter Horatio Pater (1839-1903) set the
art critic ___________________
tone for the movement when, in his 1877 An Essay on
The School of Giorgione he wrote his often quoted
____________________
maxim (general truth) “All art constantly aspires to the
condition of music.” What Pater meant was that the
arts attempt to unify subject matter and form (the way
things are done) but music is the only art in which
subject and form are in any way successfully combined
_____________________________________________
In what style did Georges
Braque paint this Man
with a Guitar? Cubism
Define Cubism.
The essence of Cubism is
that, instead of viewing
subjects from a single,
fixed angle, the artist
breaks them up into a
multiplicity of facets, so
that several different
aspects or faces of a
subject can be seen
simultaneously.
The French political thinker and historian, Alexis
de Tocqueville
praised the leaders of the French Revolution
was a conservative who despised both
Romanticism and liberalism
 criticized de Gobineau for his racial theories
Wrote The Foundations of the Nineteenth
Century
In Arms and the Man (1894; the title taken from the first
words of the Roman poet Vergil’s Aeneid) and Man and
Superman (1903), he heaped scorn on the romantic
ideals of love and war. and in Androcles and the Lion
(1912), he pilloried Christianity – and in a currently
edited out Preface, he stated that the teachings of
Jesus of Nazareth were lost at his crucifixion.
Charles Dickens
J. J. Thompson
 George Bernard Shaw
John Maynard Keynes
Beatrice Webb
The British Fabian socialist _______________(whom
we met in the last chapter) praised men of science as
being the leading intellectuals of society.
Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), a British scientist
_______________
and an early defender of the theories of Charles
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), a German
Darwin, and _____________
scientist who discovered thousands of new animal
species and coined many terms in biology (such as
ecology, phylum and stem cell) worked to gain
government support of scientific research and to
include expanded science curricula in schools and
universities.
In The Education Act of 1902, the British government
provided state support for both religious and public
(non-religious) schools,
provided that no Roman Catholic clergy be
allowed to run religious schools
except in the areas of civic training in morals
and ethics
provided that the local priest have university
training
while imposing the same educational
 standards on religious and public schools.
Like Pius IX, he opposed modern thought and sought
to restore traditional devotional practices and
orthodox [i.e., traditional] theology. Between 1903
and 1907, he condemned Catholic Modernism, a
movement of forward thinking biblical criticism in the
Catholic Church and in 1910, he required all priests to
take an anti-Modernist oath.
Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
 Pope Pius X
Pope Pius XI
From the 1870s forward, nationalism became a much
more powerful force in European politics – with wide
popular support, well financed and growing political
parties. This nationalism was _____________
self-centered and
internationalism or the economic and
opposed to _______________
political cooperation among nations for the benefit of
Nationality became
all international partners. ___________
more important than class, religion or geography –
religion
and for secularized peoples often replaced ________,
especially under the direction of schoolteachers. And
as we will see in the next chapter, this racialist-based
ideology of
nationalism became the most powerful ________
the early twentieth century.
In 1835, he published The Life of Jesus, in which he
questioned whether the Bible provided any real,
historical evidence about whether or not Jesus of
Nazareth was a real person.
David Friedrich Strauss
Strauss argued that the story of Jesus was a myth
that arose from the social and political conditions of
the time. His controversial assertions scandalized
Europe with his portrayal of a ……..
Historical Jesus
In 1911, the German, Hans Vaihinger
explained the mystery of X-Rays
urged scientists to consider their concepts to be
descriptive not of the physical world but of the
sensations the scientist experiences
suggested that concepts of science should be
 considered “as if” descriptions of the physical world
explained the cause of radiation through the
disintegration of the atoms in radioactive materials.
This French Father of modern Science Fiction wrote
Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea and Five
Weeks in a Balloon.
Jules Verne
This English master novelist popularized science
through the imagination of his pen in such works as
The Time Machine and War of the Worlds
H. G. Welles
Who painted
Simultaneous
Windows on the
City
Robert Delaunay
What school of
art is it?
Cubism
(Orphic Cubism)
In 1859, this English naturalist and geologist, published
On the Origin of Species, which applied the concept of
the mechanistic viewpoint of nature into the world of
living things.
Charles Darwin
Working independently of Charles Darwin, this
scientist explained how species could change and
evolve over time.
Alfred Russell Wallace
This theory stated that information derived from
logical, mathematical principles and sensory
experience was the only source of knowledge.
Natural Selection
 Positivism
Utilitarianism
Pointillism
As a result of the moral attack on Christianity which of
the following did NOT happen?
 The Church still remained stronger than her
secular enemies
fewer educated people joined the clergy
secularization increased especially in the poorest
areas of the cities
many people found that they could live their lives
with no reference to Christianity or God
He said, We need a critique of moral values; the value of
these values themselves must first be called into
question.
Friedrich Nietzsche
She said, God and one woman make a majority
Josephine Butler
He said, God is dead. God remains dead. And we
have killed him…
Friedrich Nietzsche
He believed that morality was a human convention [way
of doing things] that had no independent existence; that
is, human morality was human and had no other origin.
Thus humans would be free to create life-affirming
values instead and feel empowered to abandon
Christianity, utilitarianism and middle class respectability.
Charles Darwin
Max Weber
 Friedrich Nietzsche
Erich Maria Remarque
One of the best known modernist writers was
Marcel Proust In his seven-volume novel In
______________.
Search of Time Past (published between 1913 and
stream-of-consciousness
1927), he adopted a ______________________
format that allowed him to explore his memories.
He would concentrate on a single experience or
allow his mind to wander
object and then _____________________
through all the thoughts and memories it evoked.
Darwin and Wallace drew heavily on the work of the
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) who in his
economist _______________
1798 Essay on the Principle of Population concluded
outstrip its
that human population must inevitably _________
food supply; and thus concluded that there were
more living organisms coming into existence than
could survive in their environment . Thus, the
____________________________
organisms that could survive would be the ones able
to live long enough to propagate (__________).
reproduce
He was a French novelist and playwright whose most
famous work was La Comédie Humaine, which presents a
panorama of French life in the years after the fall of
Napoleon Bonaparte. Balzac’s stories showed French life
in such accurate detail with such multifaceted and
amoral characters that he is regarded – even more than
Dickens – as one of the founders of European Realism.
Claude Bernard
Émile Édouard Zola
Gustave Flaubert
 Honoré de Balzac
Darwin’s principle of survival of the fittest in the
struggle for existence is called
Natural Selection
He believed that an inborn (native) life force,
which he sometimes described as a nervous fluid
(nervous in the sense of strong), drove various
species to become more complex over time,
advancing up a ladder of complexity that was
related to a great chain of being
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Name these two men
Bismarck and Pope Leo XIII
What is the symbolism of the game?
Who won in
the long run?
Kulturkampf
The pope because Catholic resistance in
Germany was too strong for Bismarck!
Unlike Freud, Carl Jung put less faith in
reasoning and
experimented with hypnosis to treat hysteria in
his patients
developed his theory of bureaucratization
came to believe that the human subconscious
 contained inherited memories from previous
generations
formulated his own theory of Collective Behavior
Which of the following best expresses the idea
of Social Darwinism
Argument from design
We need a critique of moral values; the value
of these values themselves must first be called
into question.
The dream is the disguised fulfillment of a wish
justice is nothing else than the interest of the

stronger
In 1902, the New Zealand-born physicist and
chemist, Ernest Rutherford
explained his discovery of X-Rays
urged scientists to consider their concepts to be
descriptive not of the physical world but of the
sensations the scientist experiences
suggested that concepts of science should be
considered “as if” descriptions of the physical world
explained the cause of radiation through the
 disintegration of the atoms in radioactive materials.
One of the strongest nineteenth century opponents of
Huxley who was a great
Social Darwinism was Thomas
_____________
defender of ________.
Darwin An outspoken advocate for
scientific advancement and the first to use the word
agnostic
________(the
belief that holds the view that any
ultimate reality (such as God) is unknown and probably
unknowable), was strongly opposed to Social Darwinism
which he felt wrongly attempted to deduce
________________from
evolutionary processes. In
ethical principles
1893, he declared that the physical process of evolution
human ethical development He thus
was at odds with ________________________.
maintained that the struggles seen-in-nature only
NOT behave.
showed human beings how _____to
Novels about sordid love affairs, newspaper
editorials and magazine scandal stories were all
examples of
growing literacy
awareness of better education
 minimal literacy
censorship
Which of the following Islamic groups believed
that there was no contradiction between Islam
and Western science and technology?
Sanussiya
Wahhabi
Mahdist
 Salafi
Scholars like Julius Wellhausen in Germany, Ernst
Renan in France and William Robertson Smith in
Great Britain argued that
the Roman Catholic Church was not an opponent
of contemporary science, philosophy and politics
Western culture descended from an "Aryan Race"
human authors had written and edited all the
 books of the Bible with their current historical
events and problems in mind.
Freud was a a slanderous story teller
___________believe
that human lives are made up of
Modernists
scientific processes and elemental forces that are in
constant motion - sometimes in harmony and sometimes
not. Human minds are filled with perceptions, feelings,
thoughts and memories which are unstable and
interpreted by individual personalities. Since everything
constantly changing
is ____________________,
humans must learn to
discriminate both subject matter and form through
to get the most out of their lives
precise observation _____________________________.
Only then will modern thought come into being.
By examining natural explanations for floods, mountain
building and erosion, Charles Lyell seemed to have
miraculous hand-of-God as an explanation
removed the _____________________
for the physical development of the earth which in turn,
Biblical story of Creation Again there
cast doubt on the _____________________.
sprang forth the underlying suggestion that man’s moral
reference to God
nature could be explained without _______________.
And the suggestion grew stronger as the disciplines of
anthropology, sociology and psychology grew.
To what school of Art does this painting belong?
Impressionism
He spurned Christianity for requiring useless sacrifices
of flesh and spirit rather than heroic living and daring
accomplishments. His most famous dictum was that
God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed
him… - and he once observed, War and courage have
accomplished more great things than love of neighbor.
Pope Pius IX
Jules Ferry
 Friedrich Nietzsche
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
In Great Britain, the ___________________provided
Education Act of 1870
for
state-supported education (schools run by elected
school boards) which was a significant change from the
older system in which the government had given small
Religious schools The new schools were to
grants to ________________.
be built in areas where church run schools did not exist
or did not do an _____________,
adequate job especially in factory
communities. Moreover there was rivalry not only
between the Anglican Church and the government but
Nonconformist
also between the Anglican Church and _____________
(Protestant churches that were not Anglican) Churches.
Both Anglicans and non Anglican Protestant Churches,
however, opposed improvement in education because of
the increased costs that would be incurred (for which
the government would not pay
__________________________).
For Nietzsche, Overman was
the veneer of the “respectable” life
a reborn Socrates
a symbol of bourgeois morality
 the embodiment of heroism and greatness
In 1869, he summoned the First Vatican Council which
(with much political manipulation from the pope
himself) decreed the dogma of Papal Infallibility which
stated that, when the pope spoke officially about a
teaching of the church, he could not be wrong. No pope
had ever made such an assertion and the Council ended
in 1870, after the Franco-Prussian War broke out)
 Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Pius X
Pope Pius XI
In 1896, this French physicist discovered that uranium
emitted a form of energy similar to X Rays.
Antoine Henri Becquerel
In 1897, this British physicist at Cambridge
University formulated theories which led to the
discovery of the electron, opening up an entirely
new dimension, the world of the sub-atomic, for
human exploration.
J. J. Thomson
In Freud's theories, the Id operates on the
pleasure principle (raw hedonism) and the
_________________
moral conscience that
Superego operates as a ________________
forbids what the Id wants. But it is the Ego that
attempts to balance the impractical impulses of
the Id and the equally impractical moralism of the
Superego. Thus, the Ego is the moderator
_________
between the Id and the Superego and seeks
compromises that will pacify both.
He was an expert of Middle East ancient
languages and civilizations wrote that Islam, like
Judaism, was a manifestation (outgrowth) of the
ancient Semitic mentality, which of itself had
given birth to the idea of monotheism.
Max Weber
Jamal al-din Al-Afghani
Henri Poincaré
 Joseph Ernest Renan
He was an English writer, social critic who portrayed the
cruelty of industrial life and a society based on profit
first, people second. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol,
which tells about a sadistic miser’s transformation from
selfish to generous, is one of the most moving and
influential stories ever written, and it remains popular to
our day inspiring adaptations in every artistic genre.
George Eliot
 Charles Dickens
George Bernard Shaw
Walter Horatio Pater
This French author believed that absolute physical and
psychological determinism [the belief that for everything
that happens there are conditions such that, given those
conditions, nothing else could happen] ruled human lives
in same way it did the physical world. In many of his
novels, he portrays people as beasts who act on instinct
just like an "unthinking machine."
Claude Bernard
 Émile Édouard Zola
Gustave Flaubert
Honoré de Balzac
Who painted this Post-Impressionist painting?
Paul Cézanne
In 1929, he signed a concordat (treaty) with Mussolini,
making peace with Italy and defining the Vatican State
Pope Pius XI
In 1864, he attacked liberalism in his Syllabus of
Errors, which made the Roman Catholic Church a
determined opponent of contemporary science,
philosophy and politics.
Pope Pius IX
Both realist and naturalist writers brought scientific
objectivity and observation to their literature. By using
cult of science they confronted their readers
the ______________,
with the harsh realities of life. Realists rejected any
romantic idealization of nature, the poor, love or polite
society as they portrayed the _________________.
darker side of life But
the early Realists of the century were not yet that jaded
or dark and always looked for a better society and
Charles Dickens
Christian values. They included ______________,
_______________
Honoré de Balzac and ___________.
George Eliot
Genealogy of Morals
In 1887, Nietzsche published The _________________
which continued the expansion of his ideas and which
some scholars consider his most brilliant work. Just as
Thus Spake Zarathustra published the year before,
in ____________________,
good or evil
Nietzsche does not try to discover what is __________
but the psychological and social sources that create the
______________________________.
distinctions between good and evil
In addition to suffrage, the two areas where middle
class women began to challenge their male
counterparts were:
the double standard of sexual morality – and
traditional ideas of marriage
In England, the battle against the double standard was
fought against
Freudian Psychology
 The Contagious Diseases Acts
The May Laws of 1873
Falloux Law of 1850
Christian missionaries often reinforced anti-Islamic
attitudes when they blamed Islam for Arab economic
backwardness, mistreating women, and condoning
capital offence for Muslims to
slavery. Since it was a _______
leave their religion, few converts were made. So,
Christian missionaries built orphanages, schools and
marginal numbers of
hospitals which converted only ________
Muslims but did educate many young Muslims in
thought, languages and culture
Western ___________________________.
This French scientist and mathematician urged that
scientific theories be regarded as hypothetical
constructs (theoretical inventions) of the human mind
rather than true descriptions of nature. He believed that
logic was not a way to invent but a way to structure
ideas and that logic limits ideas.
