• Check in homework – “The 1920’s Bring
Social Change”
• Go over homework
• Begin PPT “Manners and Morals Change”
Manner and Morals
Change in the 1920’s
WW I brought many changes
Two ways of life exist in America
Rural and Urban
City people & small town rural people
• Standards of conduct were more relaxed in the
cities
• City people were more tolerant of drinking and
gambling
• Social relations between men and women were
less carefully regulated
• Small town people believed city life would lead
to moral decay
• City people felt behavior was matter of personal
choice rather than public decision
City life was exciting
• Many things to do: museums, art exhibits, plays,
athletic events, trade expositions
• New ideas in science were examined and
accepted in the cities
• People were judged by their accomplishments
rather than their social background
• Young men and women went to cities to find
jobs
• After WW I, the United States was becoming an
urban nation
Crystal Lake, IL
a rural community
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During the late 1800's and early 1900's, Crystal Lake enjoyed nationwide
fame through the manufacturing of architectural terra cotta and TECO
pottery. Downtown Crystal Lake has several buildings adorned with locally
produced terra cotta.
Ice harvesting was also big business in Crystal Lake during this time,
shipping ice by rail to nearby Chicago. The advent of refrigeration brought
about the decline of the ice business.
Crystal Lake served as a favorite vacation and weekend spot for many
Chicagoans. They arrived regularly by train to stay at the resort hotels at or
near the lake.
Some prominent citizens chose Crystal Lake as their full time home.
Charles S. Dole, of Amour and Dole, was one of them, building an elaborate
mansion on 1,000 acres overlooking the lake.
The mansion was later used as headquarters for several ice companies.
After laying vacant for several years, the property was sold in 1922 to the
Lake Development Company with Mrs. Al "Lou" Ringling as one of the
principal investors. She was the widow of the oldest Ringling Brother, of
circus fame.
The mansion was rejuvenated, the huge annex was constructed and thus
the property was converted into the first Crystal Lake Country Club.
A Good Place To Live
Crystal Lake City Hall
Dole Mansion
Train Depot brought visitors to
Crystal Lake
Crystal Lake was a Resort town
Crystal Lake
Crystal Lake Beach
Crystal Lake Fire Department
Fun times on the Fox River another
vacation spot in McHenry County
Summer Fun
Ski Jump
Crystal Lake Grade School
Crystal Lake Bank
Unpaved roads in McHenry
County
New York City
Fifth Avenue New York City
City tenement dwellers
1922 Miss America Contestants
City people going on a -
Sunday Drive
1925
Clash over religious matters
in Dayton, Tennessee
Teacher tried for teaching evolution in his
biology class
• John T. Scopes was tried for teaching evolution
in his high school biology class
• Tennessee law forbid the teaching of evolution Darwin’s theory that humans evolved from lower
life forms (apes)
• Fundamentalists (Creationists) who believe in a
literal interpretation of the Bible were furious
since they believed in the Bible’s Creation story
(6 days 1 day of rest)
• Today this is referred to as Intelligent Design
• ACLU – American Civil Liberties Union hired the
defense attorney(s) for Scopes
• The case was suppose to hinge on a teacher’s
freedom to teach
• Clarence Darrow – defense attorney
• Wm. Jennings Bryan – special prosecutor
William Jennings Bryan
1860 - 1925
• Ran for president 3 times as a Democrat
• Secretary of State 1913-1915
• Cared deeply about equality, worried that
Darwin’s theories were being used by
supporters of a growing eugenic movement that
advocated the sterilization of “inferior stock”
• Evolution would also undermine the traditional
religious values
• Bryan and his followers succeeded in getting 15
states to ban the teaching of evolution.
• Died six days after the trial
Williams Jennings Bryan
• In 1920, he told the World Brotherhood
Congress the theory of evolution was "the most
paralyzing influence with which civilization has
had to deal in the last century" and that
Nietzsche, in carrying the theory of evolution to
its logical conclusion, "promulgated a philosophy
that condemned democracy,... denounced
Christianity,... denied the existence of God,
overturned all concepts of morality,... and
endeavored to substitute the worship of the
superhuman for the worship of Jehovah."
Clarence Darrow
1857 - 1938
• Corporate lawyer before becoming a labor
lawyer and later a criminal lawyer
• Chicago attorney who also had an office in
Harvard, IL for a brief time
• Famous “Leopold and Loeb” case where
two wealthy Chicago teenagers (19 & 18)
were accused of kidnapping and killing a
14-year-old boy
• Darrow argued against the death penalty
for the teens and got them a life sentence.
Clarence Darrow
• He began taking criminal cases, because he had
become convinced that what we are used to
describing as 'the criminal-justice system' was a
gigantic fraud that ruined real people's lives
because they had no representation capable of
defending them properly against it.
• “I am an agnostic; I do not pretend to know what
many ignorant men are sure of”.
• He was 70 when he defended Scopes
Jury and Judge
John T. Scopes
?
Bryan
Darrow
The Trial and the result
• Reporters and photographers from big cities
came to make fun of rural values and made the
trial look like a circus
• The trial became a battle of wits between
fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan, the
special prosecutor and the agnostic defense
attorney, Clarence Darrow
• Scopes was found guilty and fined $100
• The verdict was later set aside by the
Tennessee Supreme Court on a technicality
Commentary showing both views
Ballyhoo
Media Hype
Agnostic – one who
believes that God
can be neither proved
nor disproved
Notice the
Science branch
Anti-evolution organization
Clarence Darrow & Wm. Jennings Bryan
Crowd at the actual trial
Political cartoon
1925
States pass “anti”
Laws
Such as teaching
evolution
Monkey’s view of humanity
Chicago Defender 1925
The Scopes trial had its
origins in a conspiracy.
A trial in Dayton, TN
would put it on the map
and help the town whose
population had dropped
from 3,000 in the 1890’s
to 1,800 in 1925. The
Conspirators (some who
hated the law against the
teaching of evolution)
asked Scopes (who was
already violating the law
by teaching evolution)
if he was willing to stand
for a test case. He
agreed.
Political commentary
Prohibition
The noble experiment
An example of legislating (making
laws) about morality (values) which
did not allow people to use alcohol
Anti-Saloon League leaflet
Prohibition - 18th Amendment
1/16/1920
Dumping alcohol
• Reasons for prohibition – caused corruption,
Prohibition:
theaccidents
NobleonExperiment
crime, child abuse,
the job, etc
• Women and prohibition – many saw drinking
as a sin
• Use of Alcohol did decrease during prohibition
• Speakeasies – places where illegal liquor was
sold
• Bootlegger – provider of illegal liquor
Al Capone
Chicago gangster
and bootlegger
bagman
You could still get a prescription for
alcohol from a physician
Breaking up stills
Controversy over Prohibition
Twenty-first (21st) Amendment
1933 repeals prohibition
Celebration 1933
Prohibition ends
Reasons for the repeal
• Organized crime grew
• Disrespect for the law increased
• Law too expensive to enforce (rise in
taxes)
• Many felt prohibition invaded their
individual rights
Women’s Suffrage
Winning the Vote
(suffrage means to vote)
Women Struggle for the vote
Men had to vote to give women the vote –
there was a great deal of opposition
Alice Paul & Lucy Burns started a
series of parades and protests
Militant women picketed the
White House during WW I
(1917)
Nineteenth Amendment
August 26, 1920
• Some states like Wyoming had already
given women the vote
• The Anthony (19th) Amendment gave all
women the vote
• Women could now be elected to public
office
• Women took new jobs but did not receive
equal pay
Women exercising their right to vote
The emancipated women
Flappers
Short skirts and bobbed hair
drinking and smoking in public
during prohibition
Flaming Youth
Flappers cross the Mexican border
Many were shocked by the new
emancipated women
Women Enjoyed New Careers
Working women
Professional women with President
Calvin Coolidge
Immigrant women working in a
tenement
New jobs often required a higher
education – University women
Flying Flappers Jazz Band
Parisian Red Heads Jazz Band
Margaret Sanger
started the first birth control clinic
• She witnessed her
mothers slow death after
18 pregnancies and 11
live births
• She became an
obstetrical nurse in the
slums of New York City
• Violated national laws by
giving women and men
information about
reproduction
The American Birth Control League
becomes Planned Parenthood in 1942
Margaret Sanger Quotes
“No women can call
herself free who does not
