雅思写作单项攻略
俞伟国
Blog: Http://blog.hjenglish.com/yuweiguo
Part One
Introduction
－闪亮开篇－
The Structure of Introduction
1. Background Information
(1). Lead-in Sentence
(Introduce the subject of the topic)
(2). Public Opinion
2. Statement
(State your position)
(1) In the last century, the first man
walking on the moon said that it was
a big step for mankind. However,
some people think it made little
difference to people’s lives. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
(2006.4.8)
Background Information
Language Skill: Paraphrase
方法之一 － 具体化(Specification)
(笼统概念－缩小范围)
In the 1960s’,
when American astronaut Armstrong
landed on the moon for the
first time,
he excitedly/proudly announced that
it was a great step for mankind.
Nowadays, however, some people
believe that it actually
had little impact on most people’s
daily lives.
Statement
From my point of view,
(I think this opinion is not right and I
don’t agree to it.)
I don’t think
the opinion holds much water.
(2). Food can be produced much more
cheaply today because of improved
fertilizers and better machinery.
However, some people think the
methods used to do this may have
negative effects on local communities
and be dangerous to human health.
To what extent do you agree or
disagree? (2005.2.5)
Language Skill:
Paraphrase 方法之二 － 单词转换
优先考虑三大词类：
V adj
adv
Paraphrase方法之三 － 句型转换
方法一:
主动－被动
Background Information
Nowadays people can manufacture
food far more economically
thanks to more advanced
fertilizers and machinery.
Nevertheless, some people hold the
methods used may
do harm to people’s health as well as
local communities.
方法2: and 并列句－as well as 递进句
Statement
In my opinion, their concern
has its reasons to a certain extent.
(3). Many people say teachers should
only teach students academic subjects；
Others say teachers should also take
the responsibility of teaching students
to judge what is right and wrong.
Discuss the both viewpoints and give
your own opinion. (2006.3.18)
Background Information
Language Skill:
句型转换 (方法3):
实义动词 (…怎么样)
↓
Be动词 (…是什么)
Some people hold the opinion that
it is the sole task for a teacher to
introduce academic knowledge to the
students.
While some argue that
a truly outstanding teacher should be
the mentor of both knowledge and life
to their disciples.
Statement
(In my opinion, I support the second
viewpoint.)
Personally, I am in favor of
the latter opinion.
(4) Some people believe that air travel
should be prohibited as it uses up fuel
resources and causes pollution. Do you
agree or disagree with the statement?
(2006.2.18)
Background Information
According to some critics,
(supporter / advocate)
air travel should be banned due to
the fact that it contributes to
(cause (lead
(result in)
)environmental
to)
problems
as well as consumes too much fuel.
Statement
As far as I am concerned,
I don’t think the viewpoint holds any
water.
(5) Some people believe that scientific
research should be conducted by the
government rather by private
companies. To what extent do you
agree or disagree? (2005.12.10)
Rather by － Instead of
Language Skill:
句型转换-方法4:一般陈述句 肯定句
－强调句
It + be + 强调对象 + that + 说明部分
Background Information
Some people propose that
it is the government instead of private
companies that should
take charge of scientific research,
Statement
which I fully agree with.
(6). In modern society, there are more
and more old people. Do you think its
benefits outweigh its drawbacks?
(2011.10.8)
Language Skill:
信息量偏少的Topic Introduction
写作对策
追根溯源法 － Factor(s) [因]－
Phenomenon (Subject) [果]
Improved living standard
Increasing life expectancy
More and more old people
Background Information
With the improvement of the living
standard,
human life expectancy is increasing,
which has resulted in the phenomenon
that the number and the proportion of
senior citizens are booming.
Statement
As far as I am concerned, I opine that
compared with the benefits,
the potential problems still
prevail in general.
Part Two－Body
－中流砥柱－
P =Position
S =Supporting Ideas
D =Development
分论点注意事项：
Today, we can see more and more
cases of transnational marriage. Do
you think the benefits outweigh the
drawbacks?