Hans Vaihinger
Pierre Curie
 Henri Poincaré
Joseph Ernest Renan
In Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts (1881), a respectable
Helene must deal with a son’s suffering
woman, _______,
from syphilis inherited from her husband who was
a philanderer. At the end, the audience is left in
suspense when she tries to make up her mind
whether to __________
euthanize her son (as he wished) or
The Master Builder (1892), an aging
not. In ___________________,
architect kills himself while trying to impress a
young woman.
He was an Irish playwright, short story writer, and social
activist of the naturalist school and was a Fabian Socialist
and co-founder of the London School of Economics. He
defended Ibsen’s work and made his own contributions
against romanticism and false middle-class respectability.
In Mrs. Warren’s Profession, he dealt with the
prostitution and the hypocrisy that treated women as
second class citizens.
Charles Dickens
J. J. Thompson
 George Bernard Shaw
John Maynard Keynes
He was a British philosopher who was a champion
of rugged individualism and the belief that society
grows stronger through competition.
progresses (_____________)
He believed that if the weak received too much
help or protection, then all humans were the losers;
or to put it another way, Spencer believed that to
struggle against one’s fellow human beings was a
kind of ethical imperative (__________).
command
Herbert Spencer
Who painted The
Dance Class?
Edgar Degas
What school of
art is it?
Impressionism
In The Magic Mountain (1912), he tells the story of an
engineering student who plans to visit his cousin who is
stricken with tuberculosis. He is symbolically transported
to his brother’s hospital in the mountains where he
interacts with a variety of people learning about art,
culture, politics, human frailty and love.
 Thomas Mann
James Joyce
George Bernard Shaw
Ernest Hemingway
He rebelled against the values of his age and attacked
Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science
and the notion of progress. He sought less to change
values than to examine their sources in the human
character. He not only wanted to strip away the veneer
(or masks) of the “respectable” life, but also to explore
how humans created such shallow lives.
Bernhard Förster
Lytton Strachey
George Bernard Shaw
 Friedrich Nietzsche
The Sanussiya in Libya and the Wahhabi movement
in Saudi Arabia
supported the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms
believed that Muhammad had wisely
founded Islam to address the societal issues
of his day and that a reformed Islamic faith
could do the same.
gave women greater access to education and
the government more power over the Ulama.
 opposed any Westernization
Comparative Philology is
the study and comparison of languages
If the _____________can
be said to have produced
Enlightenment
rationalism, toleration and an appreciation of science,
then ____________
Romanticism led Europeans to value human
feelings, imagination and nationalism.
19th century liberals were open to _______________
Natural Selection
because they had begun to accept _____________
Form Criticism
(which seeks to establish the meaning or validity of a
text) and thus did not take the creation of the world
literally as set out in the Bible.
He read William Shakespeare in English throughout his
life, and it seems obvious that his understanding of
human psychology was at least partly derived from
Shakespeare's plays.
Sigmund Freud
He wanted to understand rationalization or the
process of how traditions and emotions were
replaced by new rational values that he associated
with the rise of capitalism and modern thinking.
Max Weber
Using comparative philology (language comparison),
late nineteenth century European scholars discovered
Indo-European family of languages of which
the ______________
there are four main branches: Indian (Sanskrit),
Persian, Celtic (including Greek and Latin) and
Germanic. The Indian branch referred to itself as
Aryan or wheat-skinned people to distinguish
______
themselves from the darker skinned inhabitants
Dravidians Many European
whom they displaced (__________).
authors, who championed white racial superiority, felt
Aryans
a kinship with these ________whose
civilization they
admired and so Western notions of an “______
Aryan Race"
rose to prominence in late nineteenth century.
After Freud went to Paris on a fellowship to
study with Jean-Martin Charcot in 1885, he
experimented with hypnosis to treat hysteria in
 his patients
developed his theory of the id, ego and super-ego
came to believe that the human subconscious
contained inherited memories from previous
generations
formulated his own theory of Collective Behavior
In France, after its defeat by Germany in 1871, priests
organized grass roots devotions for thousands of
penitents who believed that France lost the war as
punishment for its sins and pilgrimages to shrines like
Our Lady of Lourdes grew dramatically. This reflected
French guilt for their inadequate war
preparations
 the animated nature of Christianity
Catholic surrender to Kulturkampf
The decrees of the First Vatican Council
Freud believed that the seemingly irrational
dreams must have a reasonable,
content of _______
scientific explanation. His observations caused
him to formulate a new theory of how the
human mind operates. Freud concluded that
dreams allow unconscious
___________ wishes, desires and
drives, which humans banish from their everyday
freer play (exploration)
conscious lives, to enjoy ____________________
in the mind.
Who painted A Bar at the Folies-Bergére?
What style is it? Impressionism
Édouard Manet
In Sweden, Ellen Key (1849-1926), in The Century of
the Child (1900) and The Renaissance of
Motherhood (1914), made the argument that
the mothers of the children of society should be
given the right to vote
contraception was all that was needed for the
betterment of society
governments, rather than husbands, should
 support mothers and their children
women were the victims of male oppression
Social scientists such Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931),
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), Georges Sorel (18471922) and Graham Wallas all believed that
racism was a crime against humanity
people collectively could be capable of extremely
 irrational behavior
nationality became more important than class,
religion or geography
Jews represented deep rooted cultural dangers to
Western Civilization.
Max Weber believed that
bureaucratization (the creation of bureaucracies)
 was the basic feature of modern life
people do not pursue rationally perceived goals
but a led to action by collectively shared ideals.
bureaucracies constitute the least efficient and
rational way in which human activity can be
organized
race was the most important index of human
potential
He said, I want to make of impressionism something
solid and lasting like the art in the museums
Paul Cézanne
The painter summarized the revolution of Cubism
when he said, The painter thinks in forms and colors.
The aim is not to reconstitute an anecdotal fact but
to constitute a pictorial fact…One does not imitate
appearance; the appearance is the result.
Georges Braque
Joseph Arthur de Gobineau believed that
bureaucratization (the creation of bureaucracies)
was alien to the modern way of life
people do not pursue rationally perceived goals
but a led to action by collectively shared ideals.
bureaucracies constitute the most efficient and
rational way in which human activity can be
organized
race was the most important index of human
 potential
Carl Jung regarded early twentieth century people
memories
as alienated from the useful collective
_________________
they had genetically inherited. In his 1933 work,
_______________________
In
Modern Search of a Soul and other works,
mysticism and saw positive
Jung moved toward _________
religion Freud was highly critical of
values in ________.
Jung’s work and it can be observed that if Freud
was a child of the ______________,
Enlightenment then Jung
Romanticism
was a child of ____________.
Anti-Semitism peaked during the last third of the
Capitalism changed
nineteenth century when Finance
________________
the economic structure of Europe and many Europeans
blamed the Jewish communities.
What is Finance Capitalism?
Finance Capitalism makes the processes of production
_____________
less important than the accumulation of money. Thus,
pursuit of profits from the buying
Finance Capitalism’s _______________
or selling of investments, stocks and bonds (which
includes lending money at interest) puts tremendous
_______in
wealth
the hands of those who control the banks,
the investment firms and governments.
He was an Austrian lawyer and politician, who, as
mayor of Vienna from 1897 to 1910, used antiSemitism to attract members to his populist
ideology and his Christian Socialist Party.
Adolf Stoecker
Theodor Herzel
 Karl Luger
Julius Langbehn
Several ancient philosophers believed that nature
produced a large variety of organisms but that only
those creatures which could manage to provide for
themselves and reproduce successfully __________.
survived
Others noted the role of the struggle for existence. In
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
the early nineteenth century, ___________________
(1744-1829) laid the groundwork for much of
Darwin’s and Wallace’s work when he proposed a
Transmutation of Species
theory called the _____________________.
Who painted The Houses of Parliament?
What style is it? Impressionism
Claude Monet
Alexis de Tocqueville, best remembered for his
travels in the United States and his book,
Democracy in America, not only chastised de
Gobineau but also warned against
extending suffrage to women
weakening government
 the tyranny of the majority
nineteenth century liberalism
Which of the following best expresses William
Paley’s Teleological arguments
 Natural Theology
We need a critique of moral values; the value
of these values themselves must first be called
into question.
The dream is the disguised fulfillment of a wish
justice is nothing else than the interest of the
stronger
Nineteenth century liberals and socialists agreed that
rational analysis could predict the problems of modern
society and _____________.
find solutions Both agreed that, once
given the vote, people would behave according to their
rational and political self-interest in the same
________
manner that education would improve the human
condition. But by 1900, these ideas were under attack
by political scientists and sociologists who postulated
that the political process was ___________________.
irrational, not rational
Which of the following is most closely connected to
the Enlightenment?
Human feelings
Imagination
Nationalism
 Rationalism
No one charted the movement from the romantic to the
Virginia Woolf Her novels such as
modern better than _____________.
Mrs. Dalloway and __________________
To the Lighthouse portrayed
individuals seeking to make their way in a world with
most of the 19th century social and moral absolutes
removed. She also challenged many of the notions of
feminist thought asking whether women writers should
bring to their work any separate qualities they possessed
as women, and concluding that men and women writers
share
should strive to ______each
other’s sensibilities.
She was the Austrian-born, British psychoanalyst who
questioned some of Freud’s assumptions but always
considered herself faithful to Freud's ideas. She is best
known for developing therapeutic techniques for
children that had an impact not only on child
psychology but also on psychoanalysis.
Auguste Ficke
Emile Durkheim
Karen Horney
 Melanie Klein
In his 1886 poem, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Nietzsche
Expressed bitter anti-Semitic views.
criticized Christianity and democracy because
 both would turn people (the masses) into
mediocre sheep
proposed that ascetic Calvinism was one of the
major reasons for the injustices of both marketdriven Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution
supported German nationalism
Darwin’s theories shook Europe and had mixed results
for women, as many traditional views about women
remained __________.
unchanged The nineteenth century
NON-rational
emphasis on the _____________side
of human behavior
reinforced many of these stereotyped views of women
such as the belief that the primary function of a female
was that of nurturing and that women were weaker and
therefore _________
less able than men. Many of these ideas
were misogynistic and used as excuses to keep women
out of higher education, politics and the sciences.
By 1869, she led the Ladies’ National Association
for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts, a
thoroughly middle class organization. The
association achieved a suspension of the acts in
1883 and their outright repeal in 1886.
Mary Ann Evans
 Josephine Butler
Karen Horney
Ellen Kay
Who painted The Harvest?
What style is it?
Impressionism
Camille Pissarro
In what feminist novel does Virginia Woolf reflect
on the difficulties that women of brilliance fight in
being taken seriously as writers and intellectuals
and conclude that a woman who wishes to write
required both space not dominated by male values
and sufficient, independent income.
Tender is the Night
Human, All Too Human
The Renaissance of Motherhood
 A Room of One’s Own
During the nineteenth century, cheap newspapers like Le
Petite Journal of Paris and The Daily Express of London
became immensely popular and carried advertising

that alerted readers to new consumer products
popularized the Newton’s theories of motion and
universal gravitation
exemplified de Tocqueville's concept of the tyranny
of the majority
were often censored but had little or no effect on
public opinion
As far as Auguste Comte was concerned, physical
Positive State or final state
science had entered the ____________
off knowledge and similar thinking should be used
in other areas of nature, especially social science.
Comte believed that positive laws of social behavior
could be discovered in the same way as the laws of
_________________.
Thus Comte is often regarded
physical science
as the Father of Sociology [that is, the study of
society, social institutions, and social relationships
__________________________________________]
.