own and control her own
body”
“No women can call
herself free until she can
choose consciously
whether she will or will
not be a mother”
After her arrest and arraignment
She left for Europe to avoid serious
criminal charges also due to her
political activities as a Socialist
African American move to northern cities
during WW I
During WW I many blacks moved to
northern cities to work in factories
• 1.8 million blacks moved north
• Blacks faced considerable prejudice,
discrimination, and racism in their new
surroundings
• Blacks competed with white workers for
the same jobs and were often used as
strikebreakers in northern industries
Chicago Race Riot 1919
• It was 96 degrees
• While swimming, a black
youth strayed into the
designated white swimming
area
• He was struck in the head
by a rock thrown by a white
man
• This incident started a riot
that lasted for 4 days
• 23 blacks & 15 whites died
leaving over 500 injured
Chicago – Lake Shore Drive
Racial tensions were already high in Chicago –
The result was the Chicago Commission on Race
Relations to investigate and suggest ways to
improve race relations in Chicago
The start of the riot
Brick-wielding whites in pursuit of
a black victim - 1919
White gangs or “athletic clubs”
actively participated in the riots
without any being arrested
White men stoning a
black man to death
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
W.E.B. Du Bois
• Educator & writer
• One of the founders
of the NAACP in 1909
• Encouraged black
people to strive for
higher education and
equality
Booker T. Washington
• Principal of the Tuskegee
Institute in Tuskegee,
Alabama
• His non-threatening racial
views, blacks should not
push to attain equal civil and
political rights, was popular
with whites
• Du Bois accused him of
educating blacks only to be
artisans and farmers
First black to dine at the
White House with President
Teddy Roosevelt
Marcus Garvey
• Led the back to Africa
movement
• Coined the phrase “Black is
Beautiful”
• To finance his colonization
scheme he collected money
through the mail to start a
steamship company
• Jailed for mail fraud
• Deported to England when
he was released
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
• Writer, educator, lecturer,
and community organizer
• 1884 she refused to ride in
the “Jim Crow” (segregated)
black railroad car and was
dragged out of the first-class
white car
• Crusaded for a federal antilynching (hanging) law
In 1927 400 blacks were lynched, 10 while wearing their WW I uniforms
Harlem Renaissance
• Nickname given to the black cultural and
creative movement that developed in slum
areas such as Harlem in New York City
• Great achievements were made in
literature, art, music, dance, and drama
• Jazz found its way from New Orleans to
Chicago spreading quickly through the
nation
Stars of the Harlem Renaissance
Louis Armstrong
Bessie Smith
Duke Ellington
Langston Hughes
author
Popular culture changes
Educating Immigrants
Prior to the 1920’s most children attended
School only through the Eighth grade
Expanded news coverage
Tabloids provided ballyhoo or media hype –
insignificant events blown out of proportion
Red Grange
First weekly newsmagazine
Ladies Home Journal
advertisement 1928
Charles A. Lindbergh
He made the first solo flight
from New York to Paris in 1927
Athletes
Babe Ruth
Jack Dempsey
Bobby Jones
Bill Tilden
Red Grange
Women Athletes
Helen Wills tennis champion
Gertrude Ederle swam the English Channel
Young women participating in
sports
Man-of-War
Horse racing was a popular spectator sport
Actresses
Clara Bow the “It” girl
She had it - sex appeal!!
Mary Pickford
America’s Sweetheart
Clara Bow – the “It” girl
Precode movie industry
Actors
Rudolph Valentino and
Gloria Swanson
Charlie Chaplin
the Little tramp
Al Jolson starred in the first talkie
The Jazz Singer
Materialism
• The single minded pursuit of money and
possessions
• The 1920’s had brought massive
industrialization and the opportunity to
purchase many new products and to make
money
• Authors of the period criticized materialism
Authors of the 1920’s
• Sinclair Lewis – First American to win the Nobel
Prize for literature – outspoken critic of the
1920’s (Main Street & Babbitt)
• F. Scott Fitzgerald – known as the spokesman
for the “Jazz Age” as he revealed the negative
side of the 1920’s gaiety and freedom (The
Great Gatsby)
• Ernest Hemingway – wounded during WWI he
became the best known “expatriate author”. In A
Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of
war