Statement：The problems that
transnational marriage may bring about
greatly outweigh its benefits.
Supporting Idea：Marriage should be
based on true love. (X)
分论点与总论点的逻辑关系：
因果关系
分论点应该体现为
Positive/Negative Effect
Language Skill:
因果关系高分句型
主语，+非限制性定语从句
(描述主语特性/因)，+谓语(+宾语)
(由主语特性所导致的effect/果)
Currently, anyone can post
information on the internet.
Therefore, most information on the
internet might be inaccurate. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
(2011.10.22)
Most information on the internet,
which anyone can post,
might be inaccurate.
Compared with traditional marriage,
transnational marriage,
which is often solely out of financial
purposes,
is more fragile and likely to
end up with divorce.
分论点构思四大黄金原则
1.经济原则
Should college students be allowed to
get married?
事物特性描述高分句型
[Sb/Sth + be + adv (aspect) + adj (feature)]
His body is very strong(?)
He is physically strong.
His mind is mature(?)
He is mentally mature.
College students, who are generally not
financially capable, are unlikely to
be fully able to shoulder the economic
burden if they tie the knot too early.
More and more measures have been
taken to improve security and reduce
crime in urban areas. Do you think its
benefits outweigh its drawbacks?
(2006.2.25)
More security measures
|
Crime Rate ↓
|
A safer and more stable social
environment
|
Attract more investments
|
Economic Development
(1). Adopting more security measures
creates a safer and more stable social
environment by reducing crime,
which is a major precondition
of attracting more investments
from home and abroad.
(2). Adopting more security measures
will impose a heavy financial burden
on the government and is likely to force
the government to levy higher taxes
from common citizens.
Some people believe that air travel
should be prohibited as it causes
pollution and uses up fuel resources.
Do you agree or disagree with the
statement? (2006.2.18)
(1). The ban on air travel is likely to
result in huge amount of
economic losses in certain traveling
countries,
leading to the collapse of the economy.
(2). It is highly possible that quite a
number of employees in such fields as
air service or international travel will
become unemployed,
leading to the soar of the
unemployment rate,
which hinders the economic development
as a result of the prohibition of air
travel.
2.能力原则
Should college students be allowed to
get married?
Marriage makes the college students
more mature and develops their sense of
responsibility and communicative skills.
Should college students be
encouraged to take up a part time
job?
It helps to cultivate/ foster/
develop/enhance college students’
independence
practical hands-on ability
interpersonal skill
social adaption
The advancement of science and
technology has great positive impact
on people, but value of artists, such as
musicians, painters and writers, is
also important. So what can arts tell
us that science can not? (2011.7.16)
Arts could enhance people’s
appreciation of aesthetics
taste
creativity
imagination,
which is not likely to be cultivated
from science and technology.
Nowadays, people perform their
everyday tasks, such as banking,
shopping as well as business
transactions, without the need of
meeting other people face to face.
What are the possible effects of the
phenomenon on the individual and the
society as a whole? (2005.2.26)
Conducting daily tasks without meeting
others
makes people isolated from the society
and deteriorates their interpersonal skill,
which is a key factor for success.
3. 因小失大原则
harm
A--------B
(importance)
Should college students be encouraged
to take up a part time job?
Part-time jobs take up too much
valuable time for study, which should
be the students’ priority.
Some people think the government
should pay for healthcare and
education, others think that the
government does not have to take the
responsibility. Discuss both viewpoints
and give your opinion. (2005.7.9)
It would be hard for a government to
afford the fund for
economic development
if it has to take the burden of healthcare
and education.
The more a government spends its
limited budget on healthcare and
education, the less money is available
for it, which should be a government’s
top task.
4. 环境原则
Some people believe that fresh
graduates should be sent to rural
areas to work for a period of time.
While some others argue that staying
in the city is a better choice for their
growth. Discuss both viewpoints and
give your own opinion. (2005.10.15)
(1). Rural areas, which are more
peaceful compared with cities,
are beneficial for the fresh graduates to
fully concentrate on the improvement
of their professional skills without
distractions.
(2). Living in cities, the fresh graduates
(can touch the newest information from
all over the world)
(can get in touch with the latest
information from all over the world)
are entitled to the access to the latest
information from all over the world,
which is hardly available in rural areas.
In recent years, working at home for
one’s employers has become a
growing trend in many countries and
is expected to be common for most
office workers in the coming decades.
Write an essay and state your opinion
about the social phenomenon.
(2005.7.16)
Home,
which does not involve office politics,
is a better place for people to
concentrate on the work.
The office,
which is a more disciplined place
compared with one’s home,
can prevent the employees from skiving
and guarantee the working efficiency.
分论点的拓展(Development)
Many people say teachers should only
teach students academic subjects.
Others say teachers should also take
the responsibility of teaching students
to judge what is right and wrong.
Discuss the both viewpoints and give
your own opinion. (2006.3.18)
Statement：Teachers should take the
responsibility of guiding students how to
distinguish right from wrong as well as
teaching academic subjects.
Supporting Idea
Initially having a correct
,
philosophy of life carries more weight than
possessing
knowledge only for the students.
分论点拓展判断标准
Personal Opinion
－Development
Self-evident Common Sense
Theoretical Evidence：
Without a correct outlook of life, any
student, no matter how knowledgeable
he might be, is still likely to be led
astray and do something detrimental to
the society.
Case Evidence：
For example, if a young person who
excels in computer technologies has
never been taught what are the right
things to do, it is very likely that he/she
will be misled and eventually become
an illegal hacker with his/her expertise.
Body部分结构：
1. 单边结构
(5段式)
Introduction + Supporting Ideas (X3)
+ Conclusion
Some people think they should keep
all the money they earn, and should
not have to pay taxes to the state. Do
you agree or disagree? (2006.1.7)
2. 双边结构 (4段式)
(1). 3对1结构
(适用题型：单一主体TOPIC)
Some people believe that to maintain
the cultural identity of a city, the
government should build all the new
buildings in a traditional way. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
(2006.12.9)
Pros
Cultural identity
(S)
Cons
Not economical
(T)
Safety Risk
(C)
Dull impression
(S)
让步段: 分析弱势分论点 X 1
第一句： Topic Sentence
(It cannot be denied that those who made the
proposal do have a point to a certain extent.)
第二句: 弱势分论点 (Common
Sense)
(第三句: Theoretical Evidence/Case
Evidence)
重点段：分析强势分论点 X 3
第一句: Topic Sentence
(Despite the benefit, the problems should not be
neglected.)
第二句+第三句: 强势分论点1 +
Development (Theoretical Evidence
Preferred)
第四句+第五句: 强势分论点2 +
Development (Case Evidence
Preferred)
第六句: 强势分论点3 (Common
(2).2对2结构
（适用题型：单一主体TOPIC）
Should college students be encouraged
to take up part-time jobs?
Income
Study
Ability
Be led astray
第二段: Supportive Argument
第一句：Supportive Idea 1
第二句: Development (Theoretical
Evidence Preferred )
第三句: Supportive Idea 2
第四句: Development (Case Evidence
Preferred)
第三段：Opposite Argument
第一句：Opposite Idea 1
第二句：Refutation
第三句：Opposite Idea 2
第四句: Refutation
Most high level jobs in the government
are done by men. Some people believe
that the government should encourage
a certain percentage of these jobs to be
reserved for women. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Pros
Cons
Better suited
for certain
positions
Neglect family
(Workload)
(T)
Dependence
A Sign of equality
(S)
(Reasonable
Percentage)
Some people might argue that the
packed-schedule of a governmental top
position may make women become so
busy with their job that their family
lives are always neglected.
Nevertheless, I do not think it will be a
big problem as long as the women’s
workload is reasonably arranged in
accordance with their actual physical
condition.
Another concern is that the practice may
also make women to be excessively
dependent on such preferential policies.
With a second thought, however, we can
find that the problem can also be wellhandled if the percentage of the positions
reserved for women is limited to a
reasonable range.
Part Three－Conclusion
－虎头龙尾－
常规模式
1. Some people think they should
keep all the money they earn, and
should not have to pay taxes to the
state. Do you agree or disagree?
(2006.1.7)
主体定性
(Summarize the nature of the subject )
From the above discussion, we could
find that the practice of reserving all the
money one earns and refusing to pay
taxes to the country
Language Skill:
否定词+but=只…… 代替: only/just
例句： 征收更高的赋税只会给老百姓
带来更加沉重的经济负担。
Levying higher taxes from common
citizens would impose nothing but
heavier financial burdens on them.
benefits nobody but the tax evaders
at the cost of public interests.
重申立场 (Restate your opinion)
For this reason,
on no account should the practice be
tolerated
and it is every citizen’s duty to pay
taxes.
一般陈述句 否定句
︳
On no account引导的倒装句
2. More and more measures have
been taken to improve security and
reduce crime in urban areas. Do you
think its benefits outweigh its
drawbacks? (2006.2.25)
主体定性
From the above analyses, it could be
noted that
the practice of enhancing safety in cities
through adopting more security
measures
has both benefits and drawbacks.
Nevertheless, compared with its
disadvantages, the advantages
still prevail in general.
重申立场
So, as a metropolitan resident, I tend to
embrace the practice.
Some people believe that to maintain
the cultural identity of a city, the
government should build all the new
buildings in a traditional way. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
(2006.12.9)
Conclusion
To conclude, the suggestion to build all
new buildings in a traditional way is
beneficial to enhance a city’s cultural
identity.
This only benefit, nevertheless, is
immediately dwarfed by the problems it
is likely to bring about.
So I reaffirm my conviction that the
move is nothing but an unrealistic idea,
which should never be implemented.
双重观点讨论类TOPIC写作结构
2选1方案
Discussion of Viewpoint A
第一句：Topic Sentence
第二句: Justification of Viewpoint A
第三句: Development
Discussion of Viewpoint B
第一句：Topic Sentence
第二句: Justification of Viewpoint B
第三句: Development
Comparison of Viewpoint A and
Viewpoint B
Some people believe that developing
countries should concentrate on
improving industrial skills. Some
people argue that developing countries
should promote education first. Discuss
the both viewpoints and give your own
opinion.
Justification of Viewpoint A
Immediate economic return
Justification of Viewpoint B
Provide the country with talents in
different fields
Comparison
Money---(invest)---Education
Long-term development
Some people think one going to other
countries should imitate local customs
and behaviors. Some people think the
host country should welcome cultural
differences and there is no need to try
to adapt oneself to the new culture at
all. Discuss the both viewpoints and
give your own opinion. (2005.3.5)
改良模式
（适用题型：双重观点讨论类TOPIC）
分析甲方观点的合理性和漏洞
第一句：Topic Sentence
第二句：甲方观点合理性 (或然性
条件)
第三句+第四句：甲方观点漏洞
(必然性条件)
分析乙方观点的合理性和漏洞
第一句：Topic Sentence
第二句：乙方观点合理性 (或然性
条件)
第三句+第四句: 乙方观点漏洞
(必然性条件)
From the above general comparison of
the two viewpoints, we could find that
both of them have obvious problems. In
my opinion,
it is advisable to take the essence of
other cultures and discard the dregs.
Some people think that it is the
responsibility of government to ensure
that people have healthy lifestyle by
taking compulsory measures. Others
think people should be given the full
freedom to make their lifestyle
decisions. Discuss the both viewpoints
and give your own
opinion. (2008.3.29)
Justification of Viewpoint A
Force some to revert to normal lifestyle
The Problem of Viewpoint A
Impossible to solve the problem thoroughly
Justification of Viewpoint B
A sign of freedom
The Problem of Viewpoint B
Less self-disciplined ones fully obsessed
From the above analysis, it could be noted
that either viewpoint has obvious problems.
