ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS
DAN PROFESI
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TUJUAN PEMBAHASAN
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian,pendekatan,
prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab
pebisnis tidak beretika dalam berbisnis
POKOK BAHASAN
ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS
SUB POKOK BAHASAN
1.
2.
3.
Isu General Etika Bisnis
Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis
Isu-isu etika dan
Pendekatannya
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Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis
Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan falsafah
bisnis (Philosophy of business) dimana salahsatu
tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar
dari suatu perusahaan.
Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah
memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang
saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat dilihat
sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu perusahaan
di dalam konteks mempertimbangkan kepentingan
dan hak-hak pihak lainnya
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Isu-isu General dalam Etika
Bisnis
Isu-1: Corporate Social Responsibility atau CSR
CSR merupakan suatu istilah dimana letak hak dan
kewajiban yang bersifat etika antara perusahaan
dan masyarakat diperdebatkan,
Isu-2: Professional ethics
Etika profesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan
fenomena praktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi
yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal
(accounting scandals) .
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Isu-3: Ethics of human resource management
Etika dari Human Resource Management (HRM)
mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi antara
the employer-employee (majikan-pegawai), seperti
hak-hak dan kewajiban yang dimiliki oleh masingmasing.
CONTOH:
 isu-isu discrimination termasuk diskiminasi berdasar
usia (ageism), gender, ras, agama, disability
people/penyandang cacat, berat badan dan
penampilan, sexual harrassment.
 Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja
dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: union busting, strike
breaking.
 Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja
>> workplace surveillance, drug testing.
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Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketing
• Pemasaran yang jauh melampaui informasi utama
tentang produk dan akses ke suatu produk akan
mencari celah memanipulasi nilai-nilai dan perilaku
orang/konsumen
Pada taraf tertentu masyarakat dapat menerimanya,
tapi dimana garis etika ditetapkan?
Etika pemasaran tumpangtindih secara ketat dengan
media ethics, karena pemasaran menggunakan media
besar-besaran. Namun, media ethics adalah suatu topik
besar dan di luar cakupan etika bisnis
(Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming).
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Isu-5: Ethics of production
Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu
perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses
produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.
Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari
fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu derajad bahaya dalam
suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit
untuk mendefinisikan suatu derajat yang dapat
dibenarkan, atau derajad pembenaranyya akan
tergantung pada perubahan kondisi dari teknologi atau
perubahan persepsi sosial atau penerimaaan tingkat
resiko.
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Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skills
Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan sesuatu
yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak mudah menjadi
obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan.
Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih besar
terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan yang
melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu sendiri.
Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau perusahaan
yang menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi
medis dari tanaman tersebut yang memiliki hak
inelektual?
 Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak
kepemilikan dan etika bisnis menimbulkan
perselisihan tentang kepemilikan tersebut (HAKI)
Batik, Tempe, Tahu, patung bali.
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Isu-isu Teoritis dalam Etika Bisnis
1. Konflik Kepentingan
Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam perspektif,
termasuk perspektif karyawan, perusahaan komersial,
dan masyarakat sebagai suatu keseluruhan.
Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik antara
satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan terhadap
kepentingan satu pihak adalah merugikan/merusak
kepentingan pihak lain.
sebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu mungkin
sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak
buruk bagi perusahaan atau bagi masyarakat, atau
kebalikannya
Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN
UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI
PENYEIMBANG dan REKONSILIASI KONFLIK
KEPENTINGAN ( Henry Sidgwick)
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Ethical issues and approaches (1)
Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a
business in society.
For example, some suggest that the principal
purpose of a business is to maximize returns to
its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded
concern, its shareholders.
Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase
profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged.
Some believe that the only companies that are likely to
survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place
profit maximization above everything else.
However, some point out that self interest would still require
a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules,
because the consequences of failing to do so could be very
costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation.
The economist Milton Friedman was a leading proponent of
this view.
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Ethical issues and approaches (2)
Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend
well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and
that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law.
They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called
stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the
business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the
local community, or even society as a whole.
They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to
how the business operates, and some would even suggest that this
even includes rights of governance.
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Ethical issues and approaches (3)
Some theorists have adapted social contract theory to
business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic
associations, and employees and other stakeholders are
given voice over a company's operations.
This approach has become especially popular subsequent
to the revival of contract theory in political philosophy,
which is largely due to John Rawis' A Theory of Justice,
and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to
solving business problems, an aspect of the “quality
movement" that emerged in the 1980s.
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Contract Theory
Professors Thomas Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee
proposed a version of contract theory for business, which
they call Integrative Social Contracts Theory.
They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by
formulating a "fair agreement" between the parties, using
a combination of:
macro-principles that all rational people would agree
upon as universal principles, and,
micro-principles formulated by actual agreements
among the interested parties. Critics say the
proponents of contract theories miss a central point,
namely, that a business is someone's property and not
a mini-state or a means of distributing social justice.
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Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply
with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural
standards, as in the case of multinational companies that
operate in countries with varying practices.
The question arises, for example, ought a company to
obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow the
less stringent laws of the developing country in which it
does business?
To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from
paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however,
in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary,
accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can
occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work
hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental
protection laws.
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Business ethics in the field
Corporate ethics policies
As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics
programs, many companies have formulated internal policies
pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees.
These policies can be simple exhortations in broad, highlygeneralized language (typically called a corporate ethics
statement), or they can be more detailed policies, containing
specific behavioral requirements (typically called corporate
ethics codes).
They are generally meant to identify the company's
expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling
some of the more common ethical problems that might arise
in the course of doing business.
It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater
ethical awareness, consistency in application, and the
avoidance of ethical disasters.
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To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that an ethics
policy should be:
Given the unequivocal support of top
management, by both word and example.
Explained in writing and orally, with periodic
reinforcement.
Doable....something employees can both
understand and perform (able to be done or
achieved).
Monitored by top management, with routine
inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do
something) and improvement.
Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the
case of disobedience.
Remain neutral and nonsexist.
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Ethics officers
Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business
conduct officers") have been appointed formally by
organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for the
creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption and
abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry at that
time.
This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII),
a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical business
practices. The DII set an early benchmark for ethics
management in corporations. In 1991, the Ethics &
Compliance Officer Association (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics
Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the Center for
Business Ethics (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a
professional association for those responsible for managing
organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices. The
membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now has over 1,100
members) and was soon established as an independent
organization.
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TUGAS KELOMPOK
Issues regarding the moral rights and duties
between a company and its shareholders
1. Stakeholders concept vs Sharegolder concept.
2. Hostile take-overs vs Industrial espionage (Ethical issues
concerning relations between different companies)
3. Corporate governance vs Political Contributions made by
corporations (Leadership issues)
4. Corporate Manslaughter ( Law reform, such as the ethical
debate over introducing a crime of)
5. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing
instruments
The misuse of corporate ethics policies
as marketing instruments
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BAHAN BACAAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Amartya Sen. 1991 . On Ethics & Economics. Basil
Blackwell Ltd. UK
A.Sonny Keraf. 1998 . Etika Bisnis. Pustaka Filsafat.
Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta
Ketut Rinjin. 2004 . Etika Bisnis dan Implementasinya.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta
Laura Hartman, Burr Ridge, 2004. Perspectives in
Business Ethics,, IL: McGraw-Hill.
Robby I.Chandra. 1995 . Etika Dunia Bisnis. Penerbit
Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Sterling Harwood, Belmont, CA, 1996. Business as Ethical
and Business as Usual, : Wadsworth Publishing.
Sudiro Suprapto. 2005. Etika : Rahasia Sukses Manajer
Masa Depan. Progres. Jakarta.
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