Detect and Simulate Vegetation, Surface
Temperature, Rainfall and Aerosol Changes:
From Global to Local
Menglin Jin
Department of Meteorology,
Univ. of Maryland, College Park
• Examples from EOS MODIS remote
sensing
. Project 1: Global Skin Temperature
variation
• Project 2: Urbanization impacts
• Project 3: Simulate urbanization in
GCM
NASA EOS
Terra
Launched December 18, 1999
MODIS
MOPITT
ASTER
MISR
CERES
MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS)
• NASA, Terra & Aqua
– launches 1999, 2002
– 705 km polar orbits, descending (10:30
a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.)
• Sensor Characteristics
– 36 spectral bands ranging from 0.41 to
14.385 µm
– cross-track scan mirror with 2330 km
swath width
– Spatial resolutions:
 250 m (bands 1 - 2)
 500 m (bands 3 - 7)
 1000 m (bands 8 - 36)
– 2% reflectance calibration accuracy
– onboard solar diffuser & solar diffuser
stability monitor
Terra/MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness
(Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, D. A. Chu, L. A. Remer et al. – NASA GSFC,
University of Lille)
Fine mode
Level-3 Monthly
September 2000
ta (0.55 µm)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Terra/MODIS Aerosol Optical Thickness
May 4, 2001
1535 UTC
0.8
sunglint
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
King et al. (2003)
Aerosol Optical Thickness
1.0
Terra/MODIS Cloud Optical Thickness
(M. D. King, S. Platnick et al. – NASA GSFC)
Level-3 Monthly
August 2001
tc
70
10
1
King et al. (2003)
MODIS Land Cover Classification
0 Water
6 Closed Shrublands
12 Croplands
1 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
7 Open Shrublands
13 Urban and Built-Up
2 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
8 Woody Savannas
14 Cropland/Natural Veg. Mosaic
3 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
9 Savannas
15 Snow and Ice
4 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
10 Grasslands
5 Mixed Forests
11 Permanent Wetlands
16 Barren or Sparsely
Vegetated
17 Tundra
Project1: Urbanization impact on globe and regional
Climate
Jin and Zhang 2003, submitted to JGR
A Development of Population Density
Copied from web
A Development of Population Density
1800
Wielicki et al. (2002)
A Development of Population Density
1990
Wielicki et al. (2002)
A Development of Population Density
1998
Wielicki et al. (2002)
Urbanization impacts
•Urbanization is one extreme example of human-induced
land cover/land use change. Studying urban climate answers
how and how much human affects climate and how
the nature responds
Globally, urban population is expected to be 60% in 2030, compared to
47% in 2000 and 30% in 1950.
Goal: to better simulate urban in land surface model
•Need to better understand urban from new observations
Urban heat Island
•Use skin temperature
instead of 2m surface air
temperature
(Jin et al. 1997, Jin 1999
Jin and Dickinson 2000, 2002)
•Combine land cover,
albedo, skin temperature
to identify urban heat island
New York
Urban heat Island –Urban Index
Urban heat Island –Global Zonal Average, night time
Urban regions modify
Surface Albedo
and Emissivity
Albedo
Emissivity
Consequently, urban changes surface energy budget
Urban Regions Modify Air Conditions
MODIS
Aerosol Optical Depth
Urban Regions Modifies Air Conditions
AERONET GISS site observed aerosol weekly cycle
Urban Regions Modifies Air Conditions
Weekly Cycle of Urban Cloud Optical Depth
Urban Regions Modifies Air Conditions
Weekly cycle of cloud Water Path
Urban Regions Modifies Air Conditions
Weekly cycle of clouds particle size
November 2002
Urban Regions Modifies Air Conditions
Weekly cycle of clouds particle size
November 2002
Project1: Urbanization impact on globe and regional
Climate
Jin and Zhang 2003, submitted to JGR
Urbanization Impact of Maryland
Maryland Population Change from 1980-1990
Maryland Population (1980-1999) Estimated
47
81
46
8
51
71
63
4
5500000
4500000
42
16
97
5
5000000
4000000
3500000
3000000
1980
1983
1986
1989
Ye ar
1992
1995
1998
Maryland Population, 1960-2000
Total
Change
Percent Change
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
3,100,689
3,923,897
4,216,975
4,781,468
5,296,486
823,208
293,078
564,493
515,018
26.5%
7.5%
13.4%
10.8%
Historical Resident Population
(1860-2000)
Population Density
People per square mile,
1990:
489.2
People per square mile,
2000:
541.9
Virginia Population (1980-1999) Estimated
6000000
6000000
68
6500000
35
8
6500000
87
7000000
46
5500000
81
46
8
51
71
5500000
53
63
4
81
8
61
7000000
72
91
2
Maryland Population (1980-1999) Estimated
97
5
16
4500000
42
4500000
5000000
47
5000000
4000000
4000000
3500000
3500000
3000000
3000000
1980
1983
1986
1989
Year
1992
1995
1998
1980
1983
1986
1989
Year
1992
1995
1998
TRMM Rainfall Observations
June 1998
June 2001
June 1999
June 2002
Inter-annual monthly rainfall
Vegetation NDVI and LAI
NDVI – Normalized Dimentionless Vegetation Index
NDVI reflects Greenness of surface
LAI – Leaf Area Index
LAI reflects vegetation density, coverage
AVHRR observed NDVI difference
Maryland aerosol variations
Aerosol optical depth for June 2000
Maryland aerosol variations
Optical Depth for June 2001
Maryland aerosol variations
MODIS optical depth for June 2002
Maryland aerosol variations
Project1: Urbanization impact on globe and regional
Climate
Jin and Zhang 2003, submitted to JGR
Urbanization Impact of Maryland
Project 2: Global Land Skin Temperature Changes
Global
Variations
Trend
of Mean
global Skin
land Temperature
surface Skin Temperature
Regional Change of Land Skin Temperature
AVHRR
Regional Change of Land Skin Temperature
Project1: Urbanization impact on globe and regional
Climate
Jin and Zhang 2003, submitted to JGR
Urbanization Impact of Maryland
Project 2: Global Land Skin Temperature Changes
Project 3: Simulate urbanization in land surface
model
Modeling Urban Land-Atmosphere Interactions
Principal Investigator:
Co-Investigator:
Dr. Christa D. Peters-Lidard/974
Dr. Menglin Jin, Assistant Research Scientist, Meteorology Dept, U. MD
Motivation:
•Globally, urban population is
Enhanced
expected to be 60% in 2030,
Precipitation
compared to 47% in 2000 and
Near
30% in 1950.
Houston,
Texas
•Dynamic nature of population
shifts demands application of (Shepherd and
Burian, 2002)
remotely-sensed urban
parameters and detailed
models, esp. for future mission Enhanced Sulfate
Aerosol Near
requirements
Houston,
•Develop GSFC capability to
Texas
model observed effects of
(Jin and Dickinson,
urban land-atmosphere
2002)
interactions on precipitation,
aerosols, temperatures
Project Activities
I.
Estimate Urban Land Surface
II.
Develop and Evaluate Model of Urban
Properties from Satellite and Other
Land Surface-Atmosphere Processes:
Platforms
Water, Energy, Mass, Momentum
•
Albedo, Emissivity, Heat
•
Incorporate Remotely Sensed
Capacity
Urban Land Surface Properties
•
Impervious Area, Building
•
Couple existing land surface
Height/Density, Roughness
(CLM/NOAH) and 910 internal
Lengths
boundary layer models for
application at landscape scales
(1km; Land Information System)
•
Apply and evaluate for Houston
Texas 2000 Field Campaign