Ch. 21 – The Furnace of
War
I. The Ninety Day War
 Northern Perspective
 quick victory
 superiority of numbers and
arms
 quick end to war will not
damage southern social and
economic systems
 If victorious, it could lead to a march
on Richmond, ending the war quickly
and without damaging southern social
and economic systems.
Southern Perspective
 Extremely confident
 More to fight for
 Stalemate = victory
 Advantage of
defensive war and
familiarity of terrain
 “Rebel Yell”
II. The Fighting Begins
 Bull Run 7/21/1861
 McDowell leads
Union troops
 Union routed and
retreats
Peninsula Campaign
 McClellan leads Army of
the Potomac
 Water-borne approach to
Richmond
 Stonewall Jackson scares
Lincoln by putting DC in
Jeopardy.
 Lincoln send McClellan’s
reinforcements after
Jackson.
 Results:
 If McClellan would
have succeeded in
capturing Richmond
and ending the war then
slavery would have
survived.
6 Point Plan
 Blockade Southern Coasts
 Liberate slaves=economy
 Seize the Mississippi
 Bring the fight to the South
 Capture Richmond
 Grind them into
submission
Blockade
 Coast was too big to
totally control
 Britain respects the
blockade
 Blockade running
(ignoring the blockade)
 Merrimack (aka
Virginia) vs. Monitor
 First iron boats to be
used in battle (doom of
wooden war ships).
Antietam
 Second Battle of Bull Run
 Lee moves into Maryland
 Lincoln restores
McClellan
 9/17/1862
 Results: military draw but
a Northern Victory
 Deadliest one day of
battle-23,000 dead.
Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam
Emancipation
Proclamation
 1863 – Slaves were declared Forever Free in
Confederate States
 Where he could he would not, where he would he
could not. Lincoln freed slaves in Confederate States
but not in Border States
 Lincoln looks to enlist blacks in the army
 When captured many black soldiers were put to death.
At Fort Pillow several back soldiers were massacred
after they had surrendered.
IV. Gettysburg
 Rotating Generals (Burnside replaces McClellan,
Hooker replaces Burnside)
 Burnside lead a charge and 10,000 were killed
 Stonewall Jackson was accidentally killed by his
own men
 July 1-3, 1863
 Pickett’s Charge: the furthest north the
Confederate Army ever reached.
V. War Rages On
 Vicksburg
 Courageous battle results in Union victory on
7/4/1863, just one day after Gettysburg.
 Grant was given command and leads troops to
significant victory
 Control of Vicksburg key in controlling the
Mississippi
 General William Tecumseh Sherman captured
South Carolina for provoking the war.
VI. Election of 1864
 Republicans and War Democrats Lincoln/Johnson
 war was going long and bad
 Lincoln’s joking nature offended many “Don’t swap
horses in the middle of the river”
 Copperheads and Peace Democrats-McClellan
“Mac will win the Union back”
 Lincoln dominates electoral college but popular
vote was only won by 400,000 votes
VII. Ulysses S. Grant
 Grant replaces Meade
 Lincoln was desperate for a general that had the same
vision and resolve to end the war that he had.
 Grant fought furiously, suffering heavy casualties,
but carrying on.
 Some Union soldiers pinned papers to their backs
bearing their names and addresses. “Grant the
Butcher”
Southern Negotiations
 Southerners still wanted
independence
 Union will not settle for
anything less than union
and emancipation.
 Union troops captured
Richmond then Lee at
Appomattox Courthouse
April 1865
 “The war is over; the
rebels are our countrymen
again.” (Grant)
Assassination
 4/14/1865 – Ford’s Theater- Lincoln is shot 5
days after Lee’s surrender
 John Wilkes Booth
 Presidential Security not like today’s
 Johnson becomes president and is responsible for
piecing the nation back together
VIII. Aftermath
 600,000 dead
 $15 billion plus untold other costs
 13th Amendment abolishes slavery
 Nullification and Secession laid to rest
 Union victory used as inspiration to champions of
democracy and liberalism
 Groundwork laid to enable the U.S. to become the
dominant nation in the western hemisphere
Essential Questions

Why did both the North and the South believe that it would be a short war?

Why is Antietam considered the turning point in the Civil War?

Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation Proclamation? What did it really achieve?

To what extent did both free and enslaved blacks contribute to the war effort?

What was the significance of Gettysburg?

How did General Sherman’s military strategy presage modern warfare of the 20th century?

What finally led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox?

How did Lincoln’s assassination change the outcome of the Civil War?

What are some of the long-term influences of the Civil War?

To what extent did the Civil War benefit the freed slaves?