Chapter 35 –
Reptiles and Birds
High School Biology Class
To recap thus far…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)
Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)
Reptile Characteristics:
Have strong, bony skeletons & toes with claws.
Ectothermic metabolism - absorb heat from their
surroundings.
Reptile Characteristics:
Also have very dry, scaly skin, appears
almost watertight.
Perform respiration through well-defined
and developed lungs.
Reptile Characteristics:
The heart is partially divided into upper
and lower ventricles (as well as left and
right atriums).
Reptile Characteristics:
Undergo internal fertilization:

Oviparous - young hatch from eggs.

Ovoviviparous - female retains the eggs within the
body until right before hatching or the eggs hatch
within her body.
Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)
Traits of the Squamata:
The lower jaw is only loosely connected to
the skull.
 This allows the mouth to open very wide
(anacondas can prey upon jaguars.)

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)
1. Lizards - some can break off their tail to
trick predators and then regenerate it.
Most are carnivores, few are herbivores.
 Range in size from 30 cm to 3 m.
 Examples: komodo dragon, iguana, gecko,
chameleon, anole, horned lizard

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)
2. Snakes – all of them lack moveable
eyelids and external ears.
Share a common ancestor with legless lizards.
 Molt (shed outer layer of skin) periodically.
 Very flexible jaw with five points of movement.

Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)
Constrictor examples:
(suffocate their prey and swallow it whole)

anaconda, boa, python
Order Squamata: (Snake & Lizard)
Venomous examples:
(inject poison through hollowed out teeth)

cobra, krait, coral, sea snakes, adder, viper,
rattlesnake, water moccasin, copperhead
Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)
Traits of the Chelonia:

Carapace - dorsal (top) of shell.

Plastron - ventral (bottom) of shell.
Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)
1. Turtles – generally live in water.
Have a streamlined shell (a shape that is
useful for swimming).
 Most herbivores except the snapping turtle.
 Examples: sea turtle, box turtle, painted
turtle, loggerhead, leatherback

Order Chelonia: (Turtle & Tortoise)
2. Tortoises – generally live on land.
Have a dome shaped shell.
 Lack teeth (like turtles) but have sharp jaws.
 Examples: desert tortoise, giant tortoise,
gopher tortoise, western swamp tortoise

Order Crocodilia:
(Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)
Traits of the Crocodilia:
Strong necks and enormous mouths.
 Most closely related to the dinosaurs.
 Care for young after the egg hatches.

Order Crocodilia:
(Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)
1. Crocodiles – have a narrow V-shaped
snout, and their upper and lower jaws
are evenly matched together.
Order Crocodilia:
(Caiman, Crocodile, & Alligator)
2. Alligators – have a broad U-shaped
snout, and their upper jaw overlaps the
lower jaw.
Order Rhynchocephalia: (Tuatara)
Traits of the Rhynchocephalia:
Called “living fossils” because they have
survived unchanged for 150 million years.
 There are two species that are found only
in the New Zealand.
 Active at low temperatures and eat insects.

To recap thus far…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)
Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)
Bird (Aves) Characteristics:
Their forelimbs are modified
into wings.
Have bodies covered with
feathers.
Possess lightweight bones.
Bird (Aves) Characteristics:
Endothermic metabolism - internal
heating system.
Super-efficient respiratory system.
Heart completely divided (left &
right) atria as well as (upper &
lower) ventricles.
Bird (Aves) Characteristics:
Many different adaptations appear in birds
such as changes to their beaks and feet.
Bird (Aves) Characteristics:
Many different adaptations appear in birds
such as changes to their beaks and feet.
Types of Birds (Aves):
Examples:
a) Songbirds
b) Hummingbird
c) Woodpecker
d) Birds of prey (hawk, eagle)
e) Duck
Chapter 36 - Mammals
High School Biology Class
To recap thus far…
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (all have a notochord)
Subphylum: Vertebrata (all have a backbone)
Mammalian Characteristics:
Hair for insulation, camouflage, defense or
sensory functions.
Diverse and specialized teeth such as the:
incisors, canines, premolars & molars.
Mammalian Characteristics:
Have endothermic metabolism
(like in birds) to keep heated.
Mammary glands - milk for young.
(until they are weaned off.)
Unborn young are usually
nourished by a placenta.
Today’s Mammals
Mammals have the most diverse body forms,
shapes, traits, and characteristics of all the
vertebrate animals.
One way to separate mammals into groups
is to compare how they reproduce.
Mammal Reproduction
1) Order Monotremata: (Monotremes)
Most primitive of all the mammals.
 Reproduce by laying eggs.
 All live in Australia or New Guinea.
 Do not have true teeth.
 Examples:

