Origin of Man and
the Races
Richard Deem, M.S.
Reasons To Believe
1
mtDNA
General
Outline
Mitochondrial DNA – A small piece of
• Biblical data and scientific data
• Origin of man
• Molecular and genetic data –
mtDNA and Y chromosome
• Neandertals and humans
DNA that codes for a small number of
proteins within the energy-producing
sub-cellular organelle known as the
mitochondrion
• Bipedal primates and chimpanzees
• Origin of the races
2
Why All the Biology?
And to the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might
win Jews; to those who are under the Law, as
under the Law, though not being myself under the
Law, that I might win those who are under the Law;
to those who are without law, as without law,
though not being without the law of God but under
the law of Christ, that I might win those who are
without law. To the weak I became weak, that I
might win the weak; I have become all things to all
men, that I may by all means save some.
(1 Corinthians 9:20-22)
3
Origin of Man Classic Hypothesis
European
Humans
African
Humans
Asian
Humans
Neandertals
H. antecessor
H. ergaster
4
Origins of Mammals
• Soulish (nephesh) creatures
created on Nephesh
days 5 and 6
Hebrew word most often translated
• Creation ofThe
specific
mammals
“soul,” referring to both man and animals,
includingand
mind, will,
and emotion
(cattle, rodents,
carnivores)
described for day 6.
• Though not specifically
mentioned, probably included the
creation of bipedal primates
5
Origin of Man – Biblical Data
Genesis 1:26
Then God said, “Let us make
(asah) man in our image, in
our likeness…
6
Origin of Man – Biblical Data
Genesis 1:27
So God created (bara) man
in his own image, in the
image of God he created
(bara) him: male and female
he created (bara) them.
7
Origin of Man – Biblical Data
Genesis 2:7
Then the LORD God formed
(yatsar) man of dust from the
ground, and breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life; and
man became a living being.
(Genesis 2:7)
8
Man – Part New, Part Old
• Bara – created new, probably
refers to the spiritual qualities,
self-awareness, moral
understanding
• Asa, yatsar – made or formed
from pre-existing material,
probably refers to body and soul
9
Biblical Data – Garden of Eden
Genesis 2:10, 14
Now a river flowed out of Eden to
water the garden; and from there it
divided and became four rivers.
And the name of the third river is
Tigris; it flows east of Assyria. And
the fourth river is the Euphrates.
10
Origin of Man – Biblical Data
Dating human origins:
• Adequate, but incomplete
genealogies
• Ben and ab
• ~10,000 - 50,000 years ago
11
Incomplete Genealogies
Matthew 1:8
1 Chronicles 3:10-12
and to Asa was born
Jehoshaphat; and to
Jehoshaphat, Joram;
and to Joram, Uzziah;
Asa his son,
Jehoshaphat his son,
Jehoram his son,
Ahaziah his son,
Joash his son,
Amaziah his son,
Azariah [Uzziah] his
son
12
Incomplete Genealogies
Genesis 5-11
Luke 3:34-36
(reversed order)
And Lamech… father of a
son… Noah, (Genesis 5:2829)... became the father of
Shem. (Genesis 5:32)... The
sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur,
Arphaxad, Lud and Aram.
(Genesis 10:22)... Arphaxad
was the father of Shelah, and
Shelah the father of Eber.
Two sons were born to Eber:
One was named Peleg
(Genesis 10:24-25)
the son of Serug, the son of
Reu, the son of Peleg, the
son of Heber, the son of
Shelah, (Luke 3:35)
the son of Cainan, the son of
Arphaxad, the son of Shem,
the son of Noah, the son of
Lamech, (Luke 3:36)
13
Direct Descent?
• ben – son, grandson, etc.
• ab – father, grandfather
Harris, R.L., G.L. Archer, and B.K. Wilke. 1980.
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, Vol. 1.
Moody Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 5-6, 113-114.
14
Direct Descent?
NASB
Alternate
Translation
And Enosh lived
And Enosh lived
ninety years, and
ninety years, and
became the father of became the father of
Kenan. (Genesis 5:9) the family line that
culminated with
Kenan. (Genesis 5:9)
15
How Many Generations?
• Deuteronomy 7:9
• 1 Chronicles 16:15
• Psalms 105:8
1,000 gen x 40 yr/gen = 40,000 yr
He has remembered His covenant forever,
The word which He commanded to a
thousand generations, (Psalms 105:8)
16
Scientific Predictions
for the
Origin of Humans
Creation Model
17
Scientific Predictions
Similarities with Other Animals
• Anatomical – basic body plan
• Physiological – the way the body
works
• Biochemical – the chemical
pathways and machines that
underlie everything
18
Scientific Predictions
Sudden appearance…
•
•
•
Human fossils
Human culture
Spiritual activity
19
Scientific Predictions
Origin of man:
• Traceable to a single man and a
single woman
• Recent origin
20
Scientific Predictions
Origin of man:
• All males directly related to Noah
• All females directly related to Eve
 Females should be more
genetically diverse
21
Scientific Data for
Human Origins
22
Molecular Anthropology
Compare DNA sequences
among modern human
groups
• Similarities and
differences
• Extent of
differences
23
Molecular Anthropology
Gives
• Date of
humanity’s
origin
• Original
population size
24
Molecular Anthropology
Gives
• Pattern for
humanity’s
spread
• Geographic
location of
humanity’s
origin
25
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Male sperm contribute only genetic
material
and no cellular organelles.
Y chromosome
Therefore,
all mtDNA comes
from the
A small chromosome
that determines
egg,
down exclusively
thebeing
sex ofpassed
an individual.
Embryos that
byposses
females.
a Y disequilibrium
chromosome become
Linkage
male.
theassociation
genetic of
TheTherefore,
non-random
information
on the Y loci
chromosome
alleles
at different
(or regionsis
Microsatellites
passed
down
only byare
males.
within
DNA sequences),
expected
Microsatellites"
locinot
where
short
from
the law ofofindependent
sequences
DNA are repeated in
assortment.
tandem arrays (one right after the
other).
Genetic Diversity
Evidence
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Y chromosomal DNA
• Linkage disequilibrium
• Microsatellites
26
Genetic Diversity
• Humanity had
a recent origin
• African origin
• Small
population that
rapidly
expanded
recently
27
Human Chromosome 21
Haplotype
Diversity
A combination of alleles (alternate
forms of the same gene) of closely
linked loci that are found in a single
chromosome and tend to be inherited
together
• Three haplotypes describe 80% of
human population
• Far fewer haplotypes than
expected
28
Mitochondrial DNA
• Humanity
originated less
than 150,000 ya
• Small
population of
women
• Single location
(Africa)
29
Y Chromosome Mapping
Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
Channel Surfing (SRF)
Addiction to death and destruction movies (T-2)
The need to always be right (TLD-U)
Spitting and hacking (P2E)
Inability to express affection (ME-2)
Finding humor in bodily noises (BLCH)
Inability to put toilet seat down (BIDET)
Selective hearing loss (MUM)
Inability to ask directions (LST)
Ability to write name with urine (CMeP)
30
Y Chromosome Data
Study
Dorit, et
al.
Hammer
Total
95% CI
Base
Pairs
Lower Interval)
Upper
CI (Confidence
Mean
Pop.
Size
A statistical measure of the certainty
27,702
7,500
of a value. 95%0 CI800,000
means that270,000
there
is a 95% probability that the result lies
between the CI values.
39,000 51,000 411,000 188,000 5,000
Whitfield,
91,500 37,000
et al.
49,000
43,000
N/A
31
Male vs. Female Divergence
Age of
Coalescence
Y
(Male)
mtDNA
(Female)
Minimum
37,000
120,000
Maximum
49,000
474,000
Whitfield, L.S., J.E. Suston, and P.N. Goodfellow. 1995. Sequence
variation of the human Y chromosome. Nature 378: 379-380.
32
Y Chromosome Summary
• Humanity
originated less
than 50,000 ya
• Small
population of
men
• Single location
(Africa)
33
Linkage Disequilibrium
• Humanity
originated less
than 50,000 ya
34
Origin of the Malaria Parasite
• Originated less
than 120,000 ya
• Resistance
alleles appeared
3,000-12,000 ya
35
Scientific Data
Sudden
appearance of
modern humans
in the fossil
record
Cranial Capacity (cc)
1500
1000
Homo
500
Australopithecines
0
1
2
Time (MYA)
3
36
Scientific Data
Sudden appearance of
human culture:
• Sophisticated tool kit
• Socioeconomic organization
• Art work
• Spiritual expression
37
Sophisticated Tool Kit
• A shift from predominantly “rake” to
“blade” stone tool technology
• Increased variety and complexity of
stone tools involving a higher degree
of “imposed form”
• Complex and extensively shaped
bone, antler, and ivory artifacts
• Increased regional diversification of
tool forms
38
Socioeconomic Organization
• Specialized patterns of animal
exploitation, based on systematic
hunting
• A sharp increase in the overall density
of human population
• An increase in the maximum size of
local residential groups
• Appearance of highly “structured”
sites, including hearths, pits, huts,
tents, and other habitations
39
Appearance of Modern Art
40
Body Ornaments
• Dated at 40,000 years ago
• No food value
• Unusual designs and color
41
Spiritual Expression
• Religious relics and altars date to
24,000 ya
• Artwork containing spiritual
content dates to 5,000 ya
42
Deleterious Mutations
Mutations
Conservative
Realistic
Overall
4.2
Deleterious
1.6
6.7
3.1
"The deleterious mutation rate appears to be so high
in humans and our close relatives that it is doubtful
that such species, which have low reproductive rates,
could survive if mutational effects on fitness were to
combine in a multiplicative way."
Eyre-Walker, A. & Keightley, P. D. 1999. High genomic
deleterious mutation rates in hominids. Nature 397, 344-347.
43
Evidence Against the Design of
Humans?
• Pseudogenes present in great
apes and humans
Pseudogenes
• Beta globin Regions of non-coding DNA (DNA
that does not code for functional
protein) that have been apparently
• Enolase
duplicated from functional genes.
• Vitamin C
• Assumes that God would never
reuse previous designs
44
Summary - Scientific Data
• Humans originated from a small
population of males and females
• Recent origin of modern humans
• ~ 50,000 years ago
• Humans originated suddenly and
dramatically
45
Origin of Man “Out-of-Africa”
Hypothesis
African
Humans
European
Humans
Asian
Humans
Neandertals ?
?
H. antecessor ?
H. ergaster
46
Who were the
Neandertals?
47
Who Were the Neandertals?
•Lived ~150,000 to ~30,000
years ago
•Inhabited Europe and western
Asia
48
Who Were the Neandertals?
Physical similarities
with
Bipedal (bipedalism)
Ability to walk upright on two legs.
modern humans
• Bipedal
• Large brain capacity
49
Physical Differences Between
Neandertals and Humans
Brain shape Receding forehead
Neandertal
Brow ridge
Large eye
sockets
Modern Human
Large
front
teeth
Chin
Occipital bun
receding
Retromolar gap
50
Physical Differences
Between
Foramen magnum
Pterygoid
tubercle
The
area
where
the spine joins the
Neandertals
and
Humans
A small rounded nodule on the
skull
Pterygoid bone in the roof of the
mouth connecting the palatine in front
and the quadrate behind.
• Elongated foramen magnum
• Medial pterygoid tubercle
• Flatter skull base
51
Physical Differences Between
Neandertals and Humans
• Large nose
• Large sinuses
• Structure of the
inner ear
• Higher larynx
Chimp
Neander.
Human
52
Physical Differences Between
Neandertals and Humans
• Thicker bones
• Barrel chests
Metacarpals
• Shorter limbs
The bones that connect the wrist
bones (carpals) with the finger bones
(phalanges).
• Asymmetrical
humerus
• Thicker metacarpals
53
Craniodental
A fancy word referring to the skull and
teeth
Neandertal Development
• Craniodental development of
Neandertals and humans differs
from before birth
• Differences occur from the time
Neandertals first appear
54
Molecular Paleontology:
Neandertal mtDNA
40,000 YA
Neander, Germany
Northern
Vindija Cave,
Caucasus
Croatia
40,000 YA
29,000 YA
55
DNA 101
• DNA language:
• 4 “letters” in the alphabet
A – Adenine
C – Cytosine
T – Thymine
G – Guanine
• 20 3-letter “words” (codons)
Each codon codes for one amino acid
• Unlimited number of “sentences”
(proteins)
• Unlimited number of “novels”
(organism)
56
Neandertal mtDNA
mtDNA
Sample
(HVR-1)
Sequence Number (Read Down)
111111111111111111111111111111111
666666666666666666666666666666666
000011111111111112222222222233334
378900112345568880233455667912571
786378129984692399304468238910420
Mod. Human AATTCCCCGACTGCAATTCACGCAC-CATCCTC
Chimpanzee ......T.ATT.....ACTGAAA....G....
Neander.#1 GG.CTTTTATTC.T.CCCTGTAAGTATGCT.CT
Neander.#2
.C.....ATT.ATCCCCTGTAA.TATGCTTC
Neander.#3 GG......ATTC.TCCCCTGTAAGTATGCT.C
Neander.#4 GG......ATTC.TCCCCTGTAA.TATGCT.C
57
Neandertals – Limited Genetic
Diversity
Population
Neandertals
Humans
mtDNA differences
#
Individuals Mean Min. Max.
3
3.73
5,530
3.43
-
-
0.00 10.16
Chimpanzees
359
14.81 0.00 29.06
Gorillas
28
18.57 0.40 28.79
58
Ancient Modern Human mtDNA
Age
(ka)
Sequence Number (Read Down)
00111111111111111222222222222222222222222222233333333333333
79001122345668889001223344444555566677888899901112345556688
83781269984393499198340413479368923448467803911780715672817
Modern
Human
0
ATCCCCTGACTACACTTCTCCTACATGATACACCTCGCACCTCAACTAACCTCTTTTTA
Aboriginal
0
......CA......TC..CTT...T.....TC..CTA...T.T.G.C..TT.TC.C...
Chimp
0
....T..ATT.....AA.C.TCGA.CA...A......TG....CG..CT.T.T.C.C..
Neander
#1
30+
GCTTTT.ATTC.T-.CC.C.T.GT..A...AG.T...T......G.C..T.....C...
Ancient
Aussie
62
....................T.G...........CT.T....T..T......TC....G
mtDNA
Sample
(HVR-1)
59
Neandertal mtDNA Summary
• Neandertals have no genetic
(nor evolutionary) connection
to humans
• Neandertals displayed
limited genetic diversity
60
Origin of Man Classic Hypothesis
European
Humans
African
Humans
Asian
Humans
Neandertals
H. antecessor
H. ergaster
61
Origin of Man Multi-regional
Hypothesis
European
Humans
African
Humans
? Neandertals
?
Asian
Humans
?
H. erectus
?
H. antecessor
H. ergaster
62
Multiregional Hypothesis
Requires
• Large breeding populations over
the entire planet
• Frequent interbreeding of those
populations
• Genetic roots traceable to millions
of years bp
63
Genetic Data Contradicts
Multiregional Hypothesis
Study 1
• African and Asian and oceanic
peoples originated from same
population group 35-89 kya
Study 2
• 90% of founding population must
come from Africa and this
population must be small
64
Genetic Data Contradicts
Multiregional Hypothesis
Study 3 (small population size)
• Nuclear DNA sequences
• Alu insertions
• HLA exons
• mtDNA mismatch distributions
• frequency spectra (mtDNA, Y-chr)
• allele size vs. homozygosity at
tandem repeat loci
65
Homo erectus Development
• Homo erectus
developed in a
fashion similar to
great apes – not
modern humans
• Homo erectus
developed from
infanthood to
adulthood rapidly
66
Descent of Modern Humans
“Most of the familiar specimens of
Homo erectus and of archaic
humans known from the
Pleistocene were not members of
populations ancestral to us”
Harpending, H.C., et al. 1998. Genetic traces of ancient demography.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 1961-1967.
67
Origin of Man Multi-regional
Hypothesis
European
Humans
African
Humans
? Neandertals
?
Asian
Humans
?
H. erectus
?
H. antecessor
H. ergaster
68
Scientific Data
Similarities with other animals
• Anatomical – overall structure
and body plan
• Physiological – how the body
systems work and interact
• Biochemical – basic chemical
pathways
69
Scientific Data
Human – Chimpanzee genetics
• ~95-99% Genetic
Similarity
• Base substitutions –
1.4%
• Insertions/Deletions –
3.4%
• Common Descent (?)
70
Humans and Chimpanzees
• Chromosome number
• Human (46)
• Chimp (48)
• Chromosome sizes
• Chromosomal
banding
• #2 equivalent to two
smaller chimp
chromosomes
• #4 and #17 different
71
Chromosome 21
Human-Chimp Comparison
HS21 Clone Gaps
PCR Result
ChimpChimp and other primates-
• Chromosome 21 fully sequenced and
annotated
• Two clusters with significant differences
72
How Different From
Chimpanzees?
• Human problem –
anthropomorphizing
• The counting dog
• What do chimpanzees really
understand?
73
Human Distinctives
• Large brain size
• Bipedalism
• Advanced culture
• Decreased size of back teeth
74
Emergence of Bipedalism
Driven by habitat change from
wood-land to open savanna?
75
Bipedalism Theories
Theory
Problems
Ecology (Woodland Occurred later1
to Savanna)
Hunting and tools
Occurred later1
Thermoregulation2
Occurred later1
Enhanced vision
Wrong environment
hominids were
reproductively
disadvantaged4
Not fully supported by
the data
Male provider3
Scarce dietary
resources
76
Advantages of Bipedalism
• Travel for food
• Transport food
• Feed in stationary position
• Avoid predatory attacks
• Thermoregulatory advantages
• Tool use
77
Valgus angle
The angle the femur (leg bone)
makes relative to the knee. About 90
degrees inHuman
apes, less in bipeds
Great Ape
Anatomy of Bipedalism
• Shorter/broader
pelvis
• Valgus angle
• Knee
• Lengthened
lower limbs
• Enlarged joint
surfaces
78
Anatomy of Bipedalism
• Restructuring of
ear bones
• Platform foot
• Foot arches
• Relocation of
hallux (big toe)
Human
Great Ape
79
Anatomy of Bipedalism
• Relocation of
foramen
magnum
• Lower/upper
spine curvature
• Restructuring of
rib cage
• Rearrangement
of musculature
Human
Great Ape
80
Ecology of Bipedalism
Early australopithecines lived in
mixed woodland and savanna
•
•
•
•
A. ramidus (5.8 and 4.5 mya)
A. anamensis (4.2 mya)
A. afarensis (3.9 mya)
A. bahrelghazari (3.5 mya)
81
Natural History of Bipedalism
Facultative bipeds
• A. ramidus (5.8 mya)
• A. anamensis (4.2 mya)
• A. habilis (2.5 mya)
82
Natural History of Bipedalism
Obligatory bipeds (type I)
• H. erectus
(2 million years ago)
• H. neandertalensis
(150,000 years ago)
83
Natural History of Bipedalism
Obligatory bipeds (type II)
• Homo sapiens sapiens
(modern humans)
(50,000 years ago)
84
Bipedalism in Hominins
Man (Homo sapiens)
Large brain, small teeth, obligate biped
Hominins
Small brain, very large teeth, facultative biped
H. neandertalensis
Small brain, largeincluding
teeth, facultative
H. heidelbergensis
Superfamily
thebiped
hominids
Small
brain,
small
teeth,
quadruped
H. antecessor
(Genus
InsufficientHomo
evidence and Australopithecus)
H. erectus
along with the bipedal apes and
H. ergaster
H. rudolfemsis
chimpanzees.
A. habilis
K. platyops
A. bahreighazali
A. anamensis
A. garbi
A. afarensis
A. africanus
S. tchadensis
P. robusts
P. aethiopicus
A. ramidus
P. boisei
O. tugenesis
Chimpanzee (Pan)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Time (MYA)
6
7
8
85
Emergence of Bipedalism
• Minimal driving force/selective
pressure
• Appears suddenly in the fossil
record
• Requires major anatomical
rearrangement
• Rapid change followed by
period of no change
86
Origin of Man Creation Model
All Humans
ADAM & EVE
All other bipedal primate species
are a special creation of God
87
Origin of the Human
Races
Biblical and Scientific
Explanations
88
Origin of the Races
God’s original command:
And God blessed them; and God
said to them, "Be fruitful and
multiply, and fill the earth..."
(Genesis 1:28)
89
Origin of the Races
God reissued his command:
"and as for you, be fruitful and
multiply; Populate the earth
abundantly and multiply in it."
(Genesis 9:7)
90
World Peace and Unity?
Human pride and greed result in
oppression of people
• Media-Persia
• Greece
• Rome
91
God’s Peace and Unity
• “Do you suppose that I came to
grant peace on earth? I tell you,
no, but rather division;” (Luke
12:51)
• “Peace I leave with you; My peace
I give you. I do not give to you as
the world gives.” (John 14:27)
92
Early Post-Flood Civilization
Biblical data
• Rapid repopulation of
Mesopotamia
• Nimrod built 8 large cities,
including Nineveh
93
Scattering of the World’s People
Biblical data
• At the city of Babel, the people
began building a huge tower
• God confused their language and
scattered them over the face of
the earth
94
Scattering of the World’s People
• Geographic barriers
• Bering Strait – Americas and
Asia
• Strait of Malaca – Indonesia and
Asia
• Torres Strait – Australia and Asia
• Land bridges established by the
ice age
95
Dividing the Earth
• Biblical data
• Two sons were born to Eber:
One was named Peleg, because
in his time the earth was
divided… (Genesis 10:25)
• Scientific Data
• Land bridges covered by rising
oceans ~11,000 ya
96
Origin of the Races
What the Bible says
• Moses married a Cushite woman)
(Numbers 12:1)
• Solomon married a black woman
(Song of Songs 1:5)
• Ethiopians described as darkskinned (Jeremiah 13:23)
97
Origin of the Races
What the Bible doesn’t say
• When and how did the races begin?
• No biblical data – Not important
enough to mention?
• Mark of Cain?
• Ham’s penalty?
• Part of the scattering at the Tower of
Babel?
98
Origin of the Races
Race facts:
• Single biological species - Homo
sapiens sapiens.
• Race described on the basis of
skin color, hair form, facial
morphology, body proportions,
and other, less obvious traits – not
based upon genetics
99
Origin of the Races
Scientific classification
• African (groups indigenous to Africa)
• Caucasian (European populations)
• Greater Asian (Mongols, Polynesians,
Micronesians)
• Amerindian (North & South American
Indians, Eskimos)
• Australoid (Australia, Papua)
100
Biological Basis for Race
• No specific “race genes”
• Skin color – melanin (phenomelanin
and eumelanin)
• Melanin expression – controlled by
the enzyme tyrosinase
• All people have enough tyrosinase to
be very black in skin color
• Regulation of the tyrosinase
determines skin color
101
Origin of the Races
Protein polymorphisms
• 84% of all variation is found within
each racial group
• 10% of variation is found among
racial groups
• More genetic variation within
races than between them
102
Skin Color Distribution Vs. Blood Type
Relative Skin Color
equator
Type A
Type B
103
“Racial” Diversity Among Chimpanzees
Compared to Humans
Measure
Chimps
Humans
X-chromosome
0.13%
0.037%
mtDNA (MPSD)
14.8
3.4
Fst values
>2.0
0.08
Substitution rate
>0.05
0.029
Heterozygosity
3.9%
1.8%
104
Scientific Theories on the Origin
of Human Races
• Dark skin protects against
ultraviolet radiation and cancer
• Light skin allows enhanced
formation of vitamin D3
• Exception – Inuit (Eskimos)
• Selective breeding
105
Origin of Races – Conclusions
• The origin of the races was not
thought to be important enough to
put in the Bible
• Biological changes required to
produce human races are well
within those possible through
microevolutionary processes
106
Modern Humans – Comparison
of Models
Appearance
Creation
Darwinism
Fossils
Suddenly
Gradual
Culture
Rapid
Gradual
Location
Descent
Single site Many sites?
None
Unknown
ancestor
107
Summary
• Modern humans originated recently
from a small population at a single
geographic location
• Modern culture and religious
expression appeared suddenly and
dramatically
• Modern humans are not descended
from Neandertal, H. erectus or any
other identifiable bipedal hominid
108
Conclusions
• Naturalistic explanations fail to explain
the origin of modern man
• Supernatural creation is a superior
model for understanding man’s origin
• The races of man likely originated
from selective breeding and not a
supernatural act, although they may
have been the indirect result of the
scattering at the tower of Babel
109