In my opinion, the government needs to
play a role in guiding people to live in a
healthy way but it is never possible for the
government to literally “ensure” that by
taking compulsory measures.
议论文特殊题型
Report
Today, there are more and more cases
of juvenile delinquency in some
countries.
What are the reasons? What can be
done to relieve the problem?
Juvenile delinquency?
Juvenal (adj) 羽翼未丰的
Juvenescence (n) 返老还童
Juvenilia (n) 青少年读物
The Features of Report Writing
Subject: Phenomenon (Negative)
Task:
(1). Analyze the reasons of the
phenomenon (Compulsory)
(2) -A- Present the solution(s)
-B- Analyze the potential effects of the
problem
Introduction
1. Lead-in sentence
(Paraphrase the first sentence in the
topic)
2. Essay Statement
Money for postgraduate research is
limited. Some people, therefore, think
that the government should only
provide financial support to scientific
research.
To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this opinion?
(2009.7.4)
The scientific research should be the
only subject the government provides its
financial support to.
At present, crimes committed by teenagers
are booming.
This phenomenon, as far as I am
concerned, can be attributed to a number of
reasons and in this essay, I would like to
present the solutions to the problem as well
as analyze the causes.
Body
3R+1S
2R+2S
Reason部分具体结构
第一句: Topic Sentence
第二句：Reason1
第三句: Development
(Theoretical Evidence/Case Evidence)
第四句: Reason2
第五句：Development
(Theoretical Evidence/Case Evidence)
[Topic Sentence]
The cause of the phenomenon, in my
opinion, is a combination of both
intrinsic and extrinsic factors,*
(and among them I think intrinsic factors
are the most important reasons which
lead to the phenomenon.*)
with intrinsic factors being
the apple of discord.
Report Writing Skill
内外因追根溯源思路
Today, in many countries, old people
are not respected by their families.
What are the reasons? What problems
it might cause?
Intrinsic Factor
Financially incapable
Regarded as a liability
Extrinsic Factor
Social value
(Admire the strong; Despise the weak)
Language Skill
With引导的独立主格
General － Specific
主句(General) + with + n (Specific
Subject) + Ving (Feature)
Developing countries require different
kinds of help offered by international
organizations to ensure healthy and
sustainable development. Some people
think that financial aid is the most
important. Others believe
that practical aid and advice is more
important.
Discuss both these views and give
your own opinion. (2009.6.27)
According to some experts, various
kinds of help are needed to ensure
healthy and sustainable development in
developing countries,
with financial aid
playing the most significant role.
[Reason]
Teenagers,
referring to the people aged between 13
and 19, are easily to be led astray.
[Development]
Indeed, teenagers,
(whose minds are not mature)
who are mentally immature in general,
(often cannot judge what is right and
what is wrong)
often find it hard to distinguish right
from wrong and tend to be influenced by
certain TV programs or movies
containing misleading contents.
[Reason]
In addition,
(young people are led astray also
because of the lack of guidance from
the schools.)
it is also just because of the lack of
proper guidance from the schools that
some young offenders are led astray.
[Development]
(For example, most schools just teach
students academic knowledge and they
often ignore the education about morals.)
To be more specific, the majority of
schools teach nothing but academic
knowledge to the students and the
education concerning morals is often
ignored.
Solution部分具体结构
第一句: Topic Sentence
第二句: Solution1
第三句: Development
(Theoretical Evidence/Case Evidence)
第四句: Solution2
第五句: Development
(Theoretical Evidence/Case Evidence)
[Topic Sentence]
To tackle the problem, the government as
well as schools should join hands.
[Solution]
To begin with, the government should
legislate stricter laws preventing
teenagers from going astray.
[Development]
For example, people under 18 should be
strictly banned to enter pubs or to
purchase alcohol,
which potentially reduces the possibility
of the occurrence of teenagers’
misconduct.
[Solution]
Moreover, the schools should also
make efforts to guide the teenagers
into the right way.
[Development]
Indeed, should the schools introduce the
correct outlook of life as well as
academic knowledge to the students,
chances are that the teenagers lost in a
wrong way would get back to the right
track and the rate of juvenile
delinquency is expected to be greatly
reduced.
Pressure on the school students is
increasing and students are pushed to
study hard when they are young. Do
you regard the phenomenon as
positive or negative?
Introduction
1. Lead-in Sentence
2. Statement
Fierce competition
Heavy academic pressure
Studying hard in an early age
[Lead-in Sentence]
(Nowadays, people are facing very fierce
competition and they have a very big
pressure.)
Facing the ever-fierce competition
nowadays,
most people are under heavier pressure.
(Students are also under heavy
pressure).
And students are of no exception.
(They are forced to study hard when
they are young.)*
Intense academic pressure is just like
the sword of Damocles hanging above
them,
which propels them to toil in an early
age.
The sword of Damocles
[Statement]
(In my opinion, the phenomenon is bad.)
In my opinion, the phenomenon is by no
means flawless.
Body
Pros:
Academic performance improved (T)
Away from distractions
Less self-disciplined
让步段
1. Topic Sentence
2. 弱势分论点
3. Theoretical Evidence
Some people claim that students’ being
forced to study hard actually has its
bright side.
According to them, the students’
academic performance is expected to
improve
should their parents ‘push’ them to
concentrate on study.
Indeed, compelling the students, who are
generally less self-disciplined compared
with adults, to study hard keeps them
away from distractions like TV plays and
their academic performance may
improve as a result of the concentration.
Cons:
Psychological Problem (C)
Mentally fragile
Pressure
Brainstorming Skill
青少年教育类话题必杀原则
能力原则
Today, more and more students are
choosing to move to other cities to
have higher education. Do you think
the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?
(2009.3.14)
Independence
Interpersonal skill
Some people think international news
should be included into the
subjects in secondary schools, but
some people think it is just waste of
time. What is your opinion?
(2006.11.18)
Phenomenon － Nature
Analyzing ability
Some people believe that students
should be encouraged to evaluate their
teachers in secondary schools. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
A sense of urgence
motivation
Teaching
performance
improved
Practical hands-on ability deteriorates
(T)
Time fully occupied by study----No chance to practice
Interpersonal Contact
(S)
强势段
1. Topic Sentence
2. 强势分论点1
3. Development
4. 强势分论点2
5. Development
6. 强势分论点3
(Although the practice may improve the
students’ academic performance, we
should never neglect the problems.)
Despite the benefit, on no account should
the potential problems be neglected.
(First, the practice will give the students
a lot of pressure. Some students are
mentally fragile. So it will cause
psychological problems to the students.
* )
To begin with, the practice, which makes
students under huge pressure, is likely to
result in psychological problems on
students who are mentally fragile.
Language Skill
因果关系高分句型
主语 + 非限制性定语从句 [Feature]
+ 谓语 (+宾语) [Effect]
Millions of dollars are spent on space
research every year. Some people
believe that it simply wastes time and
money. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
(Because space research needs long-term
commitments and funding, it will impose
a heavy financial burden on the
government.)
Space research,
which needs long-term commitments
and funding,
is likely to impose a heavy financial
burden on the government.
(For example, today, a lot of students
commit suicide because of academic
pressure.)
A case in point is that quite a number of
cases of suicide committed by students
are reported to be linked to heavy
academic pressure imposed on them.
Moreover, the practice is also likely to
deteriorate the students’ practical handson abilities.
Indeed, it is impossible for students’
practical hands-on ability to improve if
they have no chance to participate in
things like housework when their
schedule is fully occupied by study.
Finally, spending excessive time on
study, students also tend to neglect the
communication with other people,
which potentially exerts negative effects
to their interpersonal contact.
Conclusion
1+2.
Summarize the nature of the subject
3. Restate the position
To conclude, compelling students to toil in
an early age does have its positive side,
namely,
improving the students’ academic
performance.
Nevertheless, the only merit is evidently
dwarfed compared with the potential
problems.
For this reason, I reaffirm my conviction
that it is not advisable to put students under
pressure too early.