Class 23: History of
Ann T. Orlando
22 March 2006
th
19
C
Introduction
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Napoleon
Political History of 19th C
Latin America After Napoleon
Napoleon (1769-1821)
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Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France
Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist
 Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797)
 Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798)
In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon
declares himself First Consular (1799)
 Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800)
Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804)
 Napoleon invades Russia 1812
Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent
into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne
Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at
Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815
Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821
www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2
070.htm
Napoleon: Relations with Church
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Social: Napoleonic Code
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Concordat of 1801
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Supports divorce
Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore
‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on
Monarchy
Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who
did not
Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them
Clergy paid by state
Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682
In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church
Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808
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Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive
Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope
Effect of Pius VII Stance Against
Napoleon
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Re-established moral authority of Church,
even for non-Catholics
Many people convert to Catholicism
Re-established Jesuits in 1814
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Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g.,
Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham)
Renewed appreciation for Catholic
intellectual life
Congress of Vienna (1815)
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After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England,
Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore
Europe as it was before Napoleon
Prince Klemens von Metternich
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The architect of the Congress of Vienna,
His main goal was to support conservative governments in
Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to
prevent another power dominating Europe as had France.
The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria,
Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple
Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace
settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he
other.
Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy
France After Napoleon
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Brief restoration of monarchy
Revolution 1848
French Republics
Two powerful competing groups of Catholics
in France
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Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild
French unity and culture; return to throne and altar
Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary
French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism;
individual freedom, democracy
England
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19
C
George I Hanover
George III reigns 1760-1820
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American Revolution
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Queen Victoria 1837-1901
 During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly
important relative to monarchy
 By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of
Government
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England becomes dominant world power
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“The sun never sets on the British crown”
Holy Roman Empire
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Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman
Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of
Germany
After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815,
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Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous
states
Revolution of 1848
Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national
German government 1859
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King as figure head
Italy
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17th and 18th C various Italian States split between
Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal
States
19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon
political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores
Papal States
Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification
 King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader
1861
 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes
unification
Late
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Wealthy landowners
In conflict with Peninsulares over governance
Mid-level clergy
Mestizo: mixed Spanish/Portuguese and Indian
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High level Ecclesial and Civil authorities
Usually did not remain in Latin America; post stepping
stoen to higher office in ‘old’ world
Criollos: descendants of earlier Spanish or
Portuguese settlers;
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C Latin America Classes
Peninsulares: those sent to rule by Kings of Spain or
Portugal
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18
Lower-level clergy
Indians
Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin
America
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In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of
Spain
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Effect was to disrupted authority of Peninsulares;
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Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph
Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph
Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments
When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of
Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power
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River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816
Chile 1818;
Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama,
Equator) 1826
Brazil 1821
Mexico
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Fr. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla created an army
of Indians and mestizos, 1810
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Captured and executed
Succeeded by another priest, Jose Maria Molelos
Established principle of alliance of lower
clergy and classes against upper classes
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Most priests (lower clergy) supported revolution;
most bishops did not
Complex relationship between Rome and
Latin American Churches
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Everyone called themselves a Catholic
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Higher social status, more allied with old world;
especially true of bishops
After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some
propose national Catholic churches
Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy
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Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism
as the state religion
Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political
models associated with US
Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as
being out of touch with vast majority of people
Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology