The Celts: After 1000 BCE
Tribal Society & Hillforts
Tribes Related to Gauls & Germans
Kinship Groups; Community
Hillforts: 3k at least; Power
Trade, Seasonal Activity
Later Centralization
From Clans to “Monarchy”
Tribes Combining
Catuvellauni, Iceni, Brigantes
Lowland Settlements
Camulodunum, Verulamium
Religion and Women
Priest Class of Druids (Gaulish)
Nature & Seasons; Pantheism;
Sacrifice
Maiden Castle, Dorset, c. 600 BCE
From Stones & Bones to Axe-wielding Celts
Waves of Migration
Climatic Changes
Permanent Settlement
Farming
Mining
Tribal Societies vs. “Britain”
Rivaling Clans
Hierarchical Structure
Combination; Domination
Trade and Commerce
Religious & Seasonal Life
Importance of Water
Rivers, Bogs
Snettisham Torc, Norfolk, c. 75 BCE
About 1 Kilogram of Gold and Silver
Roman Britain: At the World’s Edge
Military Expedition from Gaul
False Start, 55/54 BCE
Conquest in Earnest
Massive Force, 43 CE
Success & Revolts in Provinces
Romanization of Britain
Art & Architecture
Commercial Contacts; Cities
London
Imperial Fracture and Retreat
Roman Withdrawal & Pagan Raids
Early Christianity
Two Saints and a Heretic
The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE
The First Attempt for Britannia
Julius Caesar’s Expedition
55/54 BCE; Gallic Wars
Huge Success in Gaul
Not the Same in Britain
Without Riches or Infrastructure
Previous Experience
Minimal, but Not Unknown
Existing Trade Links
Effects
Clear Military Domination
Surveyed for Later Conquest
Commercial & Political Contacts
Bust of Julius Caesar
Round 2: Britannia Conquered
Emperor Claudius’ Shot at Glory
43 CE; Military Conquest
40,000 Men (Romans and Gauls)
Swift Pace of Victory in South & East
Roman Discipline and Weaponry
British Tribes without Armor
Camulodunum/Colchester
Lincoln, 47; Gloucester, 50
Boudicca’s Revolt, 60/1
Longer Process in Wales & the North
Anglesey, 61; York, 77
Hadrian’s Wall, 120s
NB: Differences in Topography
Hadrian’s Wall: 73 Miles of Division
Remnants of Brunton Turret, Hadrian’s Wall, West of Newcastle
The Character and Extent of Romanization
Political Dominance
Gnaeus Julius Agricola
Governor from 78
Massive Military Deployment
Art & Architecture
Age of Prosperity and Peace
Baths; Villas; Mosaics
Commercial Contacts
Mineral Trade (Silver, Lead)
Agriculture, Slave Trade
Cities
Water Supply; Public Buildings
Roads Within and Between
Colchester; York
Bucklersbury Pavement, 4th Cent.
(Now in the Museum of London)
Bath
Londinium
Pre-Roman Sites along Thames
Roman Settlement, 43-50
Thames Bridged, 50
Boudicca Sacked, 60/1
City Rebuilt; Noted Capital
Governorship of Agricola
Basilica/Forum; Baths
Governor’s Palace
1st Century
Waterfront Secured
City Wall for Fortification
2nd and 3rd Centuries
International Commercial Center
The Fracture of Rome and Contraction of Empire
4th Century Weaknesses
Internal Rivalry and Splits in Rome
Military Realignments
Foundation of Empire is Expansion
(An Idle Army is an Angry Army)
4th Century Strengths
British Wealth and Trade
(c. 3.5 Million in Roman Britain)
Benefits of Romanization
Military Techniques
5th Century Consequences
Retreat of Empire Expedited by British
Revolts and Raids from Saxons & Irish
410: Emperor Honorius’ Letter
By 450: Roman Britain Over
Coin Minted with Honorius’ Image
Early British Christianity
St. Alban
Britain’s 1st Martyr, 3rd Century
Verulamium – St. Albans, Hertfordshire
St. Patrick
5th Century; from Northwest Britain
Of High Roman Family
Slave in, Missionary to Ireland
Pelagius
Britain’s 1st Heretic, c. 400
Theological Opposition to Augustine
(Original Sin & Christian Grace)
Romano-British Christianity Widespread
Constantine & Council of Nicea (325)
The Decapitation of St. Alban