Green Transportation for
Green Growth in Korea
Chang-Hyeon Joh
bwchjoh@khu.ac.kr
 Job: Assistant Professor, Urban Geography, Department of Geography, Kyung Hee
Univ., Seoul, Korea
 Activity: Member of
- International Association of Travel Behavior Research (IATBR)
- Korean Geographical Society, Korean Society of Transportation
- Advisory Committee of Capital Region Development, Presidential Advisory Body for
Regional Development
Research interest:
- Activity analysis
- Passive data collection of activity travel behavior
- Urban planning for informational urban spatial structure and travel behavior
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Outline
 Governmental efforts
 Discouraging car use vs. encouraging public mode use
 Campaign with encouraging policy measures
 Mobility management measures for CO2 reduction
 Travel – Activity- Urban spatial structure
 Discussion
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Governmental efforts
1. Motivation
 National energy consumption:
Industrial (57%), Transportation (21%), HH & Commercial (20%)
 Emission in transportation sector: 5% annual increase (‘90-‘07)
 Policy efforts: Bus (more major intercity lines), Train (more double track lines),
Car (more parking lots for limited maximum)
 Yet, transportation overall maintains car-oriented systems
 Road’s modal split: Road 82% of passenger, 73% of freight
Car 94% of CO2 in transportation
 Inefficiency: Road consumes 11 times more than rail.
 # Cars: 16 million in 2008  22 million in 2020
 Low rate of transportation SOC investment for the rail: Road 50%, Rail 23%
 Public modes’ modal split: 53.4% in 1996  51.8% in 2005
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
2. Policy strategies
Governmental expenditure:
%
2009
2020
Road
57.2
40
Rail
29.3
50
Sea
13.1
10
Air
0.4
0.1
2010: 5000 million for road, 3500 million for rail from total 200,000 million Euro
Green Growth Policy 1: TDM
Green Growth Policy 2: Encouraging pedestrian and bike mode
Green Growth Policy 3: Encouraging transit
Green Growth Policy 4: Encouraging rail-sea link
Green Growth Policy 5: Green Transportation Technology
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
3. Greenhouse Emission Policy Goals
Policy goal in 2020 (CO2 emission in million ton)
total
transportation
246
reduction
National emission reduction goal by 2020: 30% off from BAU
(4% off against 2005; 246 m ton off against expectation)
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Transportation sector
46
reduction
National emission reduction goal by 2020 in transportation sector: 33-37% off
(20-24% off against 2005; 46 m ton off)
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
By sector
Department of Geography
41% policy, 59% technology
Kyung Hee
University
Actual expectation
To achieve the gov’s goal, base 2012 should be 41.37 million ton CO2 .
But actual expectation is:
base 2012
car 10%
modal change
truck 20%
network change
car 10%
hybrid 10%
green techno
EU efficiency
ITS 20km/h
operation
Hi-pass
m t CO2
55.60
52.94
49.08
52.05
55.22
53.00
52.12
55.60
%
4.8
11.7
6.8
0.7
5.0
7.2
0.2
 Combination of these is stressed.
However, policy for transportation itself has limited effect.
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Emission monitoring
companies
governmental
big bldg
logistics
companies
Energy consumption limit monitoring system (such as GB’s
national atmospheric emissions inventory (NAEI))
2010
46
(500,000 toe or higher)
central governmental bldg
local governmental bldg
2011
222
(50,000 toe or higher)
2012
423
(2 toe or higher)
all governmental bldg
10,000 toe or higher
more than 100 vehicles
 KOTEMS: Korea Transport Emission Management Systems
Monitoring by evaluating the sustainability in transportation sector
variable
indicator
annual amount in transportation sector
greenhouse gas
amount per person in transportation sector
environmental
amount per m2 in transportation sector
social
economic
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air pollution
amount per person in transportation sector
traffic safety
death toll by traffic accidents per person, per auto
modal split
transit modal split
air quality
traffic congestion cost per person
Kyung Hee
University
Discouraging car use vs. encouraging
public mode use
Comparative studies: Impacts of gasoline price increase & transit improvement
 Auto traffic volume (# cars) change when oil price increase by 1%
total period
-0.5261%
low period
-0.9240%
high period
-0.1799%
Jan. 2000 to Jun. 2004 (low oil price period), Jul. 2004 to Dec. 2008 (high oil price period)
Elasticity in low period is 6 times higher than that in high period.
 Transit use (# persons) change when oil price increase by 1%  increase by 0.18%
Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2008
No significant difference between high and low periods is found.
 Impact of transit system improvement  transit use people increase by 4.19%
Price impact is higher to auto than to transit.
Impact of oil price on the car use is limited in high period like these days.
To have an impact, high increase of gasoline price needs to be placed.
Impact on transit use is limited in all periods.
 Transit improvement policy is more effective.
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Campaign with encouraging policy measures
 Weekly no-driving day program in Seoul reduces daily car use by 3.66%.
 Car-dependent drivers are less likely participate in the program
 Survey on attitude to TDM measures
 Public transportation strategies received as the key elements.
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Mobility management for CO2 reduction
MM Survey on 327 individuals’ attitude and actual implementation of CO2 reduction
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Kyung Hee
University
Freq, # persons
MM effect on car use
freq per purpose
commuting
freq
336
291
292
13.4
13.1
Before MM
1 week later
1 month later
↓
1 week
rate %
1 month
person
177
154
151
13.0
14.7
non-work
(weekday)
freq
person
90
63
44
31
50
33
51.1
50.8
44.4
47.6
non-work
(weekend)
freq
person
258
175
231
134
228
136
10.5
23.4
11.6
22.3
total
freq
684
566
570
17.3
16.7
person
415
319
320
23.1
22.9
Other TDM effects (before and after)
4.19
MM (1 month later)
Integrated transit system (transfer cost saving) Bus-only lane in expressway
Toll charge (Main entry to downtown) Weekly no-driving day program (Seoul)
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Kyung Hee
University
CO2
MM effect on CO2 reduction
↓
rate
Before MM
1 week later
1 month later
1 week
1 month
commuting
586.8 kg
489.6 kg
502.2 kg
16.60%
14.40%
non-work
(weekday)
149.4 kg
69.3 kg
74.7 kg
53.60%
50.00%
non-work
(weekend)
477.9 kg
431.1 kg
430.2 kg
9.80%
10.00%
total
1214.1 kg
990.0 kg
107.1 kg
18.50%
17.00%
Estimated effect of MM on the CO2 emission (million ton)
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Travel – Activity- Urban spatial structure
 More than just green transportation
“
War in Iraq is inevitable. That there would be war was decided by North American planners
in the mid-1920s. That it would be in Iraq was decided much more recently. The architects
of this war were not military planners but town planners. War is inevitable not because of
weapons of mass destruction, as claimed by the political right, nor because of western
imperialism, as claimed by the left. The cause of this war, and probably the one that will
follow, is car dependence.
…
Motor vehicles are responsible for about one-third of global oil use, but for nearly twothirds of US oil use. In the rest of the world, heating and power generation account for most
oil use. The increase in oil prices during the 1973 Arab oil embargo encouraged the
substitution of other fuels in heating and power generation, but in the transport sector there
is little scope for oil substitution in the short term.
”
Car Wars (Ian Roberts)
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
 Better approach?
* Travel (XXX)
* Activity  Travel (X)
* (Daily) activity  Urban spatial structure  Travel (O)
 Reasoning
Traditional industrial land-use  IT-based postmodern or web2.0/3.0 land-use
Accessibility should not be the car-driven mobility
Compact urban structure – high accessibility – high frequency – shorter total travel distance
 Higher accessibility and lower emission
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
 Recent research on urban structure and travel behavior in Metropolitan Seoul
 Compact urban development increase transit use
Compact city’s planning factors 5-D (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility,
distance to transit) variables  affect modal split between car and train.
Home-work separation  high car proportion, low green modes proportion
More transit stops and stations increase transit proportion
High road density and JC density increase car proportion
Low population density area  high car and non-motorized modes proportion
High population density area  high outer travel proportion (more using transit)
 Transportation problem is not transportation itself.
 Derived characteristics require more fundamental solution:
How people build city via social life determines the shape and volume of the passenger and
freight transportation demand.
 Mixed land-use, compact urban spatial structure, transit-oriented transportation systems
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Political matter
GTX vs. Express Underground Highway Under the scheme of Greater Seoul
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University
Discussion
- Unequal economic development: much for the capital region
Nationwide inequality problem  higher intercity travel demand (freq)
- Road-oriented transportation system: car driven heavy CO2 emission
- Distant home-work location distribution: long distant travel (dist)
The most serious problem in the metropolitan region
- Nationwide local governance former gov’s ideal in regional policy = Northern Europe
- Rail-oriented transportation network: OK
- Alternative urban spatial structure: Postmodern, ICT-based flexible production/consumption society
Not the industrialized land-use (massive residential, commercial, industrial complexes separated)
But multi-dimensional, personalized instant use of urban spaces
Back to the original shape of the urban spatial structure,
in which residents’ communities play the key role in daily life and travel
 Increase trip frequency, decrease total travel distance
 Increase accessibility and decrease emission
 Improve quality of life
Department of Geography
Kyung Hee
University