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SOCIO-CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Anil Kumar Gupta
Gyan Laxmi Shrestha
Shiva Hari Adhikari
Coverage
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Social structure and social systems
 Socio-cultural diversity profile
 Diversity as an asset
 Diversity dynamism
 Issues of diversity management and
national integration
 Nation, nationality and social bond

Social Structure and Social Systems
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
What is structure?

What is system?
Social Structure and Social Systems
4

Social structure refers to:
A) statuses and roles
B) a value
C) the way the units of a group or
society relate to one another
Social Structure and Social Systems
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
Which of the following is a unit of the
social structure?
A) a status
B) group, institution, association and
organization
C) all of the above
Social Structure and Social Systems
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
An organization means
A) co-ordination of social relationships
B) co-ordination of parts
C) certain positions
Social Structure and Social Systems
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
State whether the following
statements are true or false:
A) A social system is an orderly and
systematic arrangement of social
interaction
B) Social system has no sub-system
Social Structure and Social Systems
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
State whether the following statements are
true or false:
A) Social system is not based on
interaction of plurality
B) Social system is unrelated to cultural
system
C) There is a functional relationship
between the parts of a social system
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Socio-Cultural Diversity Profile
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




Close your eyes
Imagine that everyone in the room is same
 Same hair
 Same height
 Same weight
 Same gender
Everyone dresses the same and sounds the same
Now open your eyes, look around.
What do you see?
Sex Composition
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Sex Ratio of Nepal
105
106
104
101.4
102
99.5
100
98
96.8
99.8
97.3
96
94.2
94
92
90
88
1952/54
1961
1971
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
1981
1991
2001
2011
Age Composition
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Age Composition, Nepal
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Below 15 year
15-59 year
1991
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
2001
2011
60+ year
Population Pyramid
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Urban/Rural Population
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Census Year
Urban Centers
Urban Pop (%)
Rural Pop (%)
1961
16
3.6
96.4
1971
16
4.0
96
1981
23
6.4
93.6
1991
33
9.2
90.8
2001
58
13.9
86.1
2011
58
17.1
82.9
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
Ethnic/Caste Composition
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Ethnic /Caste
Groups
1991 (%)
2001(%)
2011 (%)
16.05
15.8
16.6
Hill Brahmin
13
12.7
12.2
Magar
7.2
7.1
7.1
Tharu
6.5
6.8
6.6
Tamang
5.8
5.6
5.8
Newar
5.6
5.6
5
Kami
5.2
4
4.8
Yadav
4.1
4
4
Musalman
Rai Kiranti
3.5
3
4.3
2.8
4.4
2.3
Chhetri
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
Religion Composition
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Religion
1991
2001
2011
Hindu
86.51
80.62
81.3
Buddhist
7.78
10.74
9
Islam
3.53
4.2
4.4
Kirat
1.72
3.6
3.1
Christian
0.17
0.45
1.4
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
Language Composition
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Religion
1991
2001
2011
Nepali
50.31
48.61
44.6
Maithali
11.85
12.30
11.7
Bhojpuri
7.46
7.53
5.9
Tharu
5.37
5.86
5.77
Tamang
4.89
5.19
5.11
Newar
3.73
3.63
3.2
Bajjika
-
1.05
2.99
Urdhu
1.09
0.77
2.61
Doteli
-
-
2.97
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
Education Composition
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2001(%)
Sex
1991 (%)
2011 (%)
Male
54.5
65.5
76.0
Female
25.0
42.8
57.8
Total
39.6
54.1
66.0
Locations
Male (%)
Female (%)
Total (%)
Maximum (Kathmandu)
92
80
86
Minimum (Rautahat)
51
32
42
Sources: CBS, 2001 and 2011
Different Schools of Thought
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Diversity as a problem
 Diversity as an asset


Exercise
Work in group/pair
You will get 7 minutes
Present in plenary
Dimension of Diversity
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Primary vs Secondary Dimension
 Qualitative vs Quantitative Dimension

Diversity Dynamism
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Game: D & D
Problems of National Integration
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Under-representation
 Discrimination on different ground
 Illiteracy
 Regional disparities/uneven development process
 Social inequalities
 Regionalism: Internal and International
 International domination and ideology

Diversity Management and
National Integration
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Exclusion: an obstacle to open and healthy
communication between different ethnic,
linguistic, religious, and cultural group
 Is inclusion the ending of exclusion, or much
more than that.
 Assimilation/Integration
 Exclusionary inclusion, assimilationist inclusion
and multicultural inclusion

Diversity Management and
National Integration
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Representation and participation
 Improving social and economic life of people in
social and political system
 Equitable society where economic equality,
prosperity, and social justice prevail
 Recognition of diverse cultures and group
identities
 Integration by changing the existing social,
economic, political and legal system

Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Dividers Vs Connectors
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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System and Institutions Vs System and Institutions
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Attitudes and Actions Vs Attitudes and Action
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Different Values and Interests Vs Shared Values and Interests
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Different Experiences Vs Common Experience
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Symbols and Occasions Vs Symbols and Occasions
Nation, Nationality and Social
Bond
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Psychological
Political
Economic
Psychological
Social
Psychological
Factors Promoting National
Integration “united we stand but divided we fall"
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Constitutional provisions
 Governmental initiatives
 Democracy
 Nation, nationality and binding factors

 Strengthening
state-people interface
 Strengthening multiculturalism
 Reducing inequality – vertical and horizontal
 Promoting balanced development
 Respecting social and cultural diversity
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Thank you