PRESENTATION ON
DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
BY
BRIG (Dr) B.K. KHANNA,
SENIOR SPECIALIST (LCD)
NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
PREVIEW
1. Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India.
2. Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters.
3. Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters.
4. Disaster Management Cycle.
5. Hazard Vulnerability of India.
6. Disaster Management Act, 2005.
7. Charter and Vision of NDMA.
8. Organisation of NDMA.
9. National Disaster Response Force.
10. Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management.
11. Conclusion.
DISTURBING TRENDS OF
DISASTERS
AND
THEIR IMPACT ON INDIA
DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ALASKA
CHINA
USA
JAPAN
INDONESIA
INDIA
AREA-WISE EVENTS (1975-2001)
IMPACT OF MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
ALASKA
CHINA
USA
JAPAN
INDONESIA
INDIA
DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTER (1975-2001)
GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS
Losses
in US $
Billion
1960’s
1970’s
1980’s
1990’s
PERIOD
Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990-1999 as International Decade
for Natural Disaster Reduction.
2. Losses 1995-1999 - Developed World – 2.5% of GDP.
- Developing World – 13.4% of GDP.
*Source www.em-dat.net
LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
(>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA
(2003 - 2005)
No of
Earthquakes
JAPAN
Ten
USA
Seven
Killed
Injured
Houses
Destroyed
Damaged
34
1048
> 496
>3553
02
59
>55
>235
MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005
YEAR
PLACES
&
DISASTER
LOSS OF LIVES
(APPROX)
LOSS OF PROPERTY
( Rs Crore) (APPROX)
1991
Uttarkashi
Earthquake
2000
2000
1993
Latur
Earthquake
9500
6000
1997
Jabalpur
Earthquake
200
5000
1999
Chamoli
Earthquake
2000
2000
1999
Orissa
S Cyclone
9887
10000
2001
Bhuj
Earthquake
14000
13400
2004
SE India
Tsunami
15000
10000
2004
Assam & Bihar
Floods
700
5000
2005
J&K
Avalanche
350
100
2005
Mah, Guj, HP,
Karnataka, T’Nadu
Floods
1569
10300
2005
J&K
Earthquakes
1336
1000
56542
64800
Total Losses of Major Disasters only
1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than
2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than
INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS
90
86
80
70
60
Losses in
Thousand
Crores
50
54
40
30
36
20
139 %
50 %
10
0
91 - 95
96 - 00
'01 - 05
PERIOD
Annual- Impact on People
1. Losses in lives - 4334.
2. People affected - 30 Million.
3. Houses lost
- 2.34 Million.
Annual- Financial Losses
Percentage of Central Revenue
(for relief) – 12%.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
INCREASING NUMBER OF
DISASTERS

Population Growth and Urban
Development

Development Practices

Climatic changes

Effect of Environmental degradation
POLAR ICE CAPS
ARE MELTING
FASTER THAN
EVER…
MORE AND MORE
LAND IS BEING
DEVASTATED BY
DROUGHT…
RISING WATERS ARE
DROWNING LOWLYING
COMMUNITIES…
VICIOUS CYCLE
BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS
AND BURNING
FORESTS RELEASE
CARBON
REDUCES OXYGEN
AND INCREASES
DROUGHT
INUNDATING LOW
COASTAL AREAS
GLOBAL
WARMING
MELTING POLAR
ICE RAISES SEA
LEVELS
NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE
DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN
ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF DESTRUCTION.
LESSONS LEARNT
FROM THE RECENT
DISASTERS
HURRICANE KATRINA (US)
DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY
“The country’s Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also
frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get
overwhelmed. Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier
things get, the fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty
develops at crucial moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead.---”
TIME, 19 September 2005
Hurricane
Impact
(Law & Order)
Loss of
Property and
Lives
CHAOS
Early warning
Overwhelmed
State
Response
Preparedness
Fed + State
24
48
Federal
96
72
Response (Fed + State )
IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING STAGE.
BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY
IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE
CYCLONES – AREA – COX BAZAAR
500000
500,000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
Losses
of
Lives
150000
138,000
100000
50000
Even when
Population
had doubled
127111
0
1970
1991 1994 1997
Remarks
1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity.
2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response
Mechanism.
Existed on Paper But,
Enforcement Lacking.
Most Crucial Responder NOT Formally Part of
Response Plan.
Technological Shortfall Many Lives Could have
Been Saved.
NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should
be “Technology Driven”.
Weakness in “Early Warning Systems” and Dissemination
of Information to Far Flung Areas.
Decision to Provide Aid :(a) Slow because of Procedures.
(b) Request from States not backed by Proper
Assessment.
States Organizations – Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid.
Disaster Response Resources at State Level –
Very Inadequate.
NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT
6.
9.
Non Availability of Specialist Equipment,
(Incl Mobile Field Hospitals).
Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised.
People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness
Campaign a Must.
Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS.
10.
Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces
7.
8.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Emergency Response
Disaster
Preparedness
Response/Relief
Rehabilitation
Prevention/
Mitigation
Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction
Post-disaster: recovery
WHAT IS A DISASTER?
DISASTER is an event which is –
-generally unpredictable,
-happens instantly or without giving enough time to react
-affecting a large number of people,
-disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale
devastation in terms of loss of life and property
-always finding the administration and affected people
struggling to respond in the desired manner and
-leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic
after effects which persist for a long time to come.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS

Natural, Man-made & Humaninduced

Disasters occur in varied forms
 Some are predictable in advance
 Some are annual or seasonal
 Some are sudden and unpredictable

Factors leading to a Disaster

Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or
Environmental, Technological Etc.
NATURAL DISASTERS
Floods

Earthquakes

Cyclones

Droughts

Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest
Fires, Avalanches etc

TIME DURATION OF NATURAL
DISASTERS
Earthquakes
Cyclones
Floods
Droughts
->
->
->
->
Seconds/minutes
Days
Days
Months
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
MITIGATION
Risk Analysis
Vulnerability
Analysis
Hazard
Assessment
Risk
Assessment
Prevention
Structural
Measures
Non-Structural
Measures
RESPONSE
Preparedness
Rescue
Warning and
Evacuation
Planning of
Disaster
Response
Relief
Note
LONG TERM
MEASURES
Rehab
Reconstruct.
&
Recovery
Being done efficiently
Needs better Planning
No Substantial Work
done so far
HAZARD
VULNERABILITY
OF INDIA
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002
Zone V MM IX or more
“ IV MM VIII
“ III MM VII
Zone II MM VI
“
I MM V or less
together now make
Zone II MM VI or less
Area under the zones
V 12%
IV 18%
III ~27%
Total damageable
~ 57%
IV
V
IV
V
V
III
III
V
WIND &
CYCLONE
HAZARD
ZONES IN
INDIA
FLOOD
HAZARD
PRONE
AREAS
OF
INDIA
LANDSLIDES
ZONATION
MAP
OF
INDIA
Severe Risk Area
High Risk Area
Moderate Risk Area
Unlikely Occurrence
1
4
10
17
3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy
Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.
*Types:
Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005
“In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in
Preparedness, Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief
and Rehabilitation and for adoption of a Holistic
Pro-active Approach to Disaster Management, a
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has
come into being by an Act of Parliament in December
2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the
NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the
Country.”
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
GOVT OF INDIA
PLANNING
COMMISSION
CABINET COMMITTEE ON
SECURITY
NDMA
/ NEC
MHA
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
OTHER MINISTRIES/
DEPARTMENTS
ARMED FORCES
CABINET COMMITTEE ON
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
CALAMITIES
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE
NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE
CENTRE
NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT
COMMITTEE
STATES/ UTs GOVTs
SDMAs
DEPARTMENT
OF HOME
MINISTRIES/
DEPARTMENTS
HOME GUARD
POLICE
CIVIL DEFENCE
FIRE SERVICES
STATE DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE
DISTRICTS
DDMAs
DEPARTMENTS
COMMUNITY
HOME GUARD
CIVIL DEFENCE
LOCAL BODIES/ AUTHORITIES
POLICE & FIRE SERVICES
COMMUNITY
CHARTER – NDMA
AND
VISION
CHARTER
1.
2.
The ‘National Authority’ shall have the responsibility for
laying down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster
Management for ensuring Timely and Effective
Response to disasters (Both Natural & Man Made).
Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the
Policy and Plans for Disaster Management.
Plan
3.
Approve
Coord
Monitor
Ensure
Implementation
International Assistance and Cooperation.
VISION
“The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster
Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive,
Multi-hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM.
This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention,
Mitigation and Preparedness to generate, a prompt and
efficient Response at the time of Disasters. The entire
process will Centre-Stage the Community and will be
provided Momentum and Sustenance through Collective
efforts of all Government Agencies and NonGovernmental Organisations.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
CHAIRMAN
(PRIME MINISTER)
CABINET COMMITTEE
CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF
NATURAL CALAMITIES
ON SECURITY
VICE CHAIRMAN
POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS
MR. K.M.
SINGH
Mr B
BHATTACHARJEE
MEMBER
MEMBER
Mrs. P.J RAO
MEMBER
LT. GEN.
JRB
MR. M.K.
MR. M. S. REDDY
MR. NVC MENON
MEMBER
MEMBER
MEMBER
MEMBER
NATIONAL EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE
SECRETARY NDMA
CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING
DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING
NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING
Financial
Advisor
Finance
Accounts
& Audits
Policies &
Plans
Policies
Plans
Mitigation &
Preparedness
Project
Formulation &
Preparedness
Project
Monitoring
International
Cooperation
Media & Public
Preparedness
Media &
Information
Community
Preparedness
CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC
NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING
Operations & Logistics
Control
Room
Logistics
Coordina
tion
Capacity Building
Strategic
Planning
& Policy
Scenario
Building
COMMUNICATIONS,SYS & KM
Communications
Operational
Commns
Logistics
Network
Systems & KM
IT &
Systems
Knowledge
Management
& IDRN
Network
NATIONAL DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
•
NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering
effective response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
•
Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC.
•
NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters.
•
The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be
deployed in anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response.
•
It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations.
•
They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be
available to them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.
•
Four Training Centres have been set up by PMF to train their respective NDRF
Battalions.
•
They will also meet the requirement of States/ UTs.
•
NDRF Battalions will impart basic training to State Disaster Response Force in
their respective locations.
NDRF BNS – REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES
(RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES
½
CHANDIGARH
Bn
GR. NOIDA
Each
PATNA (SSB)
½ Bn
GUWAHATI
KOLKATA
GANDHINAGAR
BHUBANESHWAR
PUNE
HYDERABAD
LATUR
NAGPUR
CHENNAI
LEGEND
NDRF BNs/ RMRCs
TRAINING CENTRES
APEX TRAINING CENTRE
CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH
AND RESCUE TEAM
Team Commander
(Inspector)
2 IC/ Ops Officer
(Sub Inspector)
Tech.
Support
(6)
Team A
(6)
Team B
(6)
Team C
(6)
Team D
(6)
Dog Squad
(3)
Medical
Support
Team
(3)
Adm. Support Team
(7)
Total – 45 Personnel
CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR
NBC EMERGENCIES
Team Commander
(Inspector)
Information
Officer
(Sub Inspector)
Tech.
Support
(4)
Detection &
Assessment
Cum
Evacuation
Team (6)
Dy Team
Leader
(Sub Inspector)
Rescue
And
Evacuation
Team (6)
Rescue
and
Evacuation
Team (6)
Safety
Officer
(Sub Inspector)
Decontamination
Team
(6)
Medical Unit
(6)
Adm. Support Team (7)
Total – 45 Personnel
“For Development to be
Sustainable,
Disaster Mitigation Must be
Built Into
The Planning Process”
“EVERY DISASTER
MUST BE TREATED
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY
TO BUILD BACK BETTER”
TAKE IT
IT
TAKE
ON
ON
DON’T
PASS IT
ON
HAZARD
A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for
causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
Hazards are basically grouped in two broad headings:
•
Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or biological
origin)
•
Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological
origin)
Natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological, or
geological, processes. A massive earthquake in an unpopulated area, is
a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. But when these natural
phenomena interact with the man made habitat, they may cause wide
spread damage. Then, they become hazard
VULNERABILITY
•
•
Vulnerability is defined as "The extent to which a
community, structure, service, or geographic area is
likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of
particular hazard, on account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a
disaster prone area.“
Physical vulnerability – weak buildings, bridges, service
lines, lifeline structures, production units etc.
Social & Economic vulnerability
Human losses in disasters in developing countries are
seen to be higher when compared to developed countries.
RISK
Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries,
property, economic activity etc) due to a hazard of a
particular magnitude or Intensity occurring in a given area
over a specific time period.
•
Exposure: the value and importance of the various types of
structures and lifeline systems (such as water-supply,
communication network, transportation network etc in the
community serving the population)
HAZARD –
VULNERABILITYRISK –
DISASTER
LESSONS LEARNT – HURRICANE KATRINA
“ And any time you break that cycle of Preparing, Responding, Recovering and
Mitigating, you are doomed to failure. And the policies and decision that were
implemented by DHS put FEMA on a path to failure.”
-Michael Brown,Director,FEMA
General
1. The Foremost Lesson - all Facets of Disaster Cycle should be under one Agency
and not split among Multi-facet Authorities.
Mitigation & Preparedness
2. State’s Sovereignty be maintained in all Phases of Disaster Cycle.
3. Creating Culture of Preparedness at Community level.
4. Integrated Approach (of the Civil and Military efforts) for Preparedness. Coopt
Armed Forces in Disaster Response Plan.
5. Removal of Red Tapism and Bureaucratic Approach. US National Response Plan
is elaborate but Failed to Deliver. Need to Rewrite Rationale Response Plan to
include, conduct of mock drills periodically, state-of-the-art system in supply
chain management of relief supplies and inventory tracking.
6.
Training and Equipping of Central Response Force duly backed by trained teams
from Armed Forces
7.
Safe Houses . Identify shelters, for accommodating evacuees, both in Govt and
Private Sector, during Emergencies.
8.
Establishment of a Homeland Security University. On the lines of National
Defence University, for General Awareness, Training and Research.
9.
Use of Experts to find solutions to disaster related issues.
Communications
10. Failure within the DHS and in Communicating Relevant Information to Public, for
Early Warning, resulting in all available Federal Assets not being utilised. Need
to develop a more Comprehensive Emergency Communication System, to
ensure Survivability, Operability, Inter-Operability and Redundancy.
Response
11. Disaster Response Group at Central level to resolve disagreements
on Employment of Resources. This Group should also act as Single
Window Assistance Access for public.
12. Security of Assets by employing Local Law Enforcing Force for Law and Order.
13. Coordination, between:
(a)
Search & Rescue and Medical Teams.
(b)
State and Central Response Teams
(c)
Local (Distt), State and Central Response Teams, to have inter-operable
Communication Network.
(d)
At State level, Volunteer Coordinators in` State Emergency Operation
Centre, for coordinating Volunteer Efforts, like Debris Clearance, etc.
Integrated Command at field level – local Response Units (National
Guards) and Active Duty Forces (ex Armed Forces) to work in tandem.
Mobile Command Field Centre near disaster site (not 80 km away
in Baton Rouge like during Katrina).
14. Need for National Emergency Operation Centre at DHS. DHS to have
a National Emergency Operations Centre, in addition to White House
Situation Room, regardless of whether President & the Secretary DHS are
in same place, to maintain flow of information from one agency.
15. Integrated Response. Civil and military assets to be combined and
employed as one resource and NOT in a graduated manner.
(e)
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach.
2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National
Developmental Programmes.
3. Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster.
4. Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and
Capacity Building.
5. Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for
Mass Education and Awareness.
6. Upgradation of the Key Responders.
STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts
and States.
8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems.
9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response.
10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors.
11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods &
Cyclones.
12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and
International Level.
POLICY FORMULATION
TEAM COMPOSTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Concerned Member of Authority.
Concerned Ministry – Representative.
Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments Representatives.
Project Team (When Study ordered on the
Subject).
Advisors/Experts.
Leading National (Academic – IITs) Institutions.
Secretarial Support
7.
Additional Secretary.
8.
Joint Secretary Planning.
9.
DDG Strategic Planning.