Duckbill platypus
 Echidna (spiny anteater)

Mammal Reproduction
2) Order Marsupialia: (Marsupials)
Young are born only partially developed.
 Continue development in pouches.
 All are found around Australia.
 Examples:


Kangaroo, Wombat, Wallaroo, Koala, Opossum
Mammal Reproduction
3) Placental Mammals (19 Orders)

Young are more completely developed.

Nourishment for embryo is provided by a placenta.

Gestation period – the period of time between
fertilization and birth.

Most domestic animals are placental mammals
that have been kept and bred by people for
special purposes.
1) Order Rodentia
Traits:
Specialized teeth for gnawing.
 Smart, herbivore, small size, fast reproduction.
 Examples: mouse, beaver, rat

2) Order Chiroptera
Traits:
Only mammals capable of flight.
 Night-active, carnivore, use echolocation, caves.
 Example: bat

3) Order Insectivora
Traits:
Eat mainly insects (some fruits, birds, reptiles).
 Have enormous appetite (eat twice their weight).
 Example: shrew

4) Order Carnivora
Traits:
Usually divided into cat family or dog family.
 Smart, carnivore, good senses & great hunters.
 Examples: tiger, lion, wolf, fox, raccoon, bear, panda

5) Order Pinnipedia
Traits:
All four limbs modified as flippers for swimming.
 Marine habitat, carnivore, mate on land, blubber.
 Example: walrus

6) Order Primate
Traits:
Flexible, grasping hands and depth perception.
 Curious, intelligent, many with tails for balance.
 Examples: apes, monkeys, lemurs, humans

7) Order Artiodactyla
Traits:
Called ungulates because they have hoofs.
 Even number of toes, herbivore, chew cud.
 Examples: pig, hippopotamus, camel, deer, goat

8) Order Perissodactyla
Traits:
Called ungulates because they have hoofs.
 Odd number of toes, herbivore, no cud.
 Examples: horse, zebra, tapir, rhinoceros

9) Order Cetacea
Traits:
Divided into predators and filter-feeders.
 Smart, streamlined body, no hind limb, broad tail.
 Examples: whale, dolphin, porpoise

10) Order Lagomorpha
Traits:
Have long continuously growing teeth.
 Long hind leg for hopping, herbivore, nests vary.
 Examples: rabbit, hare

11) Order Sirenia
Traits:
Similar to whale with flippers and no hind limbs.
 Flattened tail, herbivore, live in tropical habitat.
 Examples: dugong, manatee “sea cow”

12) Order Proboscidea
Traits:
Largest land animals alive today.
 Trunk, elongated nose, herbivore, live in a herd.
 Examples: African elephant, Indian elephant

13) Order Edentata
Traits:
Toothless or poorly developed teeth.
 Found only in the western hemisphere.
 Examples: anteater, armadillo

14) Order Macroscelidea
Traits:
Ground-dwelling insect eaters.
 Flexible snout, and hop about like kangaroos.
 Example: elephant shrew

15) Order Scandentia
Traits:
Live in ground despite their name.
 Small, omnivore, long snout, sharp teeth.
 Example: tree shrew

16) Order Pholidota
Traits:
Body covered with overlapping scales.
 No teeth, but a very long tongue.
 Example: spiny anteaters

17) Order Hyracoidea
Traits:
Rabbit-like body, short ears, 3-4 numbered hoof.
 Example: hyrax

18) Order Dermoptera
Traits:
Squirrel-like body, can glide by stretching skin.
 Example: flying lemur

19) Order Tubulidentata
Traits:
Pig-like body, big ears, long snout for feeding.
 Example: aardvark

Any Questions?
“The power that makes grass grow, fruit
ripen, and guides the bird in flight is in us all.”
--Anzia Yezierska
“I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.”
--Ralph Waldo Emerson