Scientific Papers Writing
Referencing
What is referencing?
Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas
from other sources have been used in an your
work.
There are many reasons why it is important to
reference sources correctly:
It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to
create a solid argument
It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and
research findings
It shows the reader how your argument relates to the
big picture
Failure to properly acknowledge sources is
called plagiarism, and it can carry significant
academic penalties
What needs to be referenced?
Whenever an work uses words, facts, ideas,
theories, or interpretations from other
sources, that source must be referenced.
Referencing is needed when:
• You have copied words from a book, article, or other
source exactly (quotation)
• You have used an idea or fact from an outside source,
even if you haven't used their exact wording
(paraphrasing and summarizing)
Citation
A quotation from or reference to a book, paper,
or author, esp. in a scholarly work.
By citing the work of a particular scholar you
acknowledge and respect the intellectual
property rights of that researcher
Example:
When testing the usability of a website, it
Is
necessary to gather
demographic information about the
users (Lazar, 2006).
In this example, “(Lazar, 2006)” tells the reader
that this information has come from a source
written by Lazar, which was published in 2006.
Referencing Styles
these are rules and standards to follow when
formatting citations and references
Many students find referencing quite
intimidating at first.
Famous referencing styles include:
 APA (American Psychological Association)
 Chicago Manual of Style
 Harvard
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
We will get Overview of the APA style, on your
own time read on Harvard style
Referencing Styles
• References and citation differs depending
on the cited material, whether a:
– Book
– journal article
– Web page
– Thesis
– reports
– Etc.
APA Style
th
(5
Ed)
Why do you have to do this?
• learning to write include mastering an
accepted writing style.
• Because APA style is the most common writing
style.
What’s Included in APA Style?
everything relater to your work, including:
-
How pages are set up
How to cite sources
references
etc.
Where to learn APA style?
Manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th edition)
internet sites, such as
http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.ht
ml and
http://www.canberra.edu.au/library/attachments
/pdf/referencing-guide.pdf (6th Edition)
Note: Just type APA referencing style in Google
list of references
• Required if you cite any sources in your paper
• Every source cited in your paper must appear
on the reference list, and every entry in your
reference list must be cited in your paper
Single-authored book
Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of
persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
*Note: In the 5th edition of APA, there is NO
underlining (everything that was underlined is
now in italics).
Reissued book
Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: The
critical view (5th ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press.
*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to
the first letter of the first word of the title, the first
letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the
first word after a semicolon, period, or question
mark.
Dual-authored book
Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass
communication theory: Foundations, ferment
and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand
(&) in the reference list, not “and.”
Essay or chapter in an edited book
Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and
entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.),
Message effects in communication sceince
(pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
*Note: You must include the page numbers if
you’re just referencing one part of a book.
Single-authored article
Garramone, G. M. (1985). Effects of negative
political advertising: The roles of sponsor and
rebuttal. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 29, 149-159.
*Note: The first letter of every important word
in the title of the journal is capitalized.
Two or more authors (in article)
Suzuki, S., & Rancer, A. S. (1994).
Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness:
Testing for conceptual and measurement
equivalence across cultures. Communication
Monographs, 61, 256-279.
*Note: Can you find the volume number and
page numbers in this citation?
Unpublished convention paper
Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who says
there’s a dominant ideology and what
happens if that concept is falsified? Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the
International Communication Association,
Washington, DC.
Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded than
published works
Internet articles based on a print
source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role
of reference elements in the selection of
resources by psychology undergraduates.
[Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123.
Article in an internet-only journal
Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing. Prevention & Treatment, 3. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/
pre0030001a.html
UNIVERSITY PROVIDED STUDY MATERIAL
• Lecture / tutorial notes, etc. – online
• Citation
In examining the genre of fiction (St.
Vincent Welch, 2009)…
• Reference:
St. Vincent Welch, S. (2009). Unit 8147 Writing short
narratives, lecture 1, week 1: What is fiction?
[Lecture PowerPoint slides].Retrieved from
http://learnonline.canberra.edu.au/
• Conference or seminar papers in published
proceedings – online
• Citation:
Tester (2008) points to the value of using geothermal
sources for power and energy.
• Reference:
Tester, J. W. (2008). The future of geothermal energy as a
major global energy supplier. In H. Gurgenci & A.
R. Budd (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sir Mark
Oliphant International Frontiers of Science and
Technology Australian Geothermal Energy
Conference, Canberra, Australia: Geoscience
Australia. Retrieved from
http://www.ga.gov.au/mmjjhhhh
you’re not done yet!!
Learning how to do your reference
page is only the beginning to APA
style!!
The next tough job is to cite your
references in the text
When do you cite your sources in your
paper?
When you’re referring to an idea or concept
you drew from something you read.
When you quote from something you read or
heard.
When you want to give the reader some other
places to look for additional information.
Paraphrasing
 Scott (1992) identified…
 Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs,
1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported…
 Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another
work (Scott, 1992).
Citing while paraphrasing
List the last names of all authors the first time
you cite them, unless there are more than 5.
If there are more than five, or you are citing
the paper of 3 or more authors for a second or
more time, list last name of first author,
followed by “et al.,” and the date.
Examples
Scott, Williamson, and
Schaffer (1990)
reported that…
(FIRST TIME)
Scott et al. (1990)
reported that
(EVERY TIME AFTER)
Scott and Williamson
(1990) reported that…
(FIRST TIME and EVERY
TIME)
6 or more authors, use “et
al.,” first time and every
time.
Citing while quoting
• You need to put the author last name(s) and
date, like while paraphrasing, but also the
PAGE NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS
(for online sources).
• Example: “the research findings clearly
indicate support for the hypotheses”
(Douglass, 1986, p. 55).
Warning
• Keep quotations to a minimum (less than 3
per paper)
• Don’t forget the quotation marks and page
numbers (or paragraph numbers), or you will
be guilty of plagiarism!
Sample Reference List
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21,
2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R.K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 12, 825-828.
Flory, R.K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R.K. & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on schedule-
induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386.
Gentry, W.D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.
Sample Citation
However, Wallace and Singer (1976) noted that facillima saepe non
sunt optima accepit hoc. Also in similar studies it was observed that
blah blah blah blah blah (Flory & Everist, 1977; Gentry, 1968; Killeen,
1979). Similarly, Flory (1969a) pointed out the problem of “plures viri
quam appellabant” (p.384). Consistent with this view Schaal, Shahan,
Kovera and Reilly (1998) note that babble babble babble pessimi
copiis maius deum . For the present study I will look at the
phenomenon mentioned first by Flory (1969b).
Questions