Green Algae and Land Plants
Bacteria
Archaea
AMOEBOZOA
Lobose amoebae
7 lineages of eukaryotes
Cellular slime molds
OPISTHOKONTA
UNIKONTA
Plasmodial slime molds
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
EUKARYOTES
All eukaryotes
are protists
except for the
fungi, animals,
and land plants
Animals
EXCAVATA
Parabasilids
Diplomonads
Euglenids
Kinetoplastids
PLANTAE
Glaucophyte algae
Red algae
Green algae
Green
plants
RHIZARIA
Foraminifera
Chlorarachniophytes
ALVEOLATA
Ciliates
Apicomplexa
STRAMENOPILA
Oomycetes
Diatoms
Brown algae
CHROMALVEOLATA
Dinoflagellates
BIKONTA
Land plants
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Volvox reproduction
Ulva
Red algae
GREEN ALGAE
Ulvophytes
Coleochaetes
Spores or
zygotes encased
in tough coat of
sporopollenin
Stoneworts
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
Liverworts
Vascular tissue
Mosses
Cuticle, pores
Hornworts
Stomata
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Most key
innovations
for living on
land evolved
only once
Early vascular plants
(fossils only)
Lycophytes
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
Roots, tracheids
Ferns
GYMNOSPERMS
Cycads
True leaves
Ginkgo
Redwoods et al.
Pines et al.
Vessel elements
evolved more
than once
Wood
Gnetophytes
Vessel elements
ANGIOSPERMS
Vessel elements
Angiosperms
LAND PLANTS
Vascular tissue
Hepaticophyta
(a) Simple waterconducting cells
(b) First vascular tissue
(c) Tracheids
(d) Vessel elements
Ends have pits
in secondary
cell wall (inside)
Primary wall
(with cellulose)
Primary wall
(with cellulose)
Lignin
Little structural support.
Found in fossils and
present-day mosses
Primary wall
(with cellulose)
Primary wall
(with cellulose)
Secondary wall
(with lignin)
Secondary wall
(with lignin)
Some structural
support. Found
in fossils
Increased structural
support. Found in
all vascular plants
Ends have gaps
through primary and
secondary cell walls
Found in gnetophytes
and angiosperms
Lycophyta
Equisetophyta
Pteridophyta
gymnosperms
Microspore (n)
forms pollen
grain
Cones with
microsporangia
Pollen grain
(male gametophyte)
Megasporangium
Ovulate cone
Pollen
grain
Ovules (contain
megasporangia)
Female
gametophyte (n)
Mother
cell (2n)
Archegonia
Embryo
(2n)
Eggs (n)
Mature
sporophyte (2n)
Developing
sporophyte
Seed (disperses
via wind or animals)
Pollen produces
sperm
Anther
Microspore (n)
forms pollen grain
Pollen grain
(male gametophyte)
Top of
stamen
Ovule
Ovary
Bottom of
carpel
Megasporangium
Mature
sporophyte
flower (2n)
Megaspore
(n: retained
in ovary)
Nutritive tissue (3n)
Female gametophyte
(n: retained in ovary)
Endosperm (3n)
forms nutritive
tissue in seed
Embryo (2n)
Zygote
(2n)
Developing
sporophyte
Seed (disperses
via wind or animals)
Egg