Inside the Computer
Hardware
Computers: Information Technology in Perspective
By Long and Long
Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. J. Holvikivi 2012
Hardware
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Computer System Components
Peripherals
INPUT
RAM
Chips
STORAGE
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Hardcopy
Softcopy
Software
3.3
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 Programs
Application
Software
System Software
Manage,specific
maintain
& control
Performs
task
for user
system resources
What Can Computers Do?
3.4
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 Input/Output
operations
Reads input
 Writes output

 Processing
operations
Math (computation)
 Decision making (logic)

Photo courtesy of
Imation Corporation
Personal Computers
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3.5
Atari, Apple, Amiga, Compaq
IBM PC introduced in 1981
Wintel PC Platform
Macintosh
Linux on PC
Personal
Computers
Tablets, mobile devices
Desktop PCs
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3.6
 Configuration
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System unit

Tower
Desktop
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Motherboard, bus
Hard disk
Optical disk drive
Keyboard
Point-and-draw device
Monitor
Printer
Microphone
Camera
Speakers
PC System Unit
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3.7
Motherboard
Processor
Storage
Devices
Hard
Drive
RAM
Bus for
Expansion
And connections
CD/
DVD Drive
Motherboard
3.8
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 Electronic
circuit board
 Provides communication among:
Microprocessor
 Chipset
 Memory chips
 Expansion boards
 Bus
 Device controllers

Memory Types
3.9
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RAM
Cache
Flash
RAM
3.10
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 Random
Access Memory
 Solid-state electronic circuitry
 Holds current data and programs at a
RAM address
 Temporary or volatile storage
RAM Types
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3.11
 DDR3
SDRAM,
double data rate type three synchronous
dynamic random access memory
 Can synchronize itself with the processor
 Most common in 2011

 Physical

installation
DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual)
Cache Memory
3.12
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 Faster
and more costly than RAM
 Much smaller capacity than RAM
 Holds next likely instructions
 Increases system throughput
Boot process
3.13
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BIOS (basic input output system) is read; the
CPU is initialised
display driver starts
memory test (POST)
hardware checks are performed: mass memory
and I/O ports
BIOS gives instructions how to load the
operating system into the memory (RAM);
parts of operating system are loaded from disk
to RAM; (OS could be selected)
additional software modules e.g. device drivers
are loaded from the disk and device connections
are checked;
the operating system command processor starts;
Bootstrap
Quit
3.14
 Bootstrap:Program
in ROMRun by
the CPU when power is turned on
 Transfers operating system from
mass storage to main memory
 Executes jump to operating system



Bootstrap: Program in BIOS (“ROM”)
Run by the CPU when power is turned on
Transfers operating system from mass storage to main memory
Executes jump to operating system
Memory: RAM
Hard disk
Device drivers
Windows OS
MS Word
Load to memory
MsWord
Text file
Device drivers
and others
Text file
OS kernel
Data files
Save
Processor
Flash Memory
3.16
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In BIOS
 Holds the bootstrap program
As a memory device
 numerous uses for cameras, keychain
memories, USB
 memory sticks
 Might replace hard disks
(SSD solid state drive)
Microprocessor Components
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3.17
 Control



Unit
Read/Interpret program instructions
Direct the operation of internal
components
Control flow of programs/data to RAM
Accumulator  ALU
Decoder
Program
Register
Instruction
Register
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit
3.18
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 Arithmetic
and Logic Unit performs
all computations and logical
operations
2 + 2 = 4
 1 AND 0 is NOT TRUE
2 + 2 < 5
What Happens Inside
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3.19
Control
Unit
Input
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Main memory
Control flow
Instruction flow
Output
Unit
Data flow
See also: http://dave-reed.com/book/source.html
Instruction Cycle = I-time + E-time
Quit
Fetch Instruction
Pipelining
Instruction
Time
Execution
Time
Execute Instruction
Decode Instruction
Everything is
translated
to Machine
Language
Place result in memory
3.20
Machine instructions
3.21
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
Adding values stored in memory
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Step 1: Get the value from memory location 6C and
place it in a register. =LOAD
Step 2: Get the other value to be added from
memory location 6D and place it in another
register. =LOAD
Step 3: Activate the addition circuitry with the
registers used in steps 1 and 2 as inputs with
another register designated to store the result.
=ADD
Step 4: Store the result in memory location 6E.
=STORE
Step 5: Stop. =HALT
others: MOVE, OR, AND, ROTATE, JUMP
Machine language
3.22
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 Code:
 Step
1: 156C
 Step 2: 166D
 Step 3: 5056
 Step 4: 306E
 Step 5: C000
LOAD
LOAD
ADD
STORE
HALT
Describing the Processor
3.23
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 Word

Size
64-bit for PCs
 Processor
Speed
MHz, MIPS, FLOPS
 750 MHz to 4 GHz for PCs

 RAM

Capacity
up to 8 GB for PCs
 Processor
Personality
 Dual or multi-core
Bus Types
3.24
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 ISA
bus (oldest)
 PCI local bus
 AGP bus (graphics)
 PCI Express bus (current)
 USB bus (hot plug) 2.0 480 Mbit/s
 1394 bus (FireWire), Apple
 Thunderbolt (max 10Gbit), Apple
Expansion boards are made to fit a
particular type of bus
Ports: old and wireless
3.25
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• 8 bits at a time
• Fast
• Printers
• Short distances
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Round 5-pin connector
• wireless
• Short distance
• 1 bit at a time
• Slow
• Mice/modems
• Long distances
•
15 peripherals
• Daisychained
• High speed
• Versions 1.0, 2.0, 3.0
• Infrared Light waves
• Printers
• Short distance
Evolving PC capacity
3.26
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Year
Processor
byte
bits
RAM
OS
Speed
MHz
1981
i 8088
8
256 kB
PC DOS
4.77
1983
i80286
16
640 kB
DOS
6, 8
1988
i80386
32
2 MB
DOS/Win
16,33
1999
Pentium II,
III
32
64 MB
Win 98
90, 450
2003
Pentium 4
32
256MB
Win XP
2.6GHz
Example PCs
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Intel Core 2 Duo T6500
2.1GHz processor
4GB DDR2 800MHz system
memory
320GB 5400rpm SATA hard
drive
14.1" WXGA 1280x800 XBlack LCD- display
DVD+/-RW drive
NVIDIA GeForce 9300M GS
256MB Graphics Card
1x Firewire, 3x USB 2.0
SD/MemoryStick card reader
ExpressCard/34
100/10 Ethernet, 56k modem,
WLAN a/b/g/draft-n,
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
Integrated web camera
AMD Athlon Dual Core QL-65
2.1GHz processor
4GB DDR3 1066MHz RAM
memory
320GB 5400rpm SATA hard drive
15.6" WXGA 1366 x 768 LEDdisplay
ATI Radeon HD4570 512MB
Graphics Card
6-cell battery, 4400 mAh
DVD+/-RW DL SuperMulti drive
Gigabit Ethernet, 56k modem,
WLAN b/g/n
4x USB 2.0, HDMI
ExpressCard/54 extension slot
Integrated 5-in-1 card reader
Integrated web camera
Windows 7 Home Premium
(FIN/SWE/UK) OS
Example PC: desktop
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Gateway DX4300-03
Processor Family: AMD Phenom quad-core
X4 processor
RAM: 8 GB
Storage Capacity: 1000 GB
RAID: No
eight USB ports and one FireWire port
Primary Optical Drive:
Dual-Layer DVD+/-RW
a digital TV tuner
802.11b/g Wi-Fi card (rare for a tower)
HDMI port on the ATI Radeon HD 4650
graphics card.
Adding Peripherals
3.29
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Expansion Slot
Peripheral plugs
into port
Pins plug into slot
Courtesy of ATI
Technologies Inc.
Expansion Card
Adding Peripherals
3.30
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 Common
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AGP (accelerated graphics port)
Sound
Data/Voice/Fax modem
Cable modem
 Other
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Surfing
boards:
boards:
USB hub
Network interface card (NIC)
SCSI interface card
Video capture card
Installation, preparation
3.31
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 You
need: Expansion card, cable,
connectors; software
 Before installation, check



the compability from manuals of the device
and system board,
capacity requirements,
empty slots
 Take
back-ups
 If needed, update the OS and utilities
(updates downloaded through internet)
Installation process
Quit
3.32

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Switch off the computer and disconnect power
Make sure you are grounded before opening the
computer case
Insert the card firmly, and tighten screws
Close the case and connect cables
Installation of drivers (or Plug 'n Play) from the
installation CD, possibly you'll need the OS CD
as well
Updates from the net
Installation of applications
USB enables on the fly connection (hot plug)
Inside the Computer
The End
Computers: Information Technology in Perspective
By Long and Long
Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc.