Europe in 1800
T he Rise of Napoleonic France:
a Nov. 1799  Napoleon overthrows the Directory
a Dec. 1799 French voters overwhelmingly
approve Napoleon’s new constitution.
a 1800  Napoleon founds the Bank of France
a 1801  France defeats Austria and acquires
Italian & German territories in the Treaty of
Lunéville ; Napoleon signs Concordat with the
Pope
a 1802 Napoleon named consul for life; France
signs Treaty of Amiens with Britain
T he Rise of Napoleonic France (cont.):
a Dec. 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor;
enacts Civil Code of laws (Code Napoleon)
a Oct. 1805 Britain defeats the French and
Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar
a Dec. 1805  Napoleon defeats Austria and
Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz
a 1807  Napoleon redraws the map of Europe in
the treaties of Tilsit
a 1810 Napoleon’s Grand Empire reaches its
height
Napoleon Crossing the Alps – Two Versions
Jacques Louis-David (1800)
Paul Delaroche (1848)
“Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the
Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David
December 2, 1804
“Napoleon on His
Imperial T hrone”
1806
By Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
T he Imperial Image
Napoleon’s Grand Empire in 1810
Napoleon’s Family Rules!
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
e Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
e Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
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e
e
e
German Caricature
of Napoleon
1813
J. M . Voltz
How should History view Napoleon?
Enlightened Despot
Cruel Dictator
T he A ge of Napoleon (1799-1814)
ENLIGHTENED 
 DICTATOR
Bank of France (1800)
Civil Code (1804)
Concordat of 1801
Amnesty for émigrés
Disillusioned
Revolutionaries
recruited as
prefects, mayors &
gov’t ministers
e Lycée system of
schools
e Efficient tax system
(no exemptions)
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
Use of propaganda
No real elections
Women lost rights
Trade unions banned
Civil liberties reduced
Censorship 
newspapers closed
e Secret police (Fouché)
e Subversive citizens
detained w/o trial
e Armies viewed as
invaders not liberators
T he Downfall of Napoleon:
a 1806-7 Napoleon puts the Continental System
into effect
a 1808 Napoleon puts brother Joseph on Spanish
throne; begins the Peninsular War (a.k.a. “The
Spanish Ulcer”)
a June 1812 Napoleon invades Russia with
600,00 men
a Fall-Winter 1812 Napoleon makes disastrous
retreat from Russia
T he Downfall of Napoleon (cont.):
a March 1814 Russia, Prussia, Austria &
Britain form the Quadruple Alliance to
defeat France.
a April 1814 Napoleon abdicates and is exiled
to Elba
a Feb. - June, 1815 Napoleon escapes from
Elba & rules France for 100 days.
a June 18, 1815 Napoleon is defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo
a 1815 - 21 Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
where he dies
T he Continental System
“T hird of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)
Napoleon’s Retreat
from Moscow
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
“T he War of the 7th Coalition”
1815: France 
Napoleon’s
“100 Days”
 Britain, Russia.
Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller
German states
e Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on
March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days.
e Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the
Austrians.
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Duke
of
Wellington
Prussian
General
Blücher
Napoleon
on His Way